Mind the gap - women's and men's quality of work and employment : background paper ; EESC/Labour Market Observatory meeting on 'women's access to the labour market', 29 April 2008
Titelübersetzung:Achten Sie auf die Lücke : geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede hinsichtlich Arbeitsqualität und Beschäftigung
Autor/in:
Jurczak, Kasia; Hurley, John
Quelle: European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions; Dublin, 2008. 12 S.
Inhalt: "Gender mainstreaming is an integral part of the research conducted by the European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions. When labour market participation, working conditions and the resulting labour market outcomes are analysed, the difference in the situation of women and men is evident. This report highlights the main issues concerning women's situation in the labour market and indicate where the principal barriers to women's labour market participation lie." (author's abstract). Contents: Increasing entry of women into labour market: Sectoral concentration. Men's jobs - women's jobs: a world apart? Breaking the glass ceiling? Flexibility for some, security for others. Mind the pay gap. Work-life balance. Social partner actions. Conclusions.
Frauen und Männer in Entscheidungspositionen 2007 : Situations- und Trendanalyse
Titelübersetzung:Women and men in decision-making positions in 2007 : situation and trend analysis
Herausgeber/in:
Generaldirektion Beschäftigung, Soziales und Integration, Europäische Kommission
Quelle: Generaldirektion Beschäftigung, Soziales und Integration, Europäische Kommission; Luxembourg: Amt f. amtl. Veröff. d. Europ. Gemeinschaften, 2008. 54 S.
Inhalt: "Dieser Bericht bewertet die derzeitige Lage von Frauen und Männern in Entscheidungspositionen in Europa einerseits und die Entwicklungen der letzten Jahre andererseits. Der Bericht enthält Zahlen über die Beschlussfassung in drei Hauptbereichen: Politik, Wirtschaft und öffentlicher Dienst; im Einzelnen: Nationale Parlamente und Regierungen, Regionalversammlungen, Zentralbanken, öffentliche Verwaltung, Justiz und Wirtschaft. Ergebnisse: Der Anteil von Frauen in den Parlamenten in der EU ist von 16 Prozent im Jahre 1997 auf 24 Prozent im Jahre 2007 angestiegen. Die Zentralbanken der siebenundzwanzig EU-Mitgliedstaaten werden alle von einem männlichen Präsidenten geleitet. In Europa machen Frauen nur etwas mehr als 44 Prozent der Arbeitnehmer aus und sind häufig in Juniorpositionen beschäftigt. Nur 32 Prozent derjenigen, die wirtschaftliche Führungspositionen (Hauptgeschäftsführer, Direktoren und Leiter kleiner Unternehmen) einnehmen, sind Frauen. Derzeit werden fast 33 Prozent der Ämter in den zwei höchsten Stufen der Hierarchie der öffentlichen Verwaltung von Frauen besetzt. In Europa besteht die Gruppe von Richtern, die jeweils den nationalen obersten Gerichtshöfen vorsitzen, durchschnittlich aus 70 Prozent Männern und 30 Prozent Frauen. Diese Bilanz wird jedoch erheblich durch die hohe Anzahl von Frauen in den Gerichtshöfen einiger Staaten beeinflusst, die sich der EU in beiden letzten Beitritten angeschlossen haben - besonders Bulgarien (76 Prozent Frauen) und Rumänien (74 Prozent Frauen). In der EU-15 machen Frauen nur 18 Prozent der Richter aus." (Autorenreferat)
Changing European gender relations : gender equality policy concerning employment and the labour market ; EU research in social sciences and humanities
Titelübersetzung:Wandel des Geschlechterverhältnisses in Europa : Gleichstellungspolitik im Hinblick auf Beschäftigung und Arbeitsmarkt
Autor/in:
Webster, Juliet
Quelle: Generaldirektion Forschung Direktion L Wissenschaft, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft, Europäische Kommission; Brüssel: Amt f. amtl. Veröff. d. Europ. Gemeinschaften (Policy Synthesis of EU Research Results, No. 6), 2007. 63 S.
Inhalt: "The review addresses the policy domain of gender and equal opportunities in relation to employment and labour market policies. The findings of six research projects fall into four clusters that mirror the concerns of policy makers: gender inequalities in labour market participation; labour market segregation and the nature of 'women's work'; flexible employment, family-friendly work and work-life balance; welfare and social exclusion; and the formulation and implementation of gender equality policies. The research reviewed highlights several gaps in our understanding of labour market dynamics as they affect gender equality and policy formulation. The need for further research has been identified on specific topics, including a systematic evaluation of flexible work forms on gender equality, developing new understandings of 'skill', and social protection and social exclusion." (author's abstract)
Titelübersetzung:Bericht über die Gleichberechtigung der Geschlechter weltweit 2006
Autor/in:
Hausmann, Ricardo; Tyson, Laura D.; Zahidi, Saadia
Quelle: World Economic Forum; Genève, 2006. 156 S.
Inhalt: "In May 2005, the World Economic Forum launched its first study attempting to assess the size of the gender gap in 58 countries using economic-, educational-, health- and political-based criteria1. The Global Gender Gap Report 2006, the second in the series, contains a unique new methodology to create the Gender Gap Index 2006. The index covers over 115 economies, including all current and candidate European Union (EU) countries, 20 from Latin America and the Caribbean, over 20 from sub- Saharan Africa and 10 from the Arab world. Together, the 115 countries cover over 90% of the world's population. Merging publicly available data from international organizations and unique survey data from the World Economic Forum's Executive Opinion Survey, the study assesses the level of equality between women and men. We find that no country in the world has yet managed to eliminate the gender gap. Those that have succeeded best in narrowing the gap are the Nordic countries, with Sweden standing out as the most advanced in the world, having closed over 80% of its gender gap, followed closely by Norway (2), Finland (3), Iceland (4) and Denmark (8). Germany (5), United Kingdom (9) and Ireland (10) all hold spots in the top ten. The Philippines (6) is distinctive for being the only Asian country in the top ten while South Africa (18) holds the highest position among the African countries covered by the Report. Latvia (19) and Lithuania (20) are some of the new EU members that place well ahead of long-time EU members Austria (26) and Belgium (33), but behind Spain (11) and the Netherlands (12). Both New Zealand (7) and Australia (15) are leaders in closing the gender gap. At the other end of the rankings, Greece (69), France (70), Malta (71) and Italy (77) have the lowest rankings in the EU. The United States (22) falls behind many European nations in addition to lagging behind Canada (14). Russia (49), China (63) and Brazil (67) occupy the middle of the rankings. The lowest ranks are occupied by some of the most populous developing countries such as Nigeria (94), India (98) and Iran (108) in addition to Arab world countries such as Egypt (109), Saudi Arabia (114) and Yemen (115). The country comparisons are meant to serve a dual purpose: as a benchmark to identify existing strengths and weaknesses; and as a useful guide for policy, based on learning from the experiences of those countries that have had greater success in promoting the equality of women and men. The index quantifies the gender gap within the four critical categories - economic-, educational-, political- and health-based criteria - thus highlighting the priority areas for reform. Finally, the country profiles in part II of this report provide an overview of the national genderrelated environment in each country. They transparently represent the original data that feed into the index, in addition to other variables that encapsulate the legal and social aspects of the gender gap. Each profile contains detailed information on over 30 gender-related variables." (author's abstract)
The gender pay gap - origins and policy responses : a comparative review of 30 European countries
Titelübersetzung:Der Lohnunterschied zwischen den Geschlechtern : Ursachen und politische Erwiderungen ; ein Vergleich von dreißig europäischen Ländern
Autor/in:
Plantenga, Janneke; Remery, Chantal
Quelle: Generaldirektion Beschäftigung, Soziales und Integration Expertengruppe Geschlechtergleichstellung, soziale Integration und Beschäftigung, Europäische Kommission; Luxembourg: Amt f. amtl. Veröff. d. Europ. Gemeinschaften, 2006. 62 S.
Inhalt: "Reducing the gender pay gap is an important topic on the European political agenda. Since 1999 it has been part of the European Employment Strategy and policy efforts have intensified over the years. In 2003 member states were called on to formulate targets in this respect in order 'to achieve by 2010 a substantial reduction in the gender pay gap in each Member State through a multi-faceted approach addressing the underlying factors of the gender pay gap including sectoral and occupational segregation, education and training, job classifications and pay systems, awareness raising and transparency'. This report addresses the gender pay gap. Data will be provided on the extent and the development of the gender pay gap for 25 EU member states. In addition, the report contains information from three EEA countries, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, and two candidate countries, Bulgaria and Romania. In particular the report focuses on how public policies try to reduce wage differences between women and men." (author's abstract)