Quelle: Association of American Universities; Westat; Rockville, 2016. 41 S
Inhalt: Sexual assault and sexual misconduct on university campuses is an important topic that members of the Association of American Universities (AAU) are working to address. In 2015, AAU and Westat worked with a university team of researchers and administrators to design and implement the AAU Climate Survey on Sexual Assault and Sexual Misconduct. Main findings from this study were presented in the Report on the AAU Climate Survey on Sexual Assault and Sexual Misconduct (Cantor, Fisher, Chibnall, Townsend, Lee, Bruce & Thomas, 2015).
The current report presents findings from a series of analyses using a subset of respondents from the survey who experienced recurring victimization during the academic year. Recurring victimization refers to experiencing more than one incident of sexual assault or misconduct within the current year. Prior research has found that a certain subset of victims are at greater risk for both repeated experiences of the same type of incident (e.g., repeated sexual assault) and for experiencing multiple types of incidents (e.g., sexual assault and stalking) (Daigle & Fisher, 2013).
Schlagwörter:sexual assault; sexual harassment; sexual misconduct; sexuelle Belästigung; sexuelle Gewalt; victimization; campus;
CEWS Kategorie:Geschlechterverhältnis, Sexuelle Belästigung und Gewalt
Victims’ Use of Resources, Evaluation of Resources, and Reasons for Not Using Resources
Autor/in:
Fisher, Bonnie; Peterson, Sam; Cantor, David
Quelle: Westat; Rockville, 2016. 235 S
Inhalt: There are a variety of on- and off-campus resources to support and help university students in the aftermath of nonconsensual sexual contact, stalking, sexual harassment or intimate partner violence. These resources range from those concerned with holding the offender accountable (e.g., the Title IX coordinator, campus or local police, student affairs, judicial processes) to those concerned with assisting the victim with the consequences of the incident (e.g., medical services, mental health services, victim advocates). Despite federal legislation requiring the availability of resources to these victims, little is known about how different types of students (e.g., female undergraduates) use particular resources, when they use them, their satisfaction with these resources, and why some do not use resources in the aftermath of the victimization. The current report addresses research questions for seven different kinds of sexual assault and sexual misconduct: nonconsensual sexual contact, forcible penetration, penetration while incapacitated, forcible sexual touching and sexual touching while incapacitated, stalking, sexual harassment and intimate partner violence.
Schlagwörter:campus; sexual harassment; sexual violence; sexuelle Belästigung; sexuelle Gewalt; stalking
Exploring symbolic violence in the everyday: misrecognition, condescension, consent and complicity
Autor/in:
Thapar-Björkert, Suruchi; Samelius, Lotta; Sanghera, Gurchathen S.
Quelle: Feminist Review, 112 (2016) 1, S 144–162
Inhalt: In this paper, we draw on Pierre Bourdieu’s concepts of ‘misrecognition’, ‘condescension’ and ‘consent and complicity’ to demonstrate how domination and violence are reproduced in everyday interactions, social practices, institutional processes and dispositions. Importantly, this constitutes symbolic violence, which removes the victim’s agency and voice. Indeed, we argue that as symbolic violence is impervious, insidious and invisible, it also simultaneously legitimises and sustains other forms of violence as well. Understanding symbolic violence together with traditional discourses of violence is important because it provides a richer insight into the ‘workings’ of violence, and provides new ways of conceptualising violence across a number of social fields and new strategies for intervention. Symbolic violence is a valuable tool for understanding contentious debates on the disclosure of violence, women leaving or staying in abusive relationships or returning to their abusers. While we focus only on violence against women, we recognise that the gendered nature of violence produces its own sets of vulnerabilities against men and marginalised groups, such as LGBT. The paper draws on empirical research conducted in Sweden in 2003. Sweden is an interesting case study because despite its progressive gender equality policies, there has been no marked decrease in violence towards women by men.
Schlagwörter:Bourdieu, Pierre; violence against women; Gewalt gegen Frauen; Schweden; Sweden;
The Rape Prone Culture of Academic Contexts: Fraternities and Athletics
Autor/in:
Martin, Patricia Yancey
Quelle: Gender & Society, 30 (2016) 1, S 30–43
Inhalt: The thesis of this essay is that the dynamics of particular social contexts make them more probable sites for sexual assaults, irrespective of individual men’s attitudes or beliefs. Among such contexts are military units; street, drug, and motorcycle gangs; elite schools; college fraternities; and men’s athletic programs (see Harkins and Dixon 2010 for a review of sexual assaults by groups of men or boys). As with other aspects of sexual assault, rape on U.S. campuses received extensive attention earlier (Martin and Hummer 1989; Sanday 1990) and now, after two decades, the issue is salient again. Carey et al. (2015) claim that today’s college women are five times more likely than other women to be sexually assaulted.
Schlagwörter:academia; campus; Hochschule; rape culture; sexual violence; sexuelle Gewalt; social context; victim blaming
CEWS Kategorie:Studium und Studierende, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Sexuelle Belästigung und Gewalt
Inhalt: The report uses information gathered from questions in the detailed incident forms to describe the incident characteristics for each of the four types of nonconsensual sexual contact: penetration by force or threat of force, penetration while incapacitated, sexual touching by force or threat of force and sexual touching while incapacitated.
The incident characteristics for each of these four types of nonconsensual sexual contact are presented for the total sample of victims and broken down by three gender identities (female, male, TGQN) and two types student enrollment (undergraduate, and graduate and professional). This report presents findings from the detailed incident forms in the aggregate school dataset (all 27 schools) to three central questions: 1) What are the characteristics of the offenders of nonconsensual sexual contact? 2) What are the situational characteristics prior to these incidents? 3) What are the outcomes of nonconsensual sexual contact?
Schlagwörter:sexual assault; sexual harassment; sexual misconduct; sexuelle Belästigung; sexuelle Gewalt; campus
"It was only harmless banter!" The development and preliminary validation of the moral disengagement in sexual harassment scale
Autor/in:
Page, Thomas E.; Pina, Afroditi; Giner-Sorolla, Roger
Quelle: Aggressive behavior, 42 (2016) 3, S 254–273
Inhalt: Sexual harassment represents aggressive behavior that is often enacted instrumentally, in response to a threatened sense of masculinity and male identity. To date, however, theoretical attention to the social cognitive processes that regulate workplace harassment is scant. This article presents the development and preliminary validation of the Moral Disengagement in Sexual Harassment Scale (MDiSH); a self-report measure of moral disengagement in the context of hostile work environment harassment. Three studies (total n = 797) document the excellent psychometric properties of this new scale. Male U.K. university students (Study 1: n = 322) and U.S. working males (Studies 2 and 3: n = 475) completed the MDiSH and an array of measures for construct validation. The MDiSH exhibited positive correlations with sexual harassment myth acceptance, male gender identification, and hostile sexism. In Study 3, participants were exposed to a fictitious case of hostile work environment harassment. The MDiSH attenuated moral judgment, negative emotions (guilt, shame, and anger), sympathy, and endorsement of prosocial behavioral intentions (support for restitution) associated with the harassment case. Conversely, the MDiSH increased positive affect (happiness) about the harassment and attribution of blame to the female complainant. Implications for practice and future research avenues are discussed.
Schlagwörter:adolescent; adult; aged; Akzeptanz; emotions; hostility; humans; male; middle aged; morals; psychische Faktoren; psychology; psychometrics; scale; sexism; sexual harassment; sexuelle Belästigung; social perception; young adult
Quelle: Violence against women, 22 (2016) 3, S 344–365
Inhalt: Headlines such as "Man Jailed for Train Station Attack on Indian Student," "Fatal Stabbing Hits Indian Student Hopes," and "Indian Student Bashings on the Rise in Sydney" highlight violent crimes against male international students by strangers in public spaces. The media reports run contrary to the perceptions of our interviewees who suggest that violence against female international students by known perpetrators in private spaces is common. We argue that intersecting inequalities relating to gender, race, and class are often compounded by the status of "international student". Discussions focus on various forms of gender-based violence and gender violence education and support programs in Australia and the United States.
Schlagwörter:Australia; Australien; class; gender-based violence; inequality; international student; intersectionality; Intersektionalität; race; Gewalt; USA
CEWS Kategorie:Europa und Internationales, Studium und Studierende, Sexuelle Belästigung und Gewalt
Interrogating violence against women and state violence policy : Gendered intersectionalities and the quality of policy in The Netherlands, Sweden and the UK
Inhalt: This article builds on feminist scholarship on intersectionality to address violence against women, and state policy thereon. It takes up the challenge of analyzing the complex, situated and spatial relationship between theorizing on violence against women and state policy on such violence. Drawing on extensive comparative European data, it explores the relations of gender and intersectionality, conceptualized as gendered intersectionalities, by examining how multiple inequalities are made visible and invisible in state policy and debates in the Netherlands, Sweden and the UK. Attention is paid to different forms of gendered intersectionalities in policy, for example, tendencies to degender violence against women. A key aim of the article is to investigate how comparative analysis can be a starting point for assessing if, how and to what extent the inclusion of multiple inequalities could increase the quality of policy, for both reducing and stopping violence, and assisting those subject to violence.
Schlagwörter:comparative Europe; Diversitätsdimensionen; Europa; Europe; Gewalt gegen Frauen; inequality; intersectionality; Intersektionalität; Netherlands; Policy; Sweden; UK; violence against women; Niederlande; Schweden;
CEWS Kategorie:Diversity, Europa und Internationales, Sexuelle Belästigung und Gewalt
Harassment Act Implementation in Higher Education Institutions
Autor/in:
Yousaf, Rizwana; Schmiede, Rudi
Quelle: Open Journal of Leadership, 5 (2016) , S 8-19
Inhalt: "Effective implementation of harassment Act might be inevitable to acquiring gender equality in higher education institutions and diminishing the influence of patriarchal and conservative mind
set. This study intended to explore implementation of the harassment Act (2010) in universities. Although Government of Pakistan has enforced harassment Act and Higher Education Commission
(HEC) made it mandatory to implement, none of the university in the sample has implemented it.
Various incidence of harassment has been reported by study participants and in certain cases, victims
are asked to resign the jobs as they refuse or fail to comply with the drives of male colleagues and heads. Lack of state and organizational control leads women to be silent and tolerant of harassment
and ultimately, it encourages perpetrator to continue the derogatory behaviour." (author's abstract)