U.S. elite and public views an anti-terrorist military action: are women less militaristic?
Titelübersetzung:Die Bewertung antiterroristischer Militäraktionen durch Eliten und Bevölkerung in den USA: sind Frauen weniger militaristisch?
Autor/in:
Moore, Gwen; Dolan, Scott
Quelle: Historical Social Research, 37 (2012) 1, S 223-242
Inhalt: "Increasing numbers of U.S. women in elite positions lead us to ask if women and men share the same anti-terrorist policy attitudes, or whether elite (and non-elite) women are less militaristic. Using data from four surveys of elites and masses from 1986 to 2004, we examine men's and women's attitudes towards the use of three types of force against terrorists and how these have changed over time. Elite and non-elite women are typically less supportive than their men counterparts of military action against terrorists, but after the September 11, 2001 attacks die gender gap decreased and large majorities favoured such action. Among elites, but not the public, gender differences diminish among those with similar demographic and political positions. With negligible gender differences among similarly placed elites, and high levels of militarism among the masses, we conclude that U.S. elites have broad latitude in setting anti-terrorist policies." (author's abstract)
Schlagwörter:USA; United States of America; Elite; elite; Eliteforschung; elite research; politische Elite; political elite; Terrorismusbekämpfung; fight against terrorism; Bevölkerung; population; Einstellung; attitude; Bewertung; evaluation; Anti-Terror-Politik; anti-terror policy; woman; Militarismus; militarism; gender; militärische Intervention; military intervention; Regressionsanalyse; regression analysis; Militär; military; Macht; power; Gewalt; violence; vergleichende Politikwissenschaft; comparative political science; Nordamerika; North America
SSOAR Kategorie:allgemeine Geschichte, Friedens- und Konfliktforschung, Sicherheitspolitik, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Titelübersetzung:Geburtenpolitik in Deutschland, 1912-1945: Diskurse, Politik und Praxis
Autor/in:
Usborne, Cornelie
Quelle: Historical Social Research, 36 (2011) 2, S 140-161
Inhalt: "This article compares the responses to the declining birthrate by three very different regimes in Wilhelmine, Weimar and Nazi Germany. In their intent these policies were markedly different: just before and during the First World War a declining birthrate symbolized national decline, sapping national progress and military power and the central aim was to boost fertility almost at any price; eugenics was not yet a major influence on official Wilhelmine policy. In the wake of the devastation reaped by the lost war and also influenced by the depression at the end of the 1920s the democratically elected governments of the Weimar Republic attempted to 'rationalize' reproduction to suit the prevailing socio-economic circumstances and the belief in modernity in industry and everyday life. They favored 'fewer but better children' but their policies remained fragmented and heavily contested; lawmakers tried to balance individual rights and collective interests, welfarism and eugenic concerns. In contrast, Nazi leaders developed a comprehensive and sophisticated system of selective reproduction based on racial prejudice; legal safeguards to protect the rights of individuals were ruthlessly dismantled. Material and ideological inducements to boost the birthrate benefited only 'Aryans' and healthy Germans. A series of extremely repressive measures were introduced: on the one hand they were meant to curb the breeding of the 'unfit', like Jews, gypsies, or those considered congenitally diseased and, on the other, they aimed to curb individual birth control by those deemed 'fit'. But of course the picture is more complicated. If we compare official population programs with their implementation at the local level and also with the reproductive strategies employed by ordinary women and men, a more subtle picture emerges about the regimes which is marked by both fundamental changes but also striking continuities." (author's abstract)
Partisan competition and women's suffrage in the United States
Titelübersetzung:Parteienwettbewerb und Frauenwahlrecht in den Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika
Autor/in:
Munshi, Soumyanetra
Quelle: Historical Social Research, 35 (2010) 3, S 351-388
Inhalt: "Though women's suffrage was federally mandated in the United States by the nineteenth amendment in 1920, many states had granted suffrage to women prior to that and most of these early suffrage states were clustered in the west. The author revisits some of the popular conjectures that have been put forward to explain why these states moved first to give women the vote and offer a hypothesis of partisan competition leading to suffrage extension. Using event history analysis, she finds strong evidence that early enfranchisement of women in the western states was driven by the intensity of competition between Republicans and Democrats, as well as by adverse female-male ratios and greater concentration of the population in urban areas. Moreover, as might be expected from the geographic concentration of the suffrage states, she finds evidence that suffrage adoption was strongly and positively related to whether a neighboring state had women's suffrage. Also, the 'risk' of suffrage enactments was increasing over time foreshadowing the success of the nineteenth amendment." (author's abstract)
Schlagwörter:diffusion; federal state; Republikanische Partei; party; demographic factors; political theory; North America; Diffusion; suffrage; Democratic Party (USA); Demokratische Partei; Methode; historical analysis; microeconomic factors; Partei; deskriptive Statistik; Bundesstaat; descriptive statistics; Nordamerika; soziale Faktoren; politische Theorie; Wahlrecht; United States of America; Republican Party; historische Analyse; regionale Faktoren; model; regional factors; ökonomische Faktoren; Modell; political situation; method; Wettbewerb; comparison; USA; woman; competition; demographische Faktoren; politische Situation; social factors; Vergleich
SSOAR Kategorie:allgemeine Geschichte, Allgemeines, spezielle Theorien und Schulen, Methoden, Entwicklung und Geschichte der Politikwissenschaft, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, politische Willensbildung, politische Soziologie, politische Kultur
Suizidalität im Alltagsdiskurs: populare Deutungen des "Selbstmords" im 20. Jahrhundert
Titelübersetzung:Suicidal tendencies in everyday-life discourse: popular interpretations of suicide in the 20th century
Autor/in:
Hoffmann, Susanne
Quelle: Historical Social Research, 34 (2009) 4, S 188-203
Inhalt: 'Ausgehend von den geschlechtsspezifischen Suizidraten im 20. Jahrhundert diskutiert der Beitrag populare Deutungen von Suizidalität in deutschsprachigen Ländern dieser Epoche. Unter Suizidalität werden dabei Suizidgedanken, -drohungen, -versuche und vollzogene Suizide gefasst. In einem ersten Schritt wird gezeigt, dass Selbsttötungen für beide Geschlechter ein Thema des autobiographischen Schreibens waren, für das die wertneutral gemeinten Begriffe 'Selbstmord' oder 'Freitod' standen. Daraufhin wird gezeigt, dass die Religion im 20. Jahrhundert aus den popularen Suiziddeutungen weitgehend verschwunden ist. Es wird das Spektrum der alltagsdiskursiven Erklärungen für Suizidalität aufgezeigt: Mit dem Fokus auf 'soziale Beziehungen' entsprachen die Erklärungen der psychoanalytischen Theoriebildung der Zeit, folgten aber der medizinisch-psychiatrischen Pathologisierung des Suizids nicht. Die polythetische und polyseme Logik der alltagsdiskursiven Erklärungen wird in einem dritten Schritt, mit einer handlungstheoretisch und wissenssoziologisch fundierten Diskursanalyse, analysiert. Abschließend werden geschlechtsspezifische Aspekte des Suizidgeschehens herausgearbeitet, die in der popularen Autobiographik, insbesondere an den Erklärungsmustern, festzumachen sind. Die alltagsdiskursiven Deutungen stifteten für die Überlebenden und Hinterbliebenen Sinn, indem sie den 'Selbstmord' als legitimes Mittel der Lebens- und Krisenbewältigung verstanden. Als Quellengrundlage dienen 155 unveröffentlichte, so genannte populare Autobiographien aus der BRD (ohne DDR), Österreich und der Schweiz, die qualitativ und quantifizierend ausgewertet wurden.' (Autorenreferat)
Inhalt: 'Starting with gender specific suicide rates, this essay analyzes popular interpretations of suicide in the 20th century in German-speaking countries. Under the term suicidal tendencies, all thoughts, notices, attempts and committed suicides are summarized. In a first step it will be shown that suicide was for both men and women a topic of autobiographical writing. They used the German term 'Selbstmord' in a neutral way without judging the deed morally. After this the insignificance of religion for populare interpretations of suicide will be demonstrated. The next chapter analyzes the scope of popular explications of suicidal tendencies. Focusing on 'Social relations' popular explanations resembled psychoanalytic ones. That was not the case for pathologizing medico-psychiatric explanations that did not enter everyday life discourse. Instead, these explanations followed a polythetic and polysemic logic that will be analyzed in the third step with a methodologically extended discourse analysis. Finally, gender specific explanations will be presented. Popular interpretations endowed meaning for the surviving to comprehend the suicide as legitimated means to cope with life and crisis management. The essay is based on 155 unpublished, so called popular autobiographies from Germany (without GDR), Austria and Switzerland. They were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively.' (author's abstract)
Educated elites in pre-socialist Hungary - 1867-1948: issues, approaches, sources and some preliminary results of an overall survey
Titelübersetzung:Bildungseliten im vorsozialistischen Ungarn - 1867-1948: Probleme, Methoden, Quellen und vorläufige Ergebnisse einer Untersuchung
Autor/in:
Karady, Victor
Quelle: Historical Social Research, 33 (2008) 2, S 154-173
Inhalt: 'The main target of this paper is to report on the process of the formation of educated elites in Hungary since the end of feudalism and the birth of the nation state following the 1848 Revolution and the 1867 Compromise with Austria. The paper describes our long term study of elites during the political, administrative, economic and cultural modernization of Hungarian society within its historically given territories (outside Croatia). The survey is broken down into three long periods and structural parts: (1867-1918): liberal nation-building in the historic kingdom comprising the whole Carpathian Basin (multi-ethnic Magyar Empire) (survey of both the graduates of higher (post-secondary) education and of 'reputational elites' independently from their educational credentials).- (1919-1948) authoritarian anti-Liberal regime (involvement in World War 2 and the Nazi adventure followed by Liberation via the Red Army) ( survey of both graduates and 'reputational elites').- Communism and post-Communism (Stalinist and post-Stalinist Communist regime after 1956, post-Communism since 1989) ( survey of members of 'reputational elites' only).' (author's abstract)|
Schlagwörter:post-socialist country; modernization; education; soziale Herkunft; Elite; politische Elite; Student; student; political change; school graduation; subject of study; university; Schulabschluss; medicine; historical analysis; elite research; religious factors; Eliteforschung; postsozialistisches Land; Lebensalter; political elite; Bildung; historische Analyse; social background; Studienfach; regionale Faktoren; ethnische Gruppe; regional factors; politischer Wandel; religiöse Faktoren; ethnic group; Medizin; elite; Austria-Hungary; sozialer Wandel; Ungarn; gender-specific factors; social change; age; Österreich-Ungarn; Hungary; Modernisierung
Titelübersetzung:Die Auswirkung des Kommunismus auf den Sport
Autor/in:
Riordan, James
Quelle: Historical Social Research, 32 (2007) 1, S 110-115
Inhalt: 'Die kommunistische Sportpolitik, die während des Kalten Krieges den Sport Osteuropas dominierte, ist aus Europa verschwunden. Diese Zäsur ist ein geeigneter Anlass, sich rückblickend einige Charakteristika dieser Politik zu vergegenwärtigen. Vor allem die Verdienste, die dieser Politik zukamen, sollten nicht unterschätzt werden. Hierzu gehörte die Erleichterung sozialer Mobilität sowie Gleichstellung der Frauen, die Integration nationaler Minderheiten sowie die Modernisierung von Gesellschaften.' (Autorenreferat)
Inhalt: 'Communist sport policy in Europe, that dominated large parts of it during the Cold War, is dead. The collapse of Soviet-style communism gives an opportunity to look back on the characteristics of communist sports. Especially its achievements should not be underestimated, as it promoted social mobility, equal rights for women and helped integrating national minorities as well as modernising societies.' (author's abstract)
Schlagwörter:modernization; Gleichstellung; international recognition; sports club; integration; Eastern Europe; Gesellschaft; society; social mobility; Europa; Sportpolitik; UdSSR; Integration; internationale Anerkennung; social policy; Europe; sports policy; woman; Minderheit; communism; soziale Mobilität; Kommunismus; Sportverein; USSR; minority; affirmative action; Prestige; prestige; Sozialpolitik; Modernisierung; Osteuropa
"Very nice, the enemies are gone!": coming terms with GDR sports since 1989/90
Titelübersetzung:"Wie schön, die Feinde sind verschwunden": der Umgang mit dem DDR-Sport seit 1989/90
Autor/in:
Braun, Jutta
Quelle: Historical Social Research, 32 (2007) 1, S 172-185
Inhalt: 'Als die SED-Diktatur zusammenbrach, übte der Glanz der ostdeutschen Medaillen nach wie vor eine große Anziehungskraft aus, vor allem auf westdeutsche Sportpolitiker. Der Sport war ein Spezialfall der deutschen Vereinigung, da hier der Westen vom Osten zu lernen hoffte. Bald jedoch wurden die dunklen Seiten des DDR-Sports offensichtlich: die Verstrickung mit dem Ministerium für Staatsicherheit ebenso wie das staatlich forcierte Zwangsdoping. Bis heute gehen die Meinungen über den DDR-Sport weit auseinander: während die Einen ihn als repressiv und unmenschlich verurteilen, wird er von den Anderen gleichzeitig als Organisationsvorbild für die Zukunft gehandelt.' (Autorenreferat)
Inhalt: 'When the SED regime collapsed, the lustre of East Germany's gold medals still impressed the world and especially West German sports politicians. The road to the merger of the two sport systems represented a special case of German reunification, as in sports the West pined for learning from the East. But soon the dark sides of GDR sport became visible. The Ministry of State Security spied on the sportsmen and women, invaded their privacy and even recruited them as 'unofficial collaborators'. The athletes had little or no chance to escape the doping programme forced on them by the state. Many sportsmen and women are still suffering from the long-term damage caused by this pharmacological abuse. Until today, attitudes towards GDR sport are ambiguous: while on the one hand regarded as repressive and unethical, it is on the other hand praised as a highly suitable institutional model for the future.' (author's abstract)
Schlagwörter:Fußball; Diskussion; Wiedervereinigung; sports; sports club; discussion; German Democratic Republic (GDR); Sport; future; Federal Republic of Germany; sports policy; DDR; Zukunft; reunification; Sportpolitik; imitation; Sportverein; Ministerium für Staatssicherheit; Ministry of State Security (GDR); Droge; Imitation; drug; soccer
Welt- und Globalgeschichte in Europa: Berichte über den 1. Europäischen Kongress für Welt- und Globalgeschichte im September 2005 in Leipzig
Autor/in:
Middell, Matthias
Quelle: Historical Social Research, 31 (2006) 2, S 13-109
Inhalt: In recent times World and Global History became
the fast growing sections of international historiography,
mainly due to the interest in North American universities,
but also followed by an increasing interest in other
world regions. The first European Congress in World and
Global History, held from September, 22 to 25, 2005 at the
University of Leipzig, explored the field and tried to answer
if there are specific European traditions and practices to
write and research world history in a global age. In the following
section reports from the panels organised during this
conference give an impression of a first step towards a new
way to think and to discuss about history on the European
continent but also in contact with scholars from Australia,
the Americas, Asia and Africa.
Schlagwörter:nutrition; sociology; historische Entwicklung; world order; invasion; World War; Japan; Germany; historical development; economic factors; Geschichtsunterricht; Mitteleuropa; Regionalforschung; Intervention; Transfer; regional research; Vietnam; research facility; Vietnam; Europe; middle ages; Missionierung; globalization; Ernährung; migration; Great Britain; Urheberrecht; Wirtschaft; China; Mittelalter; Wissen; Westeuropa; Evolution; Imperialismus; Eastern Europe; kulturelle Faktoren; economic history; frühe Neuzeit; Geschichtsschreibung; Türkei; international organization; Völkermord; world; Kultur; Japan; soccer; Osteuropa; media; americanization; Nordeuropa; Moderne; Western Europe; Globalisierung; transfer; Europa; Amerikanisierung; intervention; Northern Europe; Wirtschaftsgeschichte; United States of America; gender; Welt; genocide; Deutschland; wirtschaftliche Faktoren; Central Europe; Großbritannien; USA; Weltkrieg; Forschungseinrichtung; science of history; Konzeption; copyright; Deutsches Kaiserreich; modernity; imperialism; evolution; organizations; Migration; Organisationen; Medien; culture; Südeuropa; historiography; Soziologie; China; early modern times; Turkey; Fußball; internationale Organisation; cultural factors; history instruction; knowledge; Geschichtswissenschaft; Invasion; German Empire; missionary work; Weltordnung; economy; Southern Europe; conception