Inhalt: This study defines contrapower harassment in academia as student incivility, bullying, and sexual attention aimed at faculty. A U.S., Alaskan sample of 399 professors (50% women, 88% white) at the state’s largest public university was surveyed about their experience with contrapower harassment. Although men reported more sexual attention from students and comparable levels of student incivility–bullying, women reported that such behaviors were more upsetting and had a greater negative impact on their health and work-lives; they were also more likely to take action following such experiences than men. Tenure-track faculty appear to be at increased risk of student hostility. Discussion focuses on how gender and other markers of socio-cultural or institutional power relate to the experience of contrapower harassment.
Quelle: Journal of interpersonal violence, 24 (2009) 3, S 464–481
Inhalt: Little epidemiologic research has focused on the mental health effects of gender-based violence among sub-Saharan African women. The objective of this study was to assess risk of depression and depressive symptoms among 1,102 female undergraduate students who were victims of gender-based violence. Students who reported experience of any gender-based violence were nearly twice as likely to be classified as having moderate depression during the academic year (OR = 1.98, 95% CI = 1.39-2.82) as compared with non-abused students. Compared with non-abused students, those who had experienced both physical and sexual abuse were 4 times more likely to report either moderately severe (OR = 4.32, 95% CI = 2.00-9.31) or severe depressive symptoms (OR = 4.19, 95% CI = 1.01-17.43). Our findings, consistent with previous studies, support the thesis that women's mental health status is adversely affected by exposure to gender-based violence.
Schlagwörter:adult; Äthiopien; depression; Ethiopia; Frauengesundheit; gender-based violence; mental health; prevalence; self concept; sex factors; sexuelle Gewalt; social perception; socioeconomic factors; sozioökonomische Faktoren; surveys and questionnaires; women's health; young adult
CEWS Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Sexuelle Belästigung und Gewalt
Sexual Harassment Mythology : Definition, Conceptualization, and Measurement
Autor/in:
Lonsway, Kimberly A.; Cortina, Lilia M.; Magley, Vicki J.
Quelle: Sex roles, 58 (2008) 9-10, S 599–615
Inhalt: Using rape myth research as a template, we developed a conceptual definition and measurement instrument for the mythology regarding male sexual harassment of women, resulting in the 20-item Illinois Sexual Harassment Myth Acceptance (ISHMA) Scale. Surveys from 337 students in the Midwestern region of the United States revealed that this measure consists of four factors, which share predicted relationships with rape mythology, sexism, hostility toward women, traditional attitudes toward women, and ideological support for the feminist movement. We also found that women and individuals with prior training on sexual harassment reject these myths more than men and untrained individuals. It is hoped that this new definition,conceptualization, and measure will advance knowledge on attitudes that support and perpetuate violence against women.
Schlagwörter:Gewalt gegen Frauen; sexual harassment; sexuelle Belästigung; violence against women
Measurement and Correlates of Prosocial Bystander Behavior : The Case of Interpersonal Violence
Autor/in:
Banyard, Victoria
Quelle: Violence and Victims, 23 (2008) 1, S 83–97
Inhalt: The field of social psychology has long investigated the role of prosocial bystanders in assisting crime victims and helping in emergency situations. This research has usually been experimental and has established important principles about the conditions under which individuals will choose to engage in prosocial bystander behaviors. More recently, interest has grown in applying this work to the important practical problem of preventing interpersonal violence in communities. Yet, to date, there has been little research on the role of bystanders in cases of interpersonal violence. The current study is thus exploratory. Using a sample of 389 undergraduates, the study discusses key issues in the development of measures to investigate these questions and presents preliminary analyses of correlates of bystander behavior in the context of sexual and intimate partner violence.
Das Allgemeine Gleichbehandlungsgesetz (AGG) : Tanzschritte auf dem Weg zur Gerechtigkeit im Erwerbsleben
Titelübersetzung:The General Equal Treatment Act (AGG) : dance steps on the road towards justice in working life
Autor/in:
Degen, Barbara
Quelle: Streit : feministische Rechtszeitschrift, Jg. 25 (2007) H. 1, S. 15-22
Inhalt: Die Verfasserin setzt sich mit dem neuen Gleichbehandlungsgesetz auseinander und stellt fest, dass es sehr allgemein ist. Sie analysiert die neuen gesetzlichen Regelungen bezüglich der 'unmittelbaren Benachteiligung', 'mittelbaren Benachteiligung', 'Belästigung' und 'sexuellen Belästigung' und konstatiert Widrigkeiten gegenüber dem Grundgesetz und dem Europarecht. Die Verfasserin untersucht die Schadensersatzansprüche und die Vorschriften bezüglich der Antidiskriminierungsverbände, der Bundesantidiskriminierungsstelle und der arbeitsrechtlichen Verfahren bei Diskriminierungen. Abschließend wird die Verbindung zwischen Recht und Gerechtigkeit diskutiert. (ICG)
CEWS Kategorie:Frauen- und Gleichstellungsbeauftragte, Gleichstellungspolitik, Sexuelle Belästigung und Gewalt
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
The acceptance of modern myths about sexual aggression scale: development and validation in German and English
Autor/in:
Gerger, Heike; Kley, Hanna; Bohner, Gerd; Siebler, Frank
Quelle: Aggressive Behavior, 33 (2007) 5, S 422–440
Inhalt: Scales of rape myth acceptance (RMA) often yield low means and skewed distributions. This is proposed to be because of a change in rape-related beliefs toward more subtle content. Incorporating insights from racism and sexism research, a 30-item self-report scale measuring the acceptance of modern myths about sexual aggression (AMMSA) is presented. Across four studies (total N=1,279), the reliability and validity of parallel German and English versions of the AMMSA scale were examined. The results show that both language versions are highly reliable; compared with a traditional RMA scale, means of AMMSA scores are higher and their distributions more closely approximate normality. Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses provide evidence for the AMMSA scale's concurrent and predictive construct validity.
Schlagwörter:rape; scale; sexual violence; sexuelle Gewalt; Skala; Vergewaltigung/Missbrauch
Quelle: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1087 (2006) , S 103–120
Inhalt: The incidence, psychological dimensions, reporting, and impact of sexual harassment of college students throughout the world are reviewed. Special attention is paid to methodological constraints in conducting cross-cultural research in sexual harassment, including difficulty in securing research participants, different methodologies to collect incidence data, use of retrospective data, and varying, definitions of sexual harassment. Recommendations for implementing intervention programs are offered. The strategies suggested deal with the social causes that maintain the harassment, including renegotiating the balance of power between men and women.
Schlagwörter:cross-cultural comparison; cultural characteristics; ethnology; female; global health; humans; interpersonal relations; male; peer group; power (psychology); prejudice; prevention & control; sexual harassment; social perception; social stratification; students; university; vergleichende Methoden; women's health; sexual harassment
CEWS Kategorie:Hochschulen, Sexuelle Belästigung und Gewalt
Students and managers behaving badly : an exploratory analysis of the vulnerability of feminist academics in anti-feminist, market-driven UK higher education
Autor/in:
Lee, Deborah
Quelle: Women's studies international forum, Vol. 28 (2005) No. 2-3, S. 195-208
Inhalt: "In this article, I draw upon a qualitative interview to offer an exploratory analysis of unacceptable male student conduct towards feminist academics. My informant encountered disrespect from anti-feminist male students, who subsequently maliciously accused her of disrespecting them. The men's complaint was accepted uncritically by the market-driven male Dean of Faculty in order to keep the customers happy. Given that anti-feminism makes feminist academics vulnerable to attack in market-driven UK higher education, I propose that feminists should start to campaign against unacceptable student conduct and subsequent victim-blaming by managers. One way in which we might start to do this is by deploying the interpretation 'contrapower sexual harassment' to conceptualise these experiences. Our campaign will not be universally welcomed in universities. Yet when have feminists been afraid of resistance?" (author's abstract)
CEWS Kategorie:Geschlechterverhältnis, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Sexuelle Belästigung und Gewalt
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Perceptions of Peer Sexual Harassment Among High School Students
Autor/in:
Terrance, Cheryl; Logan, Amie; Peters, Douglas
Quelle: Sex roles, 51 (2004) 7/8, S 479–490
Inhalt: Perceptions of peer social–sexual interactions were examined in a group of high school students (N = 150). Participants were presented with six brief vignettes that described three types of sexual harassment between adolescent peers: physical, verbal/visual, and derogatory. Two vignettes were written for each type of behavior to reflect either a sexually explicit or implicit behavior. Participants responded to Rosenberg’s Self-Esteem Scale and the Attitudes toward Women Scale for Adolescents (AWSA), and then rated the sexually harassing nature of the behaviors. Sexual harassment ratings varied as a function of the type of behavior and the sexual explicitness with which it was displayed. Although consensus was reached regarding the sexually harassing nature of both the sexually implicit and explicit physical forms of behaviors, only when the verbal/visual behavior was explicitly displayed was it perceived as sexually harassing. Interactions among self-esteem, gender attitudes, and type of behavior were also noted. Irrespective of the explicitness with which it was displayed, rater characteristics were influential for both the verbal/visual and derogatory forms of harassment.
A Review and Critique of the Sexual Experiences Questionnaire (SEQ)
Autor/in:
Gutek, Barbara A.; Murphy, Ryan O.; Douma, Bambi
Quelle: Law and Human Behavior, 28 (2004) 4, S 457–482
Inhalt: This paper reviews and critiques the Sexual Experiences Questionnaire (SEQ), “... a self-report inventory representing the first attempt to assess the prevalence of sexual harassment in a manner that met traditional psychometric standards” (Fitzgerald, Gelfand, & Drasgow, 1995, p. 427). Widely used by its developers and others as a measure of sexual harassment, the SEQ is not a finished product, has a number of problems, and has weak psychometric properties. Because of inconsistencies (e.g., in time frame, number of items, wording of items), the SEQ lacks the advantages of standardized measures, such as the ability to assess changes over time. It defines sexual harassment very broadly, having the effect of distorting findings about sexual harassment. Most importantly, it is not clear what or whose definition of sexual harassment the SEQ assesses.
Schlagwörter:Sexual Experiences Questionnaire; sexual harassment; sexuelle Belästigung