Quelle: Annual Review of Psychology, 70 (2019) , S 245–270
Inhalt: This article reviews research on sexual harassment, particularly that pertaining to academia, to understand its underlying causes. Arguing that sexual harassment is an ethical issue, we draw on the field of behavioral ethics to structure our review. We first review ethical climate antecedents at the individual, leader, organizational, and environmental levels and examine their effects on both the occurrence of and responses to sexually harassing behaviors. This discussion is followed by an exploration of research that speaks to the cognitive processes of bounded ethicality—including ethical fading, motivated blindness, and the slippery slope—and their role in facilitating and perpetuating sexual harassment. We conclude by highlighting the value to be gained from integrating research on sexual harassment with research on behavioral ethics and identifying several practical steps that can be taken to curb sexual harassment in academia.
A comprehensive gender framework to evaluate anti-trafficking policies and programs
Autor/in:
Duong, Kim Anh
Quelle: Winterdyk, J.; Jones, J.; (The Palgrave International Handbook of Human Trafficking), 2019. 23 S
Inhalt: This chapter is written with an attempt to help the countries worldwide to have another way to evaluate the quality of their responses to human trafficking, especially that of anti-trafficking policies and programs. The paper presents a comprehensive anti-trafficking evaluation framework that consists of three layers: first is the technical evaluation of anti-trafficking interventions scenario and its impacts that lies in the 4-P evaluation (prevention, protection, prosecution, and partnerships); second is the gender-sensitive evaluation of anti-trafficking polices using three main gender-sensitive evaluation criteria including participation, empowerment, and accountability; and third is the analysis of gender construction of anti-trafficking policies. While technical evaluation has its own limitations in evaluating policy, this combined framework of both technical and gender dimensions will have to evaluate anti-trafficking policies from different angles to increase the countries’ capabilities to better tackle the transnational and organized crime like human trafficking.
Schlagwörter:Antidiskriminierung; awareness; Empowerment; Evaluation; Gender; gender roles; gender-based violence; human trafficking; Policy Analysis; program evaluation
“She Wasn’t Resisting”: Students’ Barriers to Prosocial Intervention as Bystanders to Sexual Assault Risk Situations
Autor/in:
Hoxmeier, Jill; O'Connor, Julia; McMahon, Sarah
Quelle: Violence against women, 25 (2019) 4, S 485–505
Inhalt: The White House Task Force to Protect Students from Sexual Assault recommends bystander training as part of campus sexual assault prevention efforts. The current study sought to understand salient themes among students’ qualitative responses for why they did not intervene in sexual assault risk situations. In 2014, undergraduate students (N = 9,358) at a large public university completed a web-based survey to assess bystander opportunities and responses for six risk situations. Content coding analysis indicated that students report several unique barriers to intervention. These findings have important implications for bystander training programs, as well as future research on bystander behavior.
Schlagwörter:acceptance; Akzeptanz; bystander interventions; Gleichstellungsmaßnahmen; Intervention; sexual assault; sexual violence; sexuelle Belästigung; sexuelle Gewalt
CEWS Kategorie:Europa und Internationales, Hochschulen, Sexuelle Belästigung und Gewalt
The Effects of Bystander Programs on the Prevention of Sexual Assault across the College Years: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Autor/in:
Hensman Kettrey, Heather; Marx, Robert
Quelle: Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 48 (2019) 2, S 212–227
Inhalt: Research on sexual assault prevention programs implemented with young people has largely failed to examine program effects between age groups. This systematic review and meta-analysis synthesizes data from 15 high quality studies (N= 6104) examining the effects of sexual assault prevention bystander programs on bystander efficacy, intentions, and intervention across the college years. Findings indicate bystander programs have a significant, desirable effect on all three outcomes. Effects on bystander intentions were significantly stronger among students in their first two years compared to those in their later years of college. There was no evidence of a significant difference in effects on bystander efficacy or intervention between these two groups. Implications and directions for future research are discussed.
#MeToo, Statutory Rape Laws, and the Persistence of Gender Stereotypes
Autor/in:
Garfield Tenzer, Leslie
Quelle: Utah Law Review, (2019) , S 117–157
Inhalt: Using the example of statutory rape laws, this article explains how movements for increased equality between men and women can fail to meet their stated goals. The article begins by exploring traditional statutory rape laws, which stereotypically gendered perpetrators and victims. It follows with a discussion of the political forces behind the nation-wide change to neutralize gendered statutes. The article dedicates significant attention to the flaws of gender-neutral statutory rape laws, which, by removing gender designations of victims and perpetrators, grant prosecutors unchecked discretion to choose which partner to charge in cases of mutual consent to the same prohibited conduct. Today prosecutors are three times more likely to charge males with statutory rape than they are to charge females with the crime. Parents of females’ alert authorities of prohibited sexual activity of their daughters at a rate that is largely disproportionate to that of parents of males. Prosecutorial stereotyping as it pertains to prohibited sexual intimacy between consenting teens has created an unfortunate return to the female-victim paradigm that proponents of gender-neutral statutory rape laws sought to erase. The article concludes with a recommendation for achieving a more balanced application of gender-neutral laws.
Schlagwörter:#MeToo; Feminimus; feminism; gender stereotypes; Gesetzgebung; law; sexual assault; sexual violence; sexuelle Gewalt; Stereotype
CEWS Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Geschlechterverhältnis, Sexuelle Belästigung und Gewalt
Race, threat and workplace sexual harassment : The dynamics of harassment in the United States, 1997–2016
Autor/in:
Cassino, Dan; Besen‐Cassino, Yasemin
Quelle: Gender, Work & Organization, 15 (2019) 1, S 1221–1240
Inhalt: Sexual harassment is a persistent problem for women in the workplace. Prior research has explored the effects of sexual harassment on the psychological, physical and economic wellbeing of the victims. Despite the extensive research exploring the causes, most studies focus on micro-level factors, and few studies examine the role of macro-level factors on sexual harassment in the workplace. Using public Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) data and a separate dataset of individual level workplace sexual harassment complaints, we test two hypotheses about sexual harassment in American workplaces. First, we show that the decline in workplace sexual harassment complaints has been uneven, with African-American women experiencing an increased relative risk of sexual harassment in the workplace, even as overall reported harassment complaints are down. Second, we show that economic threat — operationalized in this case through unemployment rates — drives increases in sexual harassment of women in American workplaces. While the data on harassment complaints is limited, data strongly suggests that the changes are driven by shifts in underlying levels of harassment, rather than changes in the likelihood of reporting harassment.
Inhalt: Sexual harassment occurs more frequently in male-dominated fields and physics is a more male-dominated field than most other science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields. Thus, it is important to examine the occurrence and impact of sexual harassment on women in physics. A survey of undergraduate women, who attended a conference for undergraduate women in physics, revealed that approximately three quarters (74.3%; 338/455) of survey respondents experienced at least one type of sexual harassment. This sample was recruited from a large fraction of undergraduate women in physics in the United States. We find that certain types of sexual harassment predict a negative sense of belonging and exacerbate the imposter phenomenon. The types of sexual harassment that predict these outcomes, both forms of gender harassment, while seemingly less severe types of harassment, have been found to have substantially negative personal and professional consequences. These findings are important since prior work has found that sense of belonging and the imposter phenomenon are related to students’ persistence in STEM fields. Our results have implications for understanding and improving persistence in physics by informing the community about the occurrence of sexual harassment and its effects so that we can begin to work towards reducing its occurrence and mitigating its effects.
Sexualisierte Gewalt an der Hochschule aus Sicht eines männlichen Hochschullehrenden - Handlungsmöglichkeiten zum Schutz
Autor/in:
Herschelmann, Michael
Quelle: Das Hochschulwesen, 67 (2019) 1+2, S 43–48
Inhalt: Wo Menschen zu Arbeit und Studium zusammenkommen, spielt Sexualität in unterschiedlicher Intensität und Sichtbarkeit eine Rolle. Hochschulen unterscheiden sich von anderen Arbeitsstätten nochmal dadurch, dass sie besonders viele, junge Menschen in ihren Lehrveranstaltungen in relativ engem körperlichen Kontakt zusammenführen. Der Umgang miteinander kann problematische Formen annehmen, wobei über die Grenzen, wann ein Verhalten problematisch wurde, lange Zeit angeblich oder tatsächlich Unklarheit bestand. Es hat Jahre gedauert, bis Handlungen auch rechtlich näher fixiert wurden, wobei der Begriff „unerwünschte Handlungen“ in diesen Texten eines der Felder der Deutungen und Missdeutungen als Dilemma aufzeigt. Michael Herschelmann hat mit seinem Artikel Sexualisierte Gewalt an der Hochschule aus Sicht eines männlichen Hochschullehrenden – Handlungsmöglichkeiten zum Schutz (der Betroffenen) die Problematik aufgerollt, Fallzahlen zusammen getragen und Schutzmöglichkeiten und -verpflichtungen dargestellt.
Schlagwörter:AGG; Männlichkeit; masculinity; sexual harassment; sexual violence; sexualisierte Gewalt; sexuelle Belästigung
CEWS Kategorie:Hochschulen, Sexuelle Belästigung und Gewalt
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Arbeitskultur und Arbeitsatmosphäre in der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft : Kurzbericht
Autor/in:
Schraudner, Martina; Hochfeld, Katharina; Striebing, Clemens
Quelle: Center for Responsible Research and Innovation am Fraunhofer IAO, 2019.
Inhalt: Der hier vorliegende Kurzbericht beruht auf einer vom Präsidenten der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft beim Center for Responsible Research and Innovation am Fraunhofer IAO in Auftrag gegebenen und im Februar/März 2019 durchgeführten Online-Befragung aller Beschäftigten der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft. Noch nie hat eine Organisation der Spitzenforschung derart umfassend ihre Arbeitskultur, insbesondere hinsichtlich Mobbing und sexueller Diskriminierung untersuchen lassen. Entsprechend sind die Ergebnisse der Studie kaum vergleichbar. Soweit möglich, lässt sich aber festhalten, dass die Selbstzuschreibung von Mobbingerfahrungen in den letzten 12 Monaten (10,2%) im Vergleich mit internationalen Studien, in denen überwiegend Universitäten untersucht wurden, im durchschnittlichen Bereich liegt. Die Selbstzuschreibung von sexueller Diskriminierung (3,9%) liegt im unterdurchschnittlichen Bereich. Im Allgemeinen werden Mobbing und sexuelle Diskriminierung nur selten gemeldet und es besteht wenig Vertrauen in die Wirksamkeit der Meldewege. Dies gilt auch für die Max-Planck-Gesellschaft. Auffallend ist, dass die Direktoren und Direktorinnen sowie Nachwuchsgruppenleitungen am häufigsten angeben sexistisches Verhalten zu erfahren (26,3% verglichen mit 22,5% der Postdoktoranden/-innen und 24,8% der Doktoranden/-innen).
Mobbing tritt eher als ein Gruppenphänomen auf, bei dem mehrere „Mobbende“ auftreten und unter denen in der Regel die direkte Führungskraft und/oder Kollegen/-innen der eigenen Gruppe sind. Im Vergleich dazu ist sexuelle Diskriminierung – zugespitzt – ein biltaerales Problem bei dem die Arbeitsbeziehung eine untergeordnete Rolle zu spielen scheint.
Schlagwörter:Arbeitsbedingungen; Arbeitsklima; Außeruniversitäre Forschung; climate survey; Deutschland; Diskriminierung am Arbeitsplatz; Mobbing; Nachwuchswissenschaftlerin; sexuelle Belästigung; Spitzenforschung; work culture
CEWS Kategorie:Außerhochschulische Forschung, Sexuelle Belästigung und Gewalt
Harassment in Dutch academia : Exploring manifestations, facilitating factors, effects and solutions
Autor/in:
Naezer, Marijke; van den Brink, Marieke; Benschop, Yvonne
Quelle: LNVH; , 2019. 52 S
Inhalt: The aim of this study was to start developing knowledge that can contribute to creating an inclusive environment for all academics. Since research has shown that women academics face more barriers during their academic career and are still underrepresented in senior positions (LNVH 2017, Van den Brink and Benschop 2014), this study focused on the experiences of women. This is only a first step, and the report is explicitly meant to be a starting point for more elaborate and extensive research into the topic of harassment in academia – also among men and non-binary academics.
Starting from the experiences of women academics, this study was guided by the following research questions:
1. What practices of harassment can be identified in the stories and narratives of academic women? Is it possible to discern multiple manifestations of harassment?
2. What experiences are reported by whom? Which preliminary patterns can we discern?
3. What structural and cultural characteristics and developments in the academic system facilitate harassment?
4. What are the consequences of harassment for individuals, organisations and science in general?
5. What are promising suggestions for limiting negative consequences and for preventing harassment in academia?
This research provides a qualitative exploration that analyses the “what, why and how” of harassment, rather than its prevalence or other quantitative characteristics.