The Perception of Sexual Harassment in Higher Education: Impact of Gender and Attractiveness
Autor/in:
LaRocca, Michaela; Kromrey, Jeffrey
Quelle: Sex roles, 40 (1999) 11/12, S 921–940
Inhalt: This experimental study used an ambiguous sexual harassment scenario, and manipulated gender and level of physical attractiveness within a perpetrator/victim dyad. The purpose of this study was to examine the perceptions of sexual harassment of male and female students as well as perceptions of perpetrator and victim character traits. 296 male and 295 female undergraduate and graduate students at a large urban university were asked to read the scenario and describe behavior and character traits for perpetrator and victim using a seven-point semantic differential scale.84% (n 5495) of the sample were White, 5.3% (n 531) were African American, 5.9% (n 539) were of Hispanic origin, and 4.7% (n 528) marked other for race/ethnicity. Results indicate that female students perceived the scenario as more sexually harassing than male students. However, both men and women judged female perpetrators less harshly than male perpetrators. Both men and women were influenced by perpetrator attractiveness: they perceived an attractive opposite gender perpetrator as less harassing than a same gender attractive perpetrator.
Schlagwörter:scale; sexual harassment; sexuelle Belästigung; Skala; Stereotyp; stereotypes; Studierende;
CEWS Kategorie:Sexuelle Belästigung und Gewalt
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Overt, Covert, And Subtle Sexism : A Comparison Between the Attitudes Toward Women and Modern Sexism Scales
Autor/in:
Swim, Janet K.; Cohen, Laurie L.
Quelle: Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21 (1997) 1, S 103–118
Inhalt: The Attitudes Toward Women Scale (AWS) is routinely used as a general measure of sexism. In this article, it is argued that the AWS (Spence, Helmreich, & Stapp, 1973) actually measures overt or blatant sexism (harmful and unequal treatment of women that is intentional, visible, and unambiguous), whereas the Modern Sexism Scale (MS) measures covert or subtle forms of sexism (sexism that is either hidden and clandestine or unnoticed because it is built into cultural and societal norms). Support for this distinction is shown by way of (a) confirmatory factor analyses, (b) correlations with affective reactions to different categories of women and men (i.e., women and men in general, traditional women and men, feminists, and chauvinists), and (c) correlations with perceptions of sexual harassment. These analyses indicate that the AWS and MS scales measure distinct but related constructs.
Schlagwörter:gender stereotypes; Modern Sexism Scale; sexism; Sexismus; sexual harassment; sexuelle Belästigung
Sexual Harassment: A Preliminary Test of an Integrative Model
Autor/in:
Hesson-McInnis, Matthew; Fitzgerald, Louise F.
Quelle: Journal of applied social psychology, 27 (1997) 10, S 877–901
Inhalt: Despite the recent increase in research on sexual harassment, most studies have examined the relevant variables in isolation, and little is known concerning the ways in which they may interact or the relative importance of their effects for individuals or organizations. Fitzgerald and her colleagues (Fitzgerald, Hulin, & Drasgow. 1995; Fitzgerald & Ormerod, 1993) proposed a model of the antecedents and outcomes of sexual harassment in organizations. The present study examines a modified version of this model using path analysis with a sample of women employed by the federal government in the late 1980s. These analyses support the basic form of the model, suggesting that sexual harassment is a joint function of the gender context of the victim's job, her relative vulnerability, and the tolerance of the organization for sexual harassment. In turn, harassment was shown to have a negative impact on work and health‐related outcomes, exacerbated by assertive coping responses. The implications for organizations are discussed along with recommendations for more stringent tests of the model.
Schlagwörter:Gesundheit; Impact; indications for measurement; Modellierung; Organisationsanalyse; sexuelle Belästigung
CEWS Kategorie:Arbeitswelt und Arbeitsmarkt, Sexuelle Belästigung und Gewalt
Autor/in:
Campbell, Bernadette; Schellenberg, E. Glenn; Senn, Charlene Y.
Quelle: Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21 (1997) 1, S 89–102
Inhalt: Two recently published measures of contemporaty sexist attitudes were
examined and compared with a sample of 106 Canadian college students.
Swim, Aikin, Hall, and Hunter’s (1995) Modern Sexism scale was
found to be an acceptable measure of sexist attitudes in terms of its
internal reliability and its ability to predict other gender-related political
attitudes. Although the Modern Sexism scale and the Neosexism scale
(Tougas, Brown, Beaton, & Joly, 1995) were equally good at predicting
support for the feminist movement and attitudes toward lesbians and gay
men, the Neosexism scale had better internal reliability and exhibited
stronger gender differences. Moreover, the Neosexism scale was superior
at predicting value orientations relevant to modern prejudices.
Sexual and Gender Harassment at University: Experiences and Perceptions of Australien Women
Autor/in:
Gardner, Jill; Allen, Felicity
Quelle: Australien Psychologist, 31 (1996) 3, S 210–216
Inhalt: The present study investigated women student´s experience and perceptions of sexual and gender harassment on a university campus, using an adapted version of the Sexual Experiences Questionnaire. Although only 31.7% of students perceived that they had been sexually harassed, 91.3% reported at least one form of behaviour which could be perceived as sexually harassing: 88.1% from students and 53.2% from academics. Academics mainly engaged in gender harassment. Behaviours which students perceived as sexually harassing werde students making unwanted attempts at establishing a sexual relationship, academics and students making sexist remarks about women´s behaviour and career options, and students making crude or offensive sexual remarks. Students were more likely to perceive that they had been sexually harassed by academics than by students when sexist remarks about women's behaviour and career options were made, lending partial support to the hypothesis that hierarchical level of relationship influenced students’ perceptions of sexual harassment. This finding suggests that academics' opinions about women carry more weight than those of fellow students, so academics should consider them caretully and resist the temptation to indulge in “throwaway lines“ or jokes, however harmlessly they may be intended.
Schlagwörter:academics; Australia; Australien; Frauen; psychology; sexual harassment; sexuelle Belästigung; Studentin; students; Universität; university; women
Child-rearing as a career impediment to women assistant-professors
Autor/in:
Finkel, Susan Kolker; Olswang, Steven G.
Quelle: The review of higher education, Vol. 19 (1996) No. 2, S 123-39
Inhalt: "Over 40% of women assistant professors in a recent survey (n=124) identified publishing, teaching, committees, and 'time required by children' as serious impediments to achieving tenure, many more than reported sexual harassment and sexism as serious obstacles. Policy changes that will accommodate women professors' time commitments to children are discussed." (author's abstract)
CEWS Kategorie:Vereinbarkeit Familie-Beruf, Sexuelle Belästigung und Gewalt
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Measuring Sexual Harassment: Theoretical and Psychometric Advances
Autor/in:
Fitzgerald, Louise F.; Gelfand, Michele J.; Drasgow, Fritz
Quelle: Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 17 (1995) 4, S 425–445
Inhalt: This article describes a program of research designed to yield a conceptually grounded, psychometrically sound instrument for assessing the incidence and prevalence of sexual harassment in the workplace. Following the specification of a theoretical framework that is consistent with both legal guidelines and psychological research, we review the development and evaluation of a three-dimensional model of sexual harassment (gender harassment, unwanted sexual attention, and sexual coercion). Based on this model, we describe the development of a revised version of the Sexual Experiences Questionnaire (SEQ; Fitzgerald et al., 1988). Following extensive pilot work, the instrument was field tested in a large regulated utility. Data from 448 employed women (professional, technical, clerical and blue collar workers) support the reliability of the scales, and confirmatory factor analysis in this new sample confirms the stability and generalizability of the theoretical model. Following a brief review of validity data recently reported in the literature, implications for further measurement improvements are discussed.
Schlagwörter:Arbeitsplatz; Sexual Experiences Questionnaire; sexual harassment; sexuelle Belästigung; workplace
CEWS Kategorie:Sexuelle Belästigung und Gewalt
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Individual Difference Correlates of the Experience of Sexual Harassment Among Female University Students
Autor/in:
Barak, Azy; Fisher, William A.; Houston, Sandra
Quelle: Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 22 (1992) 1, S 17–37
Inhalt: Individuals often report experiences that conform to objective definitions of sexual harassment, but rarely report the subjective perception that they have been sexually harassed. The present research proposed that individual difference factors may mediate this commonly observed discrepancy. It was hypothesized that erotophobia, sexual inexperience, youth, sex role traditionality, repressing defensive style, and need for social approval have a weak inhibitory effect on reports of objectively defined experiences of sexual harassment, but a strong inhibitory effect on subjective perceptions that one has been sexually harassed. Results showed that individual difference factors including erotophobia, repressing defenses, and need for social approval were associated with fewer reported objective experiences of sexual harassment, while the base rate of subjective perception that one had been sexually harassed was very low, and this subjective perception was generally unassociated with individual difference factors. Discussion focuses on individual difference characteristics and motivation to ignore or to fail to report objective experiences of sexual harassment, and on suggestions for further research into the very high base rate of objectively defined experiences of sexual harassment and the very low base rate of perceived sexual harassment.