Why Do Lone Mothers Fare Worse than Lone Fathers? Lone Parenthood and Welfare Benefit Receipt in Germany
Autor/in:
Geisler, Esther; Kreyenfeld, Michaela
Quelle: Comparative Population Studies - Zeitschrift für Bevölkerungswissenschaft, 44 (2019) , S 61-84
Inhalt: This article uses data from the German microcensuses of 2007 and 2012 to examine gender differences in welfare reliance among lone parents. Binary logistic regression was employed as the method of analysis. We show that the risk of welfare benefit receipt is lower among lone fathers than lone mothers. We also find that these gender differences can be partially explained by the socio-economic characteristics of lone fathers; compared to lone mothers, lone fathers are, on average, better educated and more likely to be living with older children. Gender differences decreased over time among parents who have never married, but remained constant among divorced parents. We present a discussion of our findings in light of recent policy reforms, in particular the reform of the German Maintenance Law of 2008, which curbed the ability of a divorced parent to collect support from an ex-spouse.
Schlagwörter:Leistungsbezug; father; Sozialhilfeempfänger; sozioökonomische Faktoren; Federal Republic of Germany; Mutter; Unterhalt; labor force participation; labor market policy; poverty; single parent; social policy; Erwerbsbeteiligung; receipt of benefits; Alleinstehender; Armut; Arbeitsmarktpolitik; mother; allein erziehender Elternteil; socioeconomic factors; welfare recipient; gender-specific factors; support; single; Vater; Sozialpolitik; lone parents; German Microcensus (2007 and 2012)
Quelle: Comparative Population Studies - Zeitschrift für Bevölkerungswissenschaft, 43 (2018) , S 99-130
Inhalt: The two parts of the gender revolution have been evolving side by side at least since the 1960s. The first part, women's entry into the public sphere, proceeded faster than the second part, men’s entry into the private sphere. Consequently, many employed mothers have carried a greater burden of paid and unpaid family support than fathers throughout the second half of the 20th century. This constituted women's "second shift," depressing fertility. A central focus of this paper is to establish second shift trends during the second half of the 20th century and their effects on fertility. Our analyses are based on data on cohort fertility, male and female labor force participation, and male and female domestic hours worked from 11 countries in Northern Europe, Western/central Europe, Southern Europe, and North America between 1960/70 and 2000/2014. We find that the gender revolution had not generated a turnaround, i.e. an increase in cohort fertility, by the end of the 20th century. Nevertheless, wherever the gender revolution has made progress in reducing women’s second shift, cohort fertility declined the least; where the second shift is large and/or has not been reduced, cohort fertility has declined the most.
Schlagwörter:20. Jahrhundert; Italy; Netherlands; birth trend; fertility; Gleichstellung; Arbeitsteilung; Sweden; Familienpolitik; gender role; Familie-Beruf; Italien; Federal Republic of Germany; work-family balance; Kanada; Geschlechtsrolle; Norway; Geburtenentwicklung; labor force participation; Norwegen; Finnland; family policy; United States of America; Fruchtbarkeit; Erwerbsbeteiligung; Schweden; France; division of labor; Spanien; USA; Großbritannien; Finland; woman; Frankreich; Great Britain; Spain; affirmative action; gender-specific factors; Canada; twentieth century; Niederlande; two-part gender revolution; transformation of male breadwinner family model; women in public sphere; men in private sphere; women's second shift
SSOAR Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Bevölkerung
Fertility Intentions across Immigrant Generations in Sweden: Do Patterns of Adaptation Differ by Gender and Origin?
Autor/in:
Carlsson, Erik
Quelle: Comparative Population Studies - Zeitschrift für Bevölkerungswissenschaft, 43 (2018) , S 211-242
Inhalt: In being representative of individuals' demographic value orientations, fertility preferences provide information about immigrants' adaptation to family formation patterns in the destination country at a deeper, ideational level than actual fertility does. Using data from Wave 1 of the Swedish GGS from 2012/2013 (n=3,932), this study compares the first, 1.5, and second generations with either one or two foreign-born parent(s) to Swedes without an immigrant background by gender and across origins. Binary logistic regression is used to compare the propensity to state a positive fertility intention, and partial proportional odds models are used to analyse differences across four ordinal intention categories (definitely/probably yes/no). Results show a general tendency towards convergence from the relatively positive intentions of the first generation to levels closer to non-immigrants in later generations, although complete convergence is only found for the second generation with one foreign-born parent. There are gender differences, with women being similar to non-immigrants by the 1.5 generation, while there is no clear intergenerational trend for men. Among origin groups, convergence is evident among Eastern Europeans and "other non-Europeans", while Westerners already are similar to non-immigrants in the first generation, and Middle Easterners/North Africans display no clear intergenerational trend. This study contributes to the understanding of immigrant fertility by showing that there often is intergenerational adaptation at the ideational (i.e. preference) level, that the pace and extent of convergence vary by gender and across origins, and that group-level patterns found for fertility intentions do not always match those found in earlier research on fertility behaviour.
Schlagwörter:Migrant; migrant; Einwanderung; immigration; Schweden; Sweden; erste Generation; first generation; zweite Generation; second generation; Fruchtbarkeit; fertility; Familienplanung; family planning; generatives Verhalten; reproductive behavior; Familiengröße; family size; Präferenz; preference; Intention; intention; gender-specific factors; soziale Anpassung; social adjustment; Gender Survey
When Paid Work Matters for Fertility Intentions and Subsequent Behavior: Evidence from Two Waves of the Austrian Gender and Generation Survey
Autor/in:
Hanappi, Doris; Buber-Ennser, Isabella
Quelle: Comparative Population Studies - Zeitschrift für Bevölkerungswissenschaft, 42 (2017) , S 245-279
Inhalt: "The anticipated risk of job loss and material insecurity are related to fertility postponement in the same way as unemployment is. Given the sequential nature of fertility and occupational decisions, unfavorable working conditions should be resolved before having children, and result in an increase in people's assignment of importance to paid work when developing their childbearing plans. We aim to demonstrate this link, focusing on perceived employment and material insecurity, the importance assigned to paid work in forming fertility intentions, the construction of fertility intentions, and their realization. Using two waves of the Austrian Generations and Gender Survey, we apply probit regressions to analyze gender variations in the associations between uncertainty conditions, the importance of paid work, fertility intentions and behavior. Results reveal that work and related benefits become salient when they are insecure, and that material insecurity among men discourages childbearing. For women, we find support for the hypothesis that the anticipated risk of job loss inhibits the realization of fertility intentions - intentions which are less likely to be constructed under such conditions from the onset of family planning processes." (author's abstract)
Schlagwörter:desire for children; birth trend; fertility; social security; Austria; Kinderwunsch; Familienplanung; Erwerbstätigkeit; gainful employment; Österreich; socioeconomic factors; sozioökonomische Faktoren; soziale Sicherung; Geburtenentwicklung; gender-specific factors; family planning; Fruchtbarkeit
SSOAR Kategorie:Familiensoziologie, Sexualsoziologie, Bevölkerung
Quelle: Comparative Population Studies - Zeitschrift für Bevölkerungswissenschaft, 40 (2015) 4, S 367-398
Inhalt: "Comparative research suggests that there are great cross-national and cross-temporal differences in living arrangements of young adults aged 18-34 in Europe. In this paper, we examine young adults' living arrangements (1) across several European countries and different national contexts, and (2) by taking into account cross-time variability. In doing so, we pay careful attention to a comprehensive conceptualisation of living arrangements (including extended and non-family living arrangements). The aim of this paper is to deepen our understanding of family structure and household arrangements in Europe by examining and mapping the cross-national and cross-temporal variety of young adults' living arrangements. For our analysis we use data from the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series International (IPUMSi) for the census rounds 1980, 1990, and 2000 for eight European countries (Austria, France, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Portugal, Romania, and Switzerland). We employ log-linear models to ascertain the influence of individual and contextual factors on living arrangements. The analyses lend further support to a North/West - South/East divide in living arrangements and general gender differentials in extended family living. Other interesting results are the heterogeneity in the living arrangements of single mothers across geographic areas, and the upward trend of extended household living for young men and women between 1980 and 2000." (author's abstract) (Online appendix - supplementary material: http://dx.doi.org/10.12765/CPoS-2015-15en, http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bib-cpos-2015-15en12013-20en)
Schlagwörter:way of life; demographic factors; Austria; junger Erwachsener; Österreich; Ireland; Romania; sozioökonomische Faktoren; Großfamilie; Irland; Griechenland; Lebenssituation; Rumänien; single parent; Switzerland; Lebensweise; France; young adult; allein erziehender Elternteil; life situation; socioeconomic factors; Frankreich; Portugal; Familienform; family structure; Portugal; Schweiz; Ungarn; gender-specific factors; demographische Faktoren; extended family; Greece; Hungary; living arrangements; IPUMS-International; transition to adulthood
SSOAR Kategorie:Familiensoziologie, Sexualsoziologie, Bevölkerung
Marriage, norm orientation and leaving the parental home: Turkish immigrant and native families in Germany
Autor/in:
Windzio, Michael; Aybek, Can M.
Quelle: Comparative Population Studies - Zeitschrift für Bevölkerungswissenschaft, 40 (2015) 2, S 105-130
Inhalt: "This article investigates differences between native Germans and Turkish immigrants in the timing of leaving their parental homes in Germany. By using event history models, it is shown that leaving the parental home is closely linked to the intervening life-event of marriage, particularly among Turkish women. Moreover, there are interaction effects of religious norm orientation with gender which differ between native Germans and Turkish immigrants. In contrast to Turkish immigrants, the linkage of marriage and leaving home became much weaker over birth-cohorts with time in the group of German women. Finally, analyses of sequence patterns also show remarkable differences between native Germans and Turkish immigrants in the process of leaving home. Religious norm orientation turns out to be less important in the Turkish group than in the native German group." (author's abstract)
Schlagwörter:Deutscher; German; Türke; Turk; Migrant; migrant; Eltern-Kind-Beziehung; parent-child relationship; Ehe; marriage; Familie; family; Familiengründung; family formation; gender-specific factors; religiöse Faktoren; religious factors; Wertorientierung; value-orientation; Federal Republic of Germany
SSOAR Kategorie:Familiensoziologie, Sexualsoziologie, Bevölkerung
The economic lifecycle by gender - results combining monetary and time use estimates
Titelübersetzung:Das Wirtschaftsleben nach Geschlecht: Kombination von Geld- und Zeitverwendungsschätzungen
Autor/in:
Kluge, Fanny A.
Quelle: Comparative Population Studies - Zeitschrift für Bevölkerungswissenschaft, 39 (2014) 4, S 707-726
Inhalt: "In recent decades, we have witnessed profound changes in family size and structure. While marriage rates and the number of children have declined in most industrialized countries, female labor force participation rates have risen significantly. However, while the working hours and wages of women have increased, we continue to observe huge discrepancies in market production by gender. This picture changes if we take unpaid household production, consumption, and caring into account. We find that, after applying this inclusive approach, the female lifecyle resembles male consumption, income, and transfer patterns. These findings have strong implications for future demographic change, as they suggest that the explicit policy aim of increasing female labor force participation could place constraints on the currently observed division of labor in the market and in the household." (author's abstract)
Schlagwörter:gender-specific factors; Lebenslauf; life career; Arbeit; labor
SSOAR Kategorie:Wirtschaftssoziologie, Bevölkerung
Job-related circular mobility and the quality of intimate relationships
Titelübersetzung:Berufsbezogene zirkuläre Mobilität und Partnerschaftszufriedenheit
Autor/in:
Feldhaus, Michael; Schlegel, Monika
Quelle: Comparative Population Studies - Zeitschrift für Bevölkerungswissenschaft, 38 (2013) 2, S 291-314
Inhalt: "Obwohl sich bereits einige Studien mit der Frage nach dem Einfluss verschiedener beruflicher Mobilitätsanforderungen auf die Partnerschaftsqualität beschäftigt haben, bleiben die bisherigen Ergebnisse widersprüchlich. Im Rahmen des Artikels wird der Versuch unternommen, dass Ausmaß direkter und indirekter Effekte von berufsbezogener Mobilität auf die Partnerschaftsqualität zu analysieren. Räumliche Mobilität könnte Auswirkungen auf zentrale Dimensionen der Partnerschaftsdynamik haben, die sich indirekt auf die Partnerschaftszufriedenheit auswirken könnten. Die diesbezüglich in die Analyse einbezogenen Mediatorvariablen sind Verbundenheit, Autonomie, Konflikte und die wahrgenommene Fairness im Hinblick auf die Arbeitsteilung. Die Daten unterstützen die Stresshypothese, die annimmt, dass berufsbezogene Mobilität einen negativen Effekt auf die Partnerschaftsqualität hat - jedoch lediglich für Frauen und Mütter. Bei den Männern ergeben sich demgegenüber sogar positive Effekte. In Bezug auf die indirekten Effekte zeigen die Ergebnisse, dass räumliche Mobilität weder einen signifikant negativen Einfluss auf die Verbundenheit innerhalb der Partnerschaft hat, noch dass sich die partnerschaftlichen Konflikte erhöhen. Es scheinen sich sogar gegenteilige Effekte zu zeigen: Insbesondere bei den Frauen wirken sich hohe Mobilitätsanforderungen positiv auf das Autonomieempfinden in der Partnerschaft aus. Weiterhin wird die Verbundenheit positiv durch Mobilitätsanforderungen beeinflusst und es werden weniger Konflikte wahrgenommen, was wiederum positive Auswirkungen auf die Partnerschaftsqualität hat." (Autorenreferat)
Inhalt: "This paper addresses the influence of different types of spatial mobility on relationship quality. Although some studies have been carried out on this question, the existing empirical results remain contradictory. The paper tries to overcome some of these limitations by analyzing to what extent mobility demands show direct as well as indirect effects. Spatial mobility could have impacts on crucial aspects of relationship dynamics, which are theoretically and empirically identified as significant for relationship satisfaction. The mediating variables used therefore include relatedness, autonomy, conflict and the perceived fairness with regard to the division of labor. The data support the stress hypothesis which assumes that job-related mobility has a negative effect on the relationship quality, but only for women and mothers. There are actually positive effects for men. In terms of indirect effects, the results show that spatial mobility does neither reduce relatedness in relationships nor increase conflict behavior significantly. In fact, the opposite effect seems to come to play: There is empirical evidence, especially for women, that more demanding mobility increases the feeling of autonomy within a relationship. It also increases relatedness and reduces perceived conflicts, this in turn having a positive effect on relationship quality." (author's abstract)
Der Zusammenhang zwischen Alter und depressiven Symptomen bei Männern und Frauen höheren Lebensalters in Europa: Erkenntnisse aus dem SHARE-Projekt
Titelübersetzung:The association between age and depressive symptoms among older men and women in Europe: findings from SHARE
Autor/in:
Buber, Isabella; Engelhardt, Henriette
Quelle: Comparative Population Studies - Zeitschrift für Bevölkerungswissenschaft, 36 (2011) 1, S 77-101
Inhalt: Die empirischen Befunde zu den Effekten des Alters auf depressive Symptome sind gemischt und reichen – abhängig von der Modellierung des Alters-Depressions-Profils – von positiven über keine bis hin zu negativen Effekten. Der vorliegende Beitrag analysiert auf der Grundlage internationaler Vergleichsdaten den Zusammenhang zwischen dem Alter und der Häufigkeit depressiver Symptome bei Kontrolle für bekannte Determinanten der seelischen Gesundheit. Auf der Grundlage der ersten SHARE-Welle (Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe) werden die depressiven Symptome von 28.538 Personen im Alter zwischen 50 und 89 Jahren aus elf europäischen Ländern sowie Israel unter Verwendung eines negativen Binomial-Regressionsmodells analysiert. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die EURO-D-Scores, welche die Anzahl depressiver Symptome angeben, mit dem Alter steigen und bei den Frauen höher als bei den Männern ausfallen. Bei Einbeziehung soziodemografischer Merkmale, des Gesundheitszustands und wirtschaftlicher Belastungen hebt sich der Zusammenhang zwischen depressiven Symptomen und Alter bei den Männern auf und kehrt sich bei den Frauen sogar um. Daher sind Gesundheit und Lebensumstände von Senioren die Mediatoren für den Zusammenhang zwischen Alter und seelischer Gesundheit, das Alter allein besitzt keine Erklärungskraft.
Inhalt: Empirical evidence of the effects of age on depressive symptoms is mixed, ranging from positive to zero to negative effects, depending on the modelling of the age-depression profile. This paper uses internationally comparative data to analyse the association between age and the prevalence of symptoms of depression, controlling for well-known determinants of mental health. Based on the first wave of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), depressive symptoms of 28,538 persons aged 50 to 89 from eleven European countries and Israel are analysed using a negative binomial regression model. The results indicate that the number of depressive symptoms measured by EURO-D scores increase with age and are higher among women than among men. When including socio-demographic characteristics, health conditions and economic strains, the association between depressive symptoms and age vanishes for men, and even reverses for women. Thus, the association between age and mental health is mediated by the health and living conditions of older persons; age by itself has no explanatory power.
The association between age and depressive symptoms among older men and women in Europe: findings from SHARE
Titelübersetzung:Der Zusammenhang zwischen Alter und depressiven Symptomen bei Männern und Frauen höheren Lebensalters in Europa: Erkenntnisse aus dem SHARE-Projekt
Autor/in:
Buber, Isabella; Engelhardt, Henriette
Quelle: Comparative Population Studies - Zeitschrift für Bevölkerungswissenschaft, 36 (2011) 1, S 103-125
Inhalt: Die empirischen Befunde zu den Effekten des Alters auf depressive Symptome sind gemischt und reichen – abhängig von der Modellierung des Alters-Depressions-Profils – von positiven über keine bis hin zu negativen Effekten. Der vorliegende Beitrag analysiert auf der Grundlage internationaler Vergleichsdaten den Zusammenhang zwischen dem Alter und der Häufigkeit depressiver Symptome bei Kontrolle für bekannte Determinanten der seelischen Gesundheit. Auf der Grundlage der ersten SHARE-Welle (Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe) werden die depressiven Symptome von 28.538 Personen im Alter zwischen 50 und 89 Jahren aus elf europäischen Ländern sowie Israel unter Verwendung eines negativen Binomial-Regressionsmodells analysiert. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die EURO-D-Scores, welche die Anzahl depressiver Symptome angeben, mit dem Alter steigen und bei den Frauen höher als bei den Männern ausfallen. Bei Einbeziehung soziodemografischer Merkmale, des Gesundheitszustands und wirtschaftlicher Belastungen hebt sich der Zusammenhang zwischen depressiven Symptomen und Alter bei den Männern auf und kehrt sich bei den Frauen sogar um. Daher sind Gesundheit und Lebensumstände von Senioren die Mediatoren für den Zusammenhang zwischen Alter und seelischer Gesundheit, das Alter allein besitzt keine Erklärungskraft.
Inhalt: Empirical evidence of the effects of age on depressive symptoms is mixed, ranging from positive to zero to negative effects, depending on the modelling of the age-depression profile. This paper uses internationally comparative data to analyse the association between age and the prevalence of symptoms of depression, controlling for well-known determinants of mental health. Based on the first wave of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), depressive symptoms of 28,538 persons aged 50 to 89 from eleven European countries and Israel are analysed using a negative binomial regression model. The results indicate that the number of depressive symptoms measured by EURO-D scores increase with age and are higher among women than among men. When including socio-demographic characteristics, health conditions and economic strains, the association between depressive symptoms and age vanishes for men, and even reverses for women. Thus, the association between age and mental health is mediated by the health and living conditions of older persons; age by itself has no explanatory power.