Employment and education-occupation mismatches of immigrants and their children in the netherlands: comparisons with the native majority group
Autor/in:
Khoudja, Yassine
Quelle: Social Inclusion, 6 (2018) 3, S 119-141
Inhalt: This study examines the labor market integration of immigrants and their children in the Netherlands focusing on employment and over- and underqualification. Using data from the first wave of the Netherlands Longitudinal Life-Course Study (NELLS), the analysis shows disadvantages in employment probabilities for men and women from different foreign origin groups compared to the Dutch majority even after accounting for differences in human capital. Ethnic differences in employment probabilities are lower, but still visible, when comparing only respondents who obtained post-secondary education in the Netherlands. Further, first-generation immigrant men from Turkey and Morocco are at higher risk of being overeducated than Dutch majority men whereas this is not the case for second generation men and first- and secondgeneration minority women. Substantial ethnic difference in the likelihood of being undereducated are not prevalent. Having a foreign compared to a Dutch degree is related to lower labor market outcomes, but this negative relation is more pronounced for women than for men. Finally, there is some indication that overeducation is somewhat less common in the public sector than in the private sector, but minorities do not benefit more from this than the Dutch majority.
Schlagwörter:Niederlande; Netherlands; Einwanderung; immigration; Migrant; migrant; Integration; integration; Bildungsniveau; level of education; Qualifikationsniveau; level of qualification; Überqualifikation; over qualification; öffentlicher Sektor; public sector; Ethnizität; ethnicity; Erwerbsarbeit; gainful work; Humankapital; human capital; Mann; man; woman; erste Generation; first generation; zweite Generation; second generation
Returns to human capital and the incorporation of highly-skilled workers in the public and private sector of major immigrant societies: an introduction
Autor/in:
Demireva, Neli; Fellini, Ivana
Quelle: Social Inclusion, 6 (2018) 3, S 1-5
Inhalt: Across the major immigrant societies of the European Union, EU-15 countries, migrants and minorities still experience economic disadvantage. This failure of economic integration poses significant questions about the utilization of human capital, the management of mobility and the competitiveness of European labour markets (Cameron, 2011; OECD, 2017). Using a variety of datasets, this special issue pushes the debate forward in several ways. We will consider the integration outcomes of both migrants and second generation minority members in comparison to majority members. Labour market outcomes will be considered broadly: the probability of employment but also overqualification will be taken into account. Offering both analysis of single country cases and a cross-national comparison, the special issue will build a comprehensive picture of the factors associated with labour market disadvantage of migrant men and women, and their descendants - particularly, differential returns to foreign qualifications and educational credentials, differences between public and private sectors placements, and where possible the period of the economic crisis will be examined as well.
Incorporation of immigrants and second generations into the french labour market: changes between generations and the role of human capital and origins
Autor/in:
Brinbaum, Yaël
Quelle: Social Inclusion, 6 (2018) 3, S 104-118
Inhalt: This article analyses the labour market incorporation of migrants and second-generation minorities in France. Using the 2013-2017 French Labour Surveys and the 2014 adhoc module, we focus on labour market outcomes -activity, employment, occupation and subjective overqualification- and measure the gaps between ethnic minorities and the majority group by origins, generation and by gender. In order to elucidate the mechanisms behind these gaps and explain ethnic disadvantages for immigrants, we take into account different factors, such as education, and factors linked to migration -duration of stay in France, language skills, foreign qualifications, nationality- with additional controls for family, socioeconomic and contextual characteristics. We also investigate the returns to higher education among second-generation minority members compared to the majority population. We show large differences by country of origins, generation and gender. Across generations, most minority members have made clear progress in terms of access to employment and skilled jobs, but ethnic penalties remain for the descendants of North-Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa and Turkey. In contrast, Asian second-generation men and women encounter slight advantages in attaining highly-skilled positions. Controlling for tertiary degrees even increases the gap with majority members mostly in access to highly-skills jobs.
Schlagwörter:Einwanderung; immigration; Migrant; migrant; Minderheit; minority; Frankreich; France; Arbeitsmarkt; labor market; Humankapital; human capital; Diskriminierung; discrimination; Beschäftigung; employment; Bildungsniveau; level of education; Bildung; education; zweite Generation; second generation; Facharbeiter; skilled worker; Inklusion; inclusion
SSOAR Kategorie:Migration, Arbeitsmarktforschung, soziale Probleme
Employment returns to tertiary education for immigrants in Western Europe: cross-country differences before and after the economic crisis
Autor/in:
Guetto, Raffaele
Quelle: Social Inclusion, 6 (2018) 3, S 64-77
Inhalt: This article contributes to the literature on the models of immigrants’ labour market incorporation in Western Europe by analysing the employment returns to tertiary education for both natives and immigrants. By using yearly EU-LFS data (2005-2013) for a selection of Western European countries, cross-country differences in the employment returns to tertiary education are analysed separately by immigrant status and gender. In Continental Europe, where immigrant-native employment gaps before the crisis were much larger than in Southern Europe, immigrants are found to benefit more from tertiary education, and their returns are also higher than for natives, while the opposite holds in Southern European countries. The same pattern is found irrespective of gender, but cross-country differences are more pronounced among women. The article also documents that the crisis contributed to a cross-country convergence, although limited to men, in the degree of immigrant employment disadvantage, which increased substantially in Southern Europe while remaining unchanged or slightly declining in all other countries. Nevertheless, although immigrant-native employment gaps grew as high as in Continental Europe, immigrant men in Southern Europe are still found to benefit from lower returns to tertiary education than their native counterparts.
Endogamy versus homogamy: marital choice among descendants of North African, Sahelian African and Turkish immigrants in France
Titelübersetzung:Endogamie versus Homogamie: Partnerwahl bei den Nachkommen von Immigranten aus Nordafrika, der Sahelzone und der Türkei in Frankreich
Autor/in:
Collet, Beate; Santelli, Emmanuelle
Quelle: Zeitschrift für Familienforschung, 28 (2016) 2, S 245-264
Inhalt: "Wen wählen Franzosen mit Einwanderungshintergrund als Lebenspartner? Die Frage ist von neuem wissenschaftlichem Interesse in Frankreich, weil Integrationsfragen in Bezug auf Endogamieregeln neu hinterfragt werden können. Dieser Artikel basiert auf einer 2007 durchgeführten Studie, in deren Rahmen 93 biographische Interviews durchgeführt wurden, die es erlauben, die Wechselwirkung zwischen Endogamie und Homogamie zu untersuchen. Hierfür haben die Autorinnen das Konzept der sozio-ethnischen Homogamie entwickelt, um das Zusammenspiel von kulturellen, sozialen und geschlechtsspezifischen Dimensionen, die die Partnerwahl beeinflussen, zu erfassen. Die voreheliche Sozialisation der Befragten einerseits, und die Variationen der Wertvorstellungen zum Zeitpunkt der Paargründung andererseits wurden empirisch untersucht. Die Neuausrichtung der Endogamieregeln wird aufgezeigt und der Einfluss von kulturellen und sozialen Faktoren auf den Prozess der Partnerwahl in Einwanderungsgesellschaften wird diskutiert." (Autorenreferat)
Inhalt: "Whom do French people of immigrant background choose as life partners? This question has raised new scientific interest in France because integration has been challenged by the endogamy norm. Using data from a 2007 study based on biographical interviews with 93 individuals, this article examines the balance between endogamy and homogamy, leading the authors to develop the concept of 'socio-ethnic homogamy' to account for the combination of cultural, social and gender dimensions that influence the choice of a conjugal partner among the descendants of immigrants. Their socialisation prior to marriage and their options for a conjugal partner at the time of union formation are being analysed empirically. The ways in which the norms of endogamy are reinterpreted by interviewees as well as the impact of cultural and social factors on the process of marital choice in the immigration society are being discussed in due course." (author's abstract)
Schlagwörter:Partnerwahl; choice of partner; Frankreich; France; Einwanderung; immigration; zweite Generation; second generation; Partnerschaft; partnership; Heirat; wedding; Ehe; marriage; ethnische Gruppe; ethnic group; kulturelle Identität; cultural identity; Wertorientierung; value-orientation; soziale Faktoren; social factors; interkulturelle Faktoren; intercultural factors; Gruppenzugehörigkeit; group membership; Geschlechterverhältnis; gender relations; Segregation; segregation; Ehepartner; spouse; Nationalität; nationality; Mischehe; intermarriage; Endogamie-Norm; sozio-ethnische Homogamie
"Honour" killings in Europe as an effect of migration process: perspective for Poland
Autor/in:
Sadowa, Katarzyna
Quelle: International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences, (2015) 58, S 83-90
Inhalt: In this paper the author analyses the phenomenon of so-called honour killings as an actual problem of European countries. The author shows that the issue is present in Europe as the result of immigration process and simultaneity is far from resolving. Moreover, while there is a great risk of its' increase, the proper combating measures are needed. As the author comes from Poland, the main aim of the publication is to stress that the problem of "honour" killings and wider - "honour" based violence is a growing threat to this country. Therefore, adequate strategy preventing the issue should be prepare now. Firstly, the author shortly characterizes the issue by providing proper definition and demonstrates its scale. The of the actual problem of "honour" killings in Europe is described especially by analysing the causal link between the immigration process and honour based violence. The second part of the publication contains the analysis of United Kingdom's strategy for fighting against "honour" based acts and its evaluation as an example of well-developed preventing measures. Finally, the author examines the recent Polish cases of "honour" killings and shows the risk of their growing impact on Polish society and law that justifies taking immediate steps (creating adequate strategy) to deter the increase of the problem.
The national framework in international migration: continued importance in times of constant challenges
Autor/in:
Gündüz, Eran; Probst, Johanna
Quelle: Zeitschrift für Qualitative Forschung, 15 (2014) 1-2, S 147-162
Inhalt: "By analyzing issues of citizenship and asylum policies in a French-German context, this article shows in how far 'national belonging' as a category remains relevant in both social research and social reality. Discussing critically the notion of declining relevance of the concept of 'nation' in recent academic contributions, the aim of this article is to provide empirical cases which underline the continuance of the analytical categories of nation and national belonging for social research. Referring in particular to the traditional antagonism of the German 'ethnic' and the French 'political' understanding of nation and national belonging, this article argues that supra-national forces such as the EU or the partial permeability of national borders to immigration flows have a strong impact on the self-definition of these national societies. With their methodological consequences for the use of 'nation' as a concept in the social sciences, these political and social changes illustrate that 'nation' cannot be seen as a hermeneutic and unchangeable category of societal life. In this context, the authors interpret the reform of the German citizenship law in 2000 as a significant shift towards an open political society - in contrast to an ethnic understanding. According to the authors, nation and national belonging become particularly relevant in the definition of and struggle over citizenship, i.e. is this national institution inclusive or exclusive vis-à-vis immigrants? The analysis of the French and the German asylum-procedure shows that national belonging is a highly significant element in the treatment of asylum claims." (author's abstract)
Schlagwörter:Migration; migration; internationale Wanderung; international migration; Einwanderung; immigration; Asylpolitik; asylum policy; Asylrecht; right of asylum; Staatsangehörigkeit; citizenship; nationale Identität; national identity; Nationalität; nationality; Migrationsforschung; migration research; vergleichende Forschung; comparative research; Methodologie; methodology; Sozialforschung; social research; Frankreich; France; Federal Republic of Germany; Einbürgerung; naturalization
SSOAR Kategorie:Migration, Forschungsarten der Sozialforschung
Quelle: Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 14 (2013) 1, 21 S
Inhalt: "Urbanisierungs-, Modernisierungs- und Akkulturationsprozesse sind als Ursachen von Körperbild- und Essstörungen hinlänglich bekannt. Frauen, die einem westlichen Schönheitsideal von Schlankheit ausgesetzt sind, sind hiernach eher in Gefahr, mit ihrem Körper unzufrieden zu sein. Was zu dieser Unzufriedenheit beiträgt, kann mit Bordo's Theorie des 'Empire of Images' (2003) und mit der 'Objectification Theory' von Fredrickson und Roberts (1997) gefasst werden: Beide Theorien gehen davon aus, dass weibliche Körper in westlichen Gesellschaften als passiv erachtet werden, und dass sich Frauen in der Folge bemühen, ihre Körper so zu bemessen, zu ändern und zu kontrollieren, dass er westlichen Standards von Schönheit und Attraktivität genügt. Die Homogenisierung, Normalisierung und Objektivierung von Körper(bilder)n wurde bisher weder für Immigrantinnen noch in Bezug auf Ähnlichkeiten und Unterschiede zwischen verschiedenen ethno-kulturellen Gemeinschaften untersucht. Die hier vorgestellte Studie folgte bei der Datenerhebung und -analyse einem partizipativen Forschungsansatz. Insgesamt wurden sechs Fokusgruppen, jeweils drei mit tamilischen und drei mit chinesischen Müttern von Grundschulkindern und 13 Einzelgespräche durchgeführt. In diesen wurden neu nach Kanada immigrierte Mütter gebeten, kulturelle Vorstellungen von Schönheit zwischen ihrem Herkunftsland und der kanadischen Gesellschaft zu benennen und zu vergleichen. Für die befragten tamilischen und chinesischen Mütter fanden sich hierbei Ähnlichkeiten in Bezug auf Homogenisierungs-, Normalisierungs- und Objektivierungsprozesse ihrer Körper(bilder). Die Frauen und deren Töchter internalisierten westliche Schlankheitsideale und zeigten eine gegenüber ihrem Herkunftsland erhöhte Aufmerksamkeit für den eigenen Körper." (Autorenreferat)
Inhalt: "The influence of urbanization, modernization and acculturation processes as causes for the development of body image concerns and eating disorders are documented in the literature. Women exposed to a Western idea of 'beauty' as skinny and thin may be more vulnerable to body dissatisfaction. The elements of Western society that contribute to women's body dissatisfaction are captured and described in Bordo's empire of images (2003) and Fredrickson and Roberts' objectification theories (1997). Both theories rest on the assumptions that women's bodies are seen as passive elements in Western society, and that as a result women often engage in activities that measure, modify, and control their bodies to meet Western standards of beauty and attractiveness. Homogenization, normalization, and objectification have not been studied among immigrant women, nor have similarities and differences been explored across ethno-cultural communities. Participatory methodology informed the data collection process and analysis. A series of three separate parent focus groups were held with each of the Tamil and Mainland Chinese mothers of elementary school children respectively, for a total of six focus groups and 13 participants. Through dialogue, newcomer immigrant mothers were invited to define their cultural idea of beauty and to confront it with the Canadian one. For both Chinese and Tamil mothers, the homogenization, normalization, and objectification of their bodies appeared to occur in similar ways. Immigrant women and their daughters tend to internalize the Western ideals of women's thinness; this makes them self-conscious about their own bodies." (author's abstract)
Quelle: Journal of Public Health, 18 (2010) 5, S 489-496
Inhalt: Aim: This study aimed to describe perceptions and experiences related to access and utilization of health care services of African and Brazilian immigrant women in Portugal. Subjects and methods: Six focus groups were conducted with 35 African and Brazilian women with low income and living in Lisbon, chosen through purposive sampling. Content analysis was undertaken through identification of themes and categories. Results: African and Brazilian women expressed different perceptions and patterns of use of health care services. Most participants pointed out several barriers to access and utilization of services related to legal issues, economic constraints or health professionals' attitudes. Conclusion: These results highlight the challenges to providing health care within a multicultural setting and the need to assure the provision of integrated and comprehensive health care services. Improving access to general health care is essential in order to minimize disadvantages from vulnerable subgroups, like immigrant women. Supporting better integration into the health system may lead to improved health outcomes.
Schlagwörter:perception; Afrikaner; Gesundheit; discrimination; health care delivery system; Wahrnehmung; Gesundheitswesen; African; Erfahrung; Diskriminierung; Migrant; Benchmarking; sozioökonomische Faktoren; Einwanderung; attitude; benchmarking; migrant; Krankheit; socioeconomic factors; comparison; woman; Portugal; Portugal; sociocultural factors; soziokulturelle Faktoren; immigration; health; Vergleich; illness; Einstellung; experience; Immigrant women; Perceptions; Experiences; Access and utilization of health care services
Gendered strategies of social support and their inequality effects in the context of German-Ukrainian transnational space
Titelübersetzung:Geschlechtsspezifische Strategien der sozialen Unterstützung und ihre Ungleichheitseffekte im Kontext des deutsch-ukrainischen transnationalen Raumes
Autor/in:
Amelina, Anna
Quelle: Universität Bielefeld, Fak. für Soziologie, Centre on Migration, Citizenship and Development (COMCAD); Bielefeld (COMCAD Working Papers, 67), 2009. 42 S
Inhalt: Die Autorin bezieht sich in ihrer theoretischen Analyse auf alternative Konzepte, die die Entstehung und Reproduktion sozialer Ungleichheiten innerhalb von globalen und transnationalen Kontexten in den Blick rücken. Sie diskutiert zum einen entwicklungssoziologische Ansätze und zum anderen weltgesellschaftliche Ansätze in Bezug auf die Mechanismen der Produktion globaler sozialer Ungleichheiten. Sie beleuchtet die Bedingungen der Herausbildung transnationaler sozialer Klassen, um die komplexen Zusammenhänge zwischen Migration und sozialer Ungleichheit zu verdeutlichen. Dabei geht es nicht nur darum, die Entstehung sozialer Ungleichheiten in Immigrationsländern aufzuzeigen, sondern die Kategorien von Ethnizität und Geschlecht als zentrale Prinzipien der Ungleichheitsproduktion in der Aufnahmegesellschaft den Mittelpunkt zu rücken. Die Autorin analysiert im empirischen Teil ihrer Studie die Zusammenhänge zwischen Migration, sozialer Unterstützung, Geschlechterbeziehungen und Ungleichheitsproduktion, indem sie sich kritisch mit den Unterstützungsstrategien für ukrainische Einwanderer in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland auseinandersetzt. (ICI)
Schlagwörter:Ukraine; Ukraine; Federal Republic of Germany; Einwanderung; immigration; soziale Unterstützung; social support; Strategie; strategy; Migrant; migrant; soziale Mobilität; social mobility; gender-specific factors; soziale Ungleichheit; social inequality; gender; Ethnizität; ethnicity; Migration; migration; woman
SSOAR Kategorie:Migration, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Allgemeine Soziologie, Makrosoziologie, spezielle Theorien und Schulen, Entwicklung und Geschichte der Soziologie