The Same Fertility Ideals as in the Country of Origin? A Study of the Personal Ideal Family Size among Immigrant Women in Italy
Autor/in:
Mussino, Eleonora; Ortensi, Livia Elisa
Quelle: Comparative Population Studies - Zeitschrift für Bevölkerungswissenschaft, 43 (2018) , S 243-274
Inhalt: The role of the personal ideal family size for international migrants has rarely been studied in the current debate on fertility and migration in the European context. It is not known to which extent the reduction of fertility observed among immigrants who settle in a country where fertility is lower than in their country of origin is the result of a change in fertility norms among those immigrants. The study of migrants' ideals family size has the potential to shed light on fertility norms without the interference of economic conditions and migration-related disruptive phenomena. Due to the complexity of its migration context, Italy is an interesting destination country for studying changes in migrants' ideal family sizes. This paper uses data from the survey of the Italian National Institute of Statistics (ISTAT) on immigrant families conducted in 2011-12. We compare the personal ideal family size of women of reproductive age with the prevalent norm in their country of origin, applying a multinomial logistic regression analysis. Results show that the country of origin has an important role in the determination of immigrants’ ideal family sizes. Women from countries where large families are the ideal are more likely to show a lower personal ideal family size compared to their non-migrant co-nationals, while women from countries where two children are considered ideal mostly share the same norm. The occurrence of fertility preferences expressed in a non-numeric form (e.g. "Up to God") changes between women with different countries of origin. This study confirms that conformity with the ideal of the country of origin is more likely among women who migrated as adults. At the same time, the number of years spent in the destination country is not significantly associated with a shift away from the norms prevalent in the country of origin. Finally, female empowerment and gender equity show their effects mainly on the reduction of non-numeric responses.
Schlagwörter:Migrant; migrant; woman; Italien; Italy; Fruchtbarkeit; fertility; Kinderzahl; number of children; generatives Verhalten; reproductive behavior; Familiengröße; family size; Norm; standard; Tradition; tradition; Herkunftsland; country of origin; Geschlechtsrolle; gender role; Gleichberechtigung; equality of rights; sozioökonomische Faktoren; socioeconomic factors; Ideal number of children; Fertility; Migrants; Italy; Gender Norms
SSOAR Kategorie:Bevölkerung, Familiensoziologie, Sexualsoziologie, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Fertility Intentions across Immigrant Generations in Sweden: Do Patterns of Adaptation Differ by Gender and Origin?
Autor/in:
Carlsson, Erik
Quelle: Comparative Population Studies - Zeitschrift für Bevölkerungswissenschaft, 43 (2018) , S 211-242
Inhalt: In being representative of individuals' demographic value orientations, fertility preferences provide information about immigrants' adaptation to family formation patterns in the destination country at a deeper, ideational level than actual fertility does. Using data from Wave 1 of the Swedish GGS from 2012/2013 (n=3,932), this study compares the first, 1.5, and second generations with either one or two foreign-born parent(s) to Swedes without an immigrant background by gender and across origins. Binary logistic regression is used to compare the propensity to state a positive fertility intention, and partial proportional odds models are used to analyse differences across four ordinal intention categories (definitely/probably yes/no). Results show a general tendency towards convergence from the relatively positive intentions of the first generation to levels closer to non-immigrants in later generations, although complete convergence is only found for the second generation with one foreign-born parent. There are gender differences, with women being similar to non-immigrants by the 1.5 generation, while there is no clear intergenerational trend for men. Among origin groups, convergence is evident among Eastern Europeans and "other non-Europeans", while Westerners already are similar to non-immigrants in the first generation, and Middle Easterners/North Africans display no clear intergenerational trend. This study contributes to the understanding of immigrant fertility by showing that there often is intergenerational adaptation at the ideational (i.e. preference) level, that the pace and extent of convergence vary by gender and across origins, and that group-level patterns found for fertility intentions do not always match those found in earlier research on fertility behaviour.
Schlagwörter:Migrant; migrant; Einwanderung; immigration; Schweden; Sweden; erste Generation; first generation; zweite Generation; second generation; Fruchtbarkeit; fertility; Familienplanung; family planning; generatives Verhalten; reproductive behavior; Familiengröße; family size; Präferenz; preference; Intention; intention; gender-specific factors; soziale Anpassung; social adjustment; Gender Survey
The Same Fertility Ideals as in the Country of Origin? A Study of the Personal Ideal Family Size among Immigrant Women in Italy
Autor/in:
Mussino, Eleonora; Ortensi, Livia Elisa
Quelle: Comparative Population Studies - Zeitschrift für Bevölkerungswissenschaft, 43 (2018) , S 243-274
Inhalt: The role of the personal ideal family size for international migrants has rarely been studied in the current debate on fertility and migration in the European context. It is not known to which extent the reduction of fertility observed among immigrants who settle in a country where fertility is lower than in their country of origin is the result of a change in fertility norms among those immigrants. The study of migrants' ideals family size has the potential to shed light on fertility norms without the interference of economic conditions and migration-related disruptive phenomena. Due to the complexity of its migration context, Italy is an interesting destination country for studying changes in migrants' ideal family sizes. This paper uses data from the survey of the Italian National Institute of Statistics (ISTAT) on immigrant families conducted in 2011-12. We compare the personal ideal family size of women of reproductive age with the prevalent norm in their country of origin, applying a multinomial logistic regression analysis. Results show that the country of origin has an important role in the determination of immigrants’ ideal family sizes. Women from countries where large families are the ideal are more likely to show a lower personal ideal family size compared to their non-migrant co-nationals, while women from countries where two children are considered ideal mostly share the same norm. The occurrence of fertility preferences expressed in a non-numeric form (e.g. "Up to God") changes between women with different countries of origin. This study confirms that conformity with the ideal of the country of origin is more likely among women who migrated as adults. At the same time, the number of years spent in the destination country is not significantly associated with a shift away from the norms prevalent in the country of origin. Finally, female empowerment and gender equity show their effects mainly on the reduction of non-numeric responses.
Schlagwörter:Italy; fertility; reproductive behavior; number of children; gender role; Migrant; Italien; sozioökonomische Faktoren; Geschlechtsrolle; Gleichberechtigung; country of origin; family size; Kinderzahl; Fruchtbarkeit; Tradition; Familiengröße; generatives Verhalten; Norm; migrant; Herkunftsland; standard; equality of rights; socioeconomic factors; woman; tradition; Ideal number of children; Fertility; Migrants; Italy; Gender Norms
SSOAR Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Familiensoziologie, Sexualsoziologie, Bevölkerung
Quelle: Comparative Population Studies - Zeitschrift für Bevölkerungswissenschaft, 43 (2018) , S 275-306
Inhalt: In this article we investigate fertility intentions of Russian women in Estonia from an origin-destination perspective. Russian migrants to Estonia and their descendants are compared with women in the sending and host countries in order to identify similarities and differences in intended transitions to first, second and third births. The study is based on the Estonian and Russian Generations and Gender Surveys, which were conducted in 2004/2005, and employs logistic regression models. The dependent variables are intentions to become a mother, to have a second child, or to have a third child. The hypotheses for the study are mainly derived from the adaptation, cultural maintenance, and selection (characteristics) perspectives. We also incorporate attitudes towards gender roles into the models, which have proven to be a salient factor in shaping childbearing intentions, but have seldom been considered in studies of migrant fertility. Our results lend support to both the adaptation and cultural maintenance perspectives. In accord with the latter, the similarity between the childbearing intentions of Russian migrants and their descendants in Estonia and those of their counterparts in Russia suggests that socialisation to the ethnic subculture has prevailed over the influence of the host society. We attribute this outcome to contextual features that have retarded integration processes. By contrast, we observe that proficiency in the host country language, residence in areas where the host population constitutes a large majority and having a native partner significantly contribute to the adaptation of migrants' intentions to have another child to those of the host population. These results provide support to the adaptation argument. Finally, our study reveals a positive association between egalitarian views on gender roles and women's intentions to have another child. However, variation in gender role attitudes accounts for a relatively minor part of the difference in intended fertility between the groups addressed in this study.
When Paid Work Matters for Fertility Intentions and Subsequent Behavior: Evidence from Two Waves of the Austrian Gender and Generation Survey
Autor/in:
Hanappi, Doris; Buber-Ennser, Isabella
Quelle: Comparative Population Studies - Zeitschrift für Bevölkerungswissenschaft, 42 (2017) , S 245-279
Inhalt: "The anticipated risk of job loss and material insecurity are related to fertility postponement in the same way as unemployment is. Given the sequential nature of fertility and occupational decisions, unfavorable working conditions should be resolved before having children, and result in an increase in people's assignment of importance to paid work when developing their childbearing plans. We aim to demonstrate this link, focusing on perceived employment and material insecurity, the importance assigned to paid work in forming fertility intentions, the construction of fertility intentions, and their realization. Using two waves of the Austrian Generations and Gender Survey, we apply probit regressions to analyze gender variations in the associations between uncertainty conditions, the importance of paid work, fertility intentions and behavior. Results reveal that work and related benefits become salient when they are insecure, and that material insecurity among men discourages childbearing. For women, we find support for the hypothesis that the anticipated risk of job loss inhibits the realization of fertility intentions - intentions which are less likely to be constructed under such conditions from the onset of family planning processes." (author's abstract)
Schlagwörter:desire for children; birth trend; fertility; social security; Austria; Kinderwunsch; Familienplanung; Erwerbstätigkeit; gainful employment; Österreich; socioeconomic factors; sozioökonomische Faktoren; soziale Sicherung; Geburtenentwicklung; gender-specific factors; family planning; Fruchtbarkeit
SSOAR Kategorie:Familiensoziologie, Sexualsoziologie, Bevölkerung
Fertility is low when there is no societal agreement on a specific gender role model
Autor/in:
Hudde, Ansgar
Quelle: Universität Bamberg, Fak. Sozial- und Wirtschaftswissenschaften, Professur für Demografie; Bamberg (Discussion Papers / Universität Bamberg, Professur für Demografie, 18), 2016. 32 S
Inhalt: "Many authors argue that societal fertility levels are a function of changing gender relations, but the mechanism behind this association remains unclear and mainly untested. This paper argues that the variation in realized gender roles and gender role attitudes influences fertility: a great variation in attitudes among potential
partners causes uncertainty and conflicts, which decreases people's propensity to choose to have a first or an additional child. How this idea is tested: macro-level regressions are run on 24 countries. A measure for the average gender role attitude as well as the dispersion in attitudes are regressed on the level of fertility. Attitudes
are computed through factor analysis and capture opinions towards the gendered division of given tasks and privileges, such as childrearing or the uptake of parental leave. The measure includes attitudes towards different female and male roles.
The dispersion in attitudes is the standard deviation of the factor variable in the
given country. Attitudinal information are from the ISSP 2012. The analysis gives support to the hypothesis: the greater the variation in gender role attitudes, the lower is the fertility. The association is considerably strong, significant, and holds against various robustness checks." (author's abstract)
Schlagwörter:Fruchtbarkeit; fertility; Geburtenhäufigkeit; fertility rate; Elternschaft; parenthood; generatives Verhalten; reproductive behavior; Einstellung; attitude; gender-specific factors; Geschlechterverhältnis; gender relations; Geschlechtsrolle; gender role; Partnerwahl; choice of partner; Familiengründung; family formation; Familienplanung; family planning; internationaler Vergleich; international comparison
SSOAR Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Familiensoziologie, Sexualsoziologie, Bevölkerung
Beyond the two-child family: factors affecting second and third birth rates in West Germany
Titelübersetzung:Einflussfaktoren auf die Übergangsraten zur zweiten und dritten Geburt in Westdeutschland
Autor/in:
Schröder, Jette; Schmiedeberg, Claudia; Brüderl, Josef
Quelle: Zeitschrift für Familienforschung, 28 (2016) 1, S 3-18
Inhalt: "Anhand von Retrospektivdaten des DJI Familiensurvey 2000 untersuchen wir die Einflussfaktoren auf den Übergang vom zweiten zum dritten Kind für westdeutsche Frauen der Geburtskohorten 1944-1979 und stellen sie denen des Übergangs vom ersten zum zweiten Kind gegenüber. Anhand von Ereignisdatenanalysen bestätigen wir die aus früheren Studien bekannten Effekte von Alter und Berufstätigkeit. Wir finden eine höhere Übergangsrate zur dritten Geburt für Frauen mit zwei gleichgeschlechtlichen Kindern, die sich vermutlich noch ein Kind des anderen Geschlechts wünschen. Darüber hinaus finden wir eine höhere Übergangsrate zur dritten Geburt für Frauen, die selbst zwei oder mehr Geschwister haben, was wir als Transmission von Familienwerten interpretieren. Zudem haben Frauen, die seit der Geburt des ersten oder des zweiten Kindes den Partner gewechselt haben, eine höhere Übergangsrate zur dritten Geburt, was unter Umständen auf den Wunsch, die Beziehung durch gemeinsame Kinder zu bestätigen, in Kombination mit einer Zwei-Kind-Norm zurückzuführen ist." (Autorenreferat)
Inhalt: "Based on retrospective data from the German Family Survey (DJI Familiensurvey) 2000, we investigate factors associated with the transition from the second to the third child for West German women of the birth cohorts 1944-1979 and contrast them to the determinants of the transition from the first to the second child. Applying event history analysis, we confirm effects of timing and spacing of children and mothers’ labor force participation reported in previous studies. In addition, we find a higher third birth rate for women with two children of the same sex, who might wish to have a child of the opposite sex. Further, we find a higher third birth rate for women with two or more siblings, which we interpret as transmission of family values. Finally, women with a new partner since the first birth as well as women with a new partner since the second birth show higher third birth rates, which might result from a union-confirmation effect of shared children in combination with a two child norm." (author's abstract)
Schlagwörter:desire for children; Familiengröße; fertility; demographic factors; generatives Verhalten; fertility rate; Kinderwunsch; Familienplanung; reproductive behavior; Federal Republic of Germany; neue Bundesländer; family size; soziale Faktoren; demographische Faktoren; Geburtenhäufigkeit; New Federal States; family planning; social factors; Fruchtbarkeit
SSOAR Kategorie:Familiensoziologie, Sexualsoziologie, Bevölkerung
Kinderzahl und Migrationshintergrund - ein Vergleich zwischen Frauen türkischer Herkunft mit oder ohne eigene Wanderungserfahrung sowie Frauen ohne Migrationshintergrund in Westdeutschland
Titelübersetzung:Number of children and migration background: a comparison between women of Turkish origin with or without migration experience of their own and women without a migration background in Western Germany
Autor/in:
Naderi, Robert
Quelle: Zeitschrift für Familienforschung, 27 (2015) 3, S 322-342
Inhalt: "Die Fertilität von Frauen mit türkischer Herkunft und deutschen Frauen unterscheidet sich deutlich voneinander. Die grundlegende Frage lautet dabei, welche Faktoren dazu führen, dass sich das Fertilitätsverhalten an das der Frauen ohne Migrationshintergrund annähert. Hierzu werden in diesem Beitrag Ergebnisse einer vergleichenden Analyse des Mikrozensus 2012 zur Kinderzahl von Frauen mit türkischem Migrationshintergrund und Frauen gleicher Jahrgänge (1963 bis 1977) ohne Migrationshintergrund präsentiert. Die Analysen berücksichtigen die eigene Wanderungserfahrung, Aufenthaltsdauer, den Bildungsstand, Erwerbstätigkeit und die Partnerschaft. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass eine Differenzierung nach eigener Migrationserfahrung sowie Aufenthaltsdauer im Zusammenspiel mit dem Bildungsstand wesentlich sind. Wenn in Deutschland geborene Frauen mit türkischen Wurzeln einen hohen Bildungsstand aufweisen, sind die Paritäten vergleichbar mit denen von gleich hoch gebildeten Frauen ohne Migrationshintergrund. Bei Betrachtung niedrigerer Bildungsabschlüsse bleiben die Unterschiede bestehen." (Autorenreferat)
Inhalt: "The fertility of women of Turkish origin significantly differs from German women’s fertility. Thus, the basic question is which factors may lead to the fact that the former’s fertility behavior starts to converge to that of women without migration background. Based on comparative analyses of the German Microcensus 2012, this article presents findings with regard to the number of children born to a) women with a Turkish migration background and b) women without migration background, both belonging to the same age group that was born between 1963 and 1977. The analyses take into account: a) having migration experience of one’s own, b) duration of living in Germany, c) educational attainment, d) employment status, and e) partnership status. The results indicate that a differentiation with regard to both migration experience and duration of living in Germany, interacting with the level of education, is essential. Highly educated women with Turkish roots born in Germany display a parity that is similar to the parity of equally highly educated women not having a migration background. When comparing women of the subgroups who have lower levels of education in common, the differences in fertility do persist." (author's abstract)
Schlagwörter:Fruchtbarkeit; fertility; Migrationshintergrund; migration background; woman; Türke; Turk; Deutscher; German; Kinderzahl; number of children; Geburtenentwicklung; birth trend; Geburtenrückgang; declining birth rate; generatives Verhalten; reproductive behavior; sozioökonomische Faktoren; socioeconomic factors; Bildungsniveau; level of education; Federal Republic of Germany; neue Bundesländer; New Federal States; Parität
SSOAR Kategorie:Familiensoziologie, Sexualsoziologie, Bevölkerung
Das unterschätzte Potenzial hoher Fallzahlen - Stärken und Limitierungen des Mikrozensus am Beispiel von Fertilitätsanalysen
Titelübersetzung:The unrecognised potential of large N - strengths and limitations of the German Microcensus exemplified by fertility research
Autor/in:
Bujard, Martin; Dorbritz, Jürgen; Herter-Eschweiler, Robert; Lux, Linda
Quelle: Zeitschrift für Familienforschung, 27 (2015) 3, S 343-372
Inhalt: "Aufgrund der hohen Fallzahlen (688.931 Personen in 2012) ist das Potenzial des Mikrozensus (MZ) für demografische und familiensoziologische Analysen groß, zudem inhaltlich durch die Erhebung der Geburten von Frauen noch gestiegen. Der Beitrag hat zum Ziel, methodische Hintergründe, Limitierungen und Potenziale des MZ am Beispiel von Fertilität systematisch aufzuzeigen. Die Analyse von Antwortverweigerungen zeigt, dass die Art der Befragung einen starken Einfluss hat, deren Verzerrungen durch Imputationen deutlich reduziert werden konnten. Die Limitierungen sind v.a. das Querschnittsdesign sowie die fehlenden Daten zur Kinderzahl von Männern und zur Binnenmobilität. Die hohen Fallzahlen des MZ ermöglichen tiefenscharfe Differenzierungen bezüglich Sozialstruktur, Paritäten und Zeitverläufe, was anhand von Konfidenzintervallen diskutiert wird. Drei Forschungsdesigns, die die Analysepotenziale nutzen, werden vorgestellt: Dendrogrammanalysen ermöglichen gruppenspezifische Differenzierungen nach fünf Ebenen und zeigen so ein detailliertes Muster der Kinderlosigkeit. Der Verlauf von Paritätsmustern im Kohortenvergleich verdeutlicht die je nach beruflicher Bildung unterschiedlichen Verläufe. Die Analysen zur altersspezifischen Häufigkeit von Erstgeburten ermöglichen, Trends von nachholenden Geburten für verschiedene Bildungsgruppen zu identifizieren." (Autorenreferat)
Inhalt: "Due to a large number of cases (688.931 persons in 2012) the German Microcensus has a huge potential for analyses in demography and family sociology. Content is further improved by the new voluntary question on biological children of women. This paper aims to systematically assess the methodological background as well as limitations and potentials of the Microcensus using the example of fertility data. The analyses of nonresponse show that the way of questioning has a strong impact. The related bias could, however, be reduced by imputations. The main limitations are the cross-sectional design and missing data on the children of men and internal migration. The potential of the high case numbers of the Microcensus is systematically discussed by analyzing confidence intervals: It allows for in-dept differentiations for analyzing social structure, birth parities and time patterns. Finally, we discuss three research designs which are able to use this potential: Dendrogram analyses allow group differentiations for up to five levels and thus reveal detailed patterns of childlessness. Parity patterns by cohorts illustrate differences by occupational education. Third, the age-specific analyses of first births among several cohorts allow for identifying trends of recuperation which differ considerable between educational groups." (author's abstract)
Schlagwörter:Mikrozensus; microcensus; Antwortverhalten; response behavior; Befragung; survey; Interview; interview; Datengewinnung; data capture; Schätzung; estimation; Kinderlosigkeit; childlessness; Fruchtbarkeit; fertility; Geburtenentwicklung; birth trend; Sozialstruktur; social structure; soziale Faktoren; social factors; demographische Faktoren; demographic factors; sozioökonomische Faktoren; socioeconomic factors; Bildungsniveau; level of education; Federal Republic of Germany; Imputationen
SSOAR Kategorie:Erhebungstechniken und Analysetechniken der Sozialwissenschaften, Familiensoziologie, Sexualsoziologie, Bevölkerung
On the age-specific correlation between fertility and female employment: heterogeneity over space and time in OECD-countries
Autor/in:
Brehm, Uta; Engelhardt, Henriette
Quelle: Universität Bamberg, Fak. Sozial- und Wirtschaftswissenschaften, Professur für Demografie; Bamberg (Discussion Papers / Universität Bamberg, Professur für Demografie, 15), 2013. 37 S
Schlagwörter:fertility; Erwerbsbeteiligung; age group; Familiengründung; OECD member country; Familienplanung; working woman; Familie-Beruf; Karriere; work-family balance; woman; family formation; OECD-Staat; Altersgruppe; labor force participation; career; berufstätige Frau; family planning; Fruchtbarkeit
SSOAR Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Familiensoziologie, Sexualsoziologie, Bevölkerung