Womens choices in Europe : influence of gender on education, occupational career and family development
Titelübersetzung:Die Entscheidung von Frauen in Europa : Einfluss des Geschlechts auf Bildung, Berufskarriere und Familienentwicklung
Herausgeber/in:
Quaiser-Pohl, Claudia; Endepohls-Ulpe, Martina
Quelle: Münster: Waxmann, 2012. 223 S.
Inhalt: "The options women have to shape their lives have dramatically increased in the last decades, and this is true for all European countries. Changes in their societies with respect to women's rights have been fundamental, amongst other things as a result of the women's movement, which caused one of the greatest social revolutions of the 20th centusy. But considering the different starting points of the women's movement and all the other historical, cultural and political differences in the European nations it is no surprise that the situation of women is different, too, and that the process of reaching equal status with men has come to different stages in different areas of life. And, of course, there are still some fields of remarkable gender inequalities which can be noticed all over Europe. This book wants to give some insight into the differences as well as the similarities of women's lives, their educational and occupational attainment and their choices with respect to occupational career and family life in several European countries. The authors come from different countries and represent different disciplines. Therefore the chapters cover a large variety of scientific approaches and draw a fine-grained picture of the situation of women's lives in Europe. " (publisher's description). Contents: Claudia Quaiser-Pohl & Martina Endepohls-Ulpe : Education, occupational career and family work - similarities and differences in women's choices in Europe (Editorial) (7-14); I Gender and education: Martina Endepohls-Ulpe: Are females or males disadvantaged in contemporary educational systems? (15-28); Christine Fontanini & Céine Avenel: Ongoing training systems in France with regard to gender: "teacher effects" at universities (29-40); Ewa Malinowska: The impact of gender knowledge on one's behaviour at a micro-social level - based on statements from learning adults (41-52); II Women's participation in STEM fields: Claudia Quaiser-Pohl: Women's choices in STEM - statistical data and theoretical approaches explaining the gender gap (53-62); Jacqueline de Weerd & Els Rommes: To beta or not to beta? The role of teachers in the gendered choice of science and technology by secondary school students (63-78); Martina Endepohls-Ulpe, Judith Ebach, Josef Seiter & Nora Kaul: Barriers and motivational factors for taking up a career in a technological field in Germany and Austria (79-94); Sonja Virtanen: Searching for ways to encourage and enable equal access for girls to study technology (95-106); III Women's occupational careers: Elisabeth Sander: Biographies of female scientists in Austria - results of an interview study (107-122); Christine Fontanini: Is there a relation between horse riding and the desire to become a veterinarian? (123-134); Gwen Elprana, Sibylle Stiehl, Magdalena Gatzka & Jörg Felfe: Gender differences in Motivation to Lead in Germany (135-150); Elmira Bancheva & Maria Ivanova: Leadership styles of women in Bulgaria (151-166); IV Women's roles in family life and family development: Anna-Catharina Grohmann, Claudia Quaiser-Pohl & Marcus Hasselhorn: Socio-cultural changes, values, and parental well-being - a comparison of Spanish and German mothers (167-182); Silke Diestelkamp & Claudia Quaiser-Pohl: Identity development after the birth of the first child - an empirical study of first-time mothers in the Republic of Ireland (183-198); Krystyna Dzwonkowska-Godula & Joanna Brzezinska: Gender relations in family - equal parenting (199-210); Insa Fooken: Tate divorces' in the lives of German women from three different birth cohorts - a lasting impact of World War II? (211-223).
Quelle: Frauen in den Naturwissenschaften: Ansprüche und Widersprüche. Kirsti Dautzenberg (Hrsg.), Doris Fay (Hrsg.), Patricia Graf (Hrsg.). Wiesbaden: VS Verl. für Sozialwiss., 2011, S. 59-96
Inhalt: Der vorliegende Beitrag stellt die Ergebnisse von 16 Experteninterviews mit Vertretern aus den Geschäftsstellen der außerhochschulischen Forschungsgesellschaften (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft, Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft, Leibniz-Gemeinschaft, Max-Planck-Gesellschaft) sowie Einrichtungen der Ressortforschung vor. Ziel ist es, die strukturellen Voraussetzungen für den Karriereerfolg von Wissenschaftlerinnen in außerhochschulischen Forschungseinrichtungen zu identifizieren: In welche organisationalen Strukturen sind die Wissenschaftlerinnen eingebunden? In welcher Arbeitsumgebung forschen sie? Und inwiefern unterliegen diese Strukturen der Kategorie Geschlecht? Zur Beantwortung dieser Fragen wurde zum einen untersucht, welche Vorgaben die Forschungsgesellschaften an ihre Wissenschaftler stellen und nach welchen Auswahlkriterien sie ihr Personal aussuchen. Zum anderen wurde betrachtet, welche Unterstützungsinstrumente die Forschungsgesellschaften für die Wissenschaftler bereithalten, etwa Mechanismen zur Chancengleichheit oder Personalentwicklungsinstrumente. Zur Durchführung der Interviews wurde ein Leitfaden entwickelt. Hierzu wurden gängige Erklärungsansätze für die Unterrepräsentanz von Frauen in der Wissenschaft um eine organisations- und systemtheoretische Perspektive erweitert. Bereits bestehende Hintergrundstudien zu den außerhochschulischen Forschungsgesellschaften dienten zur Anpassung des Leitfadens an den Forschungsgegenstand und zur Entwicklung weiterer offener Fragestellungen. (ICI2)
The effect of priming gender roles on women's implicit gender beliefs and career aspirations
Titelübersetzung:Der Effekt der grundlegenden Geschlechtsrollen auf implizite Geschlechterüberzeugung von Frauen und Karriereaspirationen
Autor/in:
Rudman, Laurie A.; Phelan, Julie E.
Quelle: Social psychology, Vol. 41 (2010) No. 3, S. 192-202
Inhalt: "The authors investigated the effect of priming gender roles on women's implicit gender stereotypes, implicit leadership self-concept, and interest in masculine and feminine careers. Women primed with traditional gender roles (e.g., a male surgeon and a female nurse) showed increased automatic gender stereotypes relative to controls; this effect mediated their reduced interest in masculine occupations. By contrast, exposure to nontraditional roles (e.g., a female surgeon and a male nurse) decreased women's leadership self-concept and lowered their interest in masculine occupations, suggesting that female vanguards (i.e., successful women in male-dominated careers) can provoke upward comparison threat, rather than inspire self-empowerment. Thus, priming either traditional or nontraditional gender roles can threaten progress toward gender equality, albeit through different mechanisms (stereotypes or self-concept, respectively)." (author's abstract)
Titelübersetzung:Geschlecht und Entwicklung der Berufsverläufe
Autor/in:
Newell, Helen
Quelle: European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions; Dublin, 2007. 18 S.
Inhalt: "This comparative study examines the issue of gender and career development and explores the continuing barriers to achieving equality of opportunity in this area. Looking at the current European Union countries (with the exception of Sweden) and Norway, the study explores the extent to which career patterns are changing in response to the restructuring of work and organisations and how this impacts on women's career experiences. It also examines the attitudes of the social partners regarding gender and career development. The study finds that although careers are changing in most countries, the nature of this change is best described as a gradual erosion of traditional work patterns, rather than a transformation which is likely to improve opportunities for women. Gender segregation remains a significant problem, despite women's increased activity rates. Female-dominated part-time work, associated with poor opportunities for training and promotion, also persists. The study reveals that most trade unions have been proactive in campaigning on this topic and in increasing their members' awareness of and ability to raise such issues with employers. However, it also shows that many employers appear to remain unconvinced about the need to prioritise gender and careers. While there are examples of some innovative attempts to tackle the problem, these often occur in isolation. In particular, translating legislation into practice at company level remains a significant problem." (author's abstract)
Geschlechtliche Normierung von Studienfächern und Karrieren im Wandel
Titelübersetzung:Change in the gender standardization of subjects of study and careers
Autor/in:
Costas, Ilse; Roß, Bettina; Suchi, Stefan
Quelle: Historical Social Research : the official journal of Quantum and Interquant ; an international journal for the application of formal methods to history, Vol. 25 (2000) No. 2, S. 23-53
Inhalt: Bei einem internationalen Vergleich der geschlechtsspezifischen Verteilung bei den akademischen Berufen fällt auf, dass Männer- und Frauenberuf, Männer- und Frauenstudienfächer entgegen den traditionellen Männlichkeits- und Weiblichkeitsvorstellungen relativ stark variieren. So wurde zum Beispiel der Richterberuf bis 1945 als Inkarnation der Männlichkeit betrachtet; heute gilt er mit einem Anteil von über 50 Prozent als "feminisiert". Der Beitrag geht folgenden Fragen nach: Wie kommt es zu diesen Veränderungen und Wandlungen bei den geschlechtsspezifischen Zuschreibungen? Welche Faktoren, sozialen Prozesse und kulturellen Diskurse führen zu Widersprüchen zwischen den Konstruktionen der geschlechtlichen Normierungen und den gesellschaftlichen Praktiken? Diese Fragestellungen werden im Längsschnitt am Beispiel der Entwicklung in Deutschland seit der Zulassung der Frauen zum Studium Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts bis 1945 diskutiert. (ICA)
Inhalt: "Common wisdom holds that from the beginning women entered some academic fields such as the humanities and avoided others for example physics or mathematics. Developments in Germany up to the 1930s contradict this assumption: In the natural sciences and mathematics, the percentage of female students was higher than the average percentage of female students in all other academic fields. What contributed to, what caused this unexpected distribution? How can we explain the discontinuities in the long-term developments of female students' relative frequencies in specific academic subjects? Some answers to these questions are discussed in this study, containing results of a current research project financed by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. The basic assumptions refer to the theory of doing gender: This theory claims that what is characterized as typically male or female is historically variable and constructed according to specific cultural and social contexts. Thus essentialism is negated. The main data base of this project are educational statistics of German universities. Our statistical analyses (e.g. loglinear analysis) and data from other sources show interrelated effects of the development of girls' secondary schools, their preparations for university studies, chances on the labour market and social status on the subjects of study as well as an professional careers. New academic fields like social sciences and economics became gendered very quickly, resulting in segregation of careers by sex. The cultural and educational system and even official recommendaeions constructed gender stereotypes of professions. These stereotypes increasingly influenced female pupils in their career patterns during the 1930s. At that time employment chances in some professions were drastically reduced and administrative restrictions against women were introduced. This occured even before the Nazis seized power." (author's abstract)