Quelle: Annual Review of Psychology, 70 (2019) , S 245–270
Inhalt: This article reviews research on sexual harassment, particularly that pertaining to academia, to understand its underlying causes. Arguing that sexual harassment is an ethical issue, we draw on the field of behavioral ethics to structure our review. We first review ethical climate antecedents at the individual, leader, organizational, and environmental levels and examine their effects on both the occurrence of and responses to sexually harassing behaviors. This discussion is followed by an exploration of research that speaks to the cognitive processes of bounded ethicality—including ethical fading, motivated blindness, and the slippery slope—and their role in facilitating and perpetuating sexual harassment. We conclude by highlighting the value to be gained from integrating research on sexual harassment with research on behavioral ethics and identifying several practical steps that can be taken to curb sexual harassment in academia.
#MeToo, Statutory Rape Laws, and the Persistence of Gender Stereotypes
Autor/in:
Garfield Tenzer, Leslie
Quelle: Utah Law Review, (2019) , S 117–157
Inhalt: Using the example of statutory rape laws, this article explains how movements for increased equality between men and women can fail to meet their stated goals. The article begins by exploring traditional statutory rape laws, which stereotypically gendered perpetrators and victims. It follows with a discussion of the political forces behind the nation-wide change to neutralize gendered statutes. The article dedicates significant attention to the flaws of gender-neutral statutory rape laws, which, by removing gender designations of victims and perpetrators, grant prosecutors unchecked discretion to choose which partner to charge in cases of mutual consent to the same prohibited conduct. Today prosecutors are three times more likely to charge males with statutory rape than they are to charge females with the crime. Parents of females’ alert authorities of prohibited sexual activity of their daughters at a rate that is largely disproportionate to that of parents of males. Prosecutorial stereotyping as it pertains to prohibited sexual intimacy between consenting teens has created an unfortunate return to the female-victim paradigm that proponents of gender-neutral statutory rape laws sought to erase. The article concludes with a recommendation for achieving a more balanced application of gender-neutral laws.
Schlagwörter:#MeToo; Feminimus; feminism; gender stereotypes; Gesetzgebung; law; sexual assault; sexual violence; sexuelle Gewalt; Stereotype
CEWS Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Geschlechterverhältnis, Sexuelle Belästigung und Gewalt
Ten Eleven Things Not to Say to Your Female Colleagues
Autor/in:
Borrero-Mejias, Clarimar; Starling, Amaal J.; Burch, Rebecca; Loder, Elizabeth
Quelle: Headache, (2019) , 9 S
Inhalt: Female physicians and healthcare professionals experience many sex-related adversities. According to a
recent report from the National Academies of Science, Engineering and Medicine (NASEM), the prevalence
of sexual harassment in academic medicine is almost double that in other engineering or science fields.1 An estimated 30–70% of female physicians report that they have experienced sexual harassment in the medical workplace.2 As explained in the NASEM report, sexual harassment can range from a single comment to direct sexual overtures. Other hurtful comments, many
of which are unintentional, also are common and are
referred to as “micro-aggressions” or “microinequities.”
Such behavior is exhibited primarily, although
not solely, by men and is predominantly directed at
women.1
Schlagwörter:bystander interventions; capacity building; gender equality; language; medical education; microaggressions; sexual bullying; sexual harassment; upstander
CEWS Kategorie:Arbeitswelt und Arbeitsmarkt, Geschlechterverhältnis, Sexuelle Belästigung und Gewalt
Is Europe Cascading into Fascism? : Addressing Key Concepts including Gender and Violence
Autor/in:
Walby, Sylvia
Quelle: PaG (Politics and Governance), 6 (2018) 3, 67 S
Inhalt: Is Europe cascading into fascism? The answer to this question matters for understanding the opposition to gender equality projects in Europe. The article addresses some of the key concepts needed to answer this question. Is ‘fascism’ or ‘authoritarian neoliberalism’ or just ‘neoliberalism’ the most appropriate concept to capture the turn to the right? The article compares the extent to which these concepts encompass ‘violence’ and ‘gender’. ‘Fascism’ is an important benchmark from European history, but Europe has not yet reached its levels of violence. The qualifier ‘authoritarian’ is not needed for ‘neoliberalism’ since it generates a trajectory towards violence. Some conceptual work is required in order to develop ‘neoliberalism’ to encompass ‘gender’ and ‘violence’, but there are bodies of work that support such a development. Including gender in analyses of the macro level changes occurring in Europe requires the concept of ‘varieties of gender regime’, which enables the conceptualisation of neoliberalism as gendered.
Sexism At The Centre : Locating The Problem Of Sexual Harassment
Autor/in:
Whitley, Leila; Page, Tiffany
Quelle: New Formations, 86 (2015) , S 34–53
Inhalt: In this article we discuss the sexual harassment that occurs within academic institutions between academic staff and students. Our interest is in analysing the ways that sexism and sexual harassment are enabled and sustained in the university environment. In particular, we are interested in interrogating the power that occurs in these relationships, and how the nature of this relation makes it difficult for students to name and refuse the harassment that occurs. We argue that sexism conceals itself through its continual movement, and that sexual harassment is perpetuated within universities through tactics that relocate the problem away from the individual and the institution. In this way, sexual harassment disappears: the problem never appears as a problem of sexual harassment. Instead, it appears as a number of other shifting problems which include the problem of the women who complain and the harm caused to academic reputations. The slipperiness of sexism means it comes to be re-circulated through social and institutional structures that keep sexual harassers in place, because sexism and sexual harassment appear always out of reach. Mechanisms within the institution set up to address sexual harassment work not only to distance the institution from responsibility for the harassment, but also to hide the harassment even in the moment when women and their allies are insistently working to try to make it appear.
Quelle: American Sociological Review, 77 (2012) 4, S 625–647
Inhalt: Power is at the core of feminist theories of sexual harassment, though it has rarely been measured directly in terms of workplace authority. While popular characterizations portray male supervisors harassing female subordinates, power-threat theories suggest that women in authority may be more frequent targets. This article analyzes longitudinal survey data and qualitative interviews from the Youth Development Study (YDS) to test this idea and to delineate why and how supervisory authority, gender non-conformity, and workplace sex ratios affect harassment. Relative to non-supervisors, female supervisors are more likely to report harassing behaviors and to define their experiences as sexual harassment. Sexual harassment can serve as an "equalizer" against women in power, motivated more by control and domination than by sexual desire. The interviews point to social isolation as a mechanism linking harassment to gender non-conformity and women's authority, particularly in male-dominated work settings.
Schlagwörter:Arbeitsplatz; Macht; power; sexual harassment; sexuelle Belästigung
CEWS Kategorie:Arbeitswelt und Arbeitsmarkt, Geschlechterverhältnis, Sexuelle Belästigung und Gewalt
Gender inequalities in British and German universities : a quantitative study
Titelübersetzung:Geschlechterungleichheiten an britischen und deutschen Universitäten : eine quantitative Studie
Autor/in:
Pritchard, Rosalind
Quelle: Beiträge zur Hochschulforschung, Jg. 32 (2010) H. 1, S. 36-55
Inhalt: "The aim of this paper was to explore perceived similarities and differences between male and female academics in the higher education systems of the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) and the United Kingdom (UK). It was based upon questionnaire responses from 387 respondents of whom 38 per cent were male and 62 per cent female. The contribution of female academics was much valued in the workplace, and very few employees had experienced gross forms of bullying and harassment at work. However, women were self-deprecating about their ability to network and strategise for career advancement. Men and women colleagues had mutually positive perceptions of each other in several important respects, and there was a certain convergence in their accepted norms and values which could indicate an erosion of binary gender structures and hierarchies in academe. A large majority believed that more needs to be done to remedy inequalities arising from maternity leave and child bearing and that their universities were still gendered organisations with few women at the top." (author's abstract)