Gender-specific patterns and determinants of spillover between work and family: The role of partner support in dual-earner couples
Titelübersetzung:Geschlechtsspezifische Muster und Determinanten von Rollenkonflikten zwischen Arbeit und Familie: Der Einfluss partnerschaftlicher Unterstützung in Zweiverdienerpaaren
Autor/in:
Adams, Ayhan; Golsch, Katrin
Quelle: JFR - Journal of Family Research, 33 (2021) 1, S 72-97
Inhalt: Objective: The study investigates how partner support affects different types of work-to-family and family-to-work conflicts in dual-earner couples divided by gender and parenthood. Background: In Germany, as in other Western Countries, interrole conflicts between work and family increase, especially within dual-earner couples. Only few studies focused on the effects of partner support on different types of these conflicts. Method: We use longitudinal data deriving from waves 6 to 10 of the German Family Panel (pairfam) to uncover the extent to which the perception of having a supportive partner reduces time- and strain-based work-to-family and family-to-work conflicts. We conduct longitudinal structural equation models based on information of 1,252 persons, which are full-time employed and live in a dual-earner relationship. Results: Whereas for men partner support helps reduce stress-based work-to-family conflicts, for women perceived partner support is not beneficial. Within a subsample of parents, the experience of work-to-family conflicts is likely irrespective of partner support. Overall, women’s family-to-work conflicts appear to be reduced by their partners’ support whereas for men this detrimental effect only applies in the case of stress-based family-to-work conflicts. Conclusion: To sum up the findings, the differences for men and women in the effect of partner support on different types of interrole conflicts indicate a still existing impact of traditional gender norms that connect femininity to house work and masculinity to employed work.
Schlagwörter:Familie-Beruf; work-family balance; Dual Career Couple; dual career couple; Arbeitsteilung; division of labor; Elternschaft; parenthood; gender-specific factors; Geschlechtsrolle; gender role; Ungleichheit; inequality; Federal Republic of Germany; partner support; work-family spillover; gender; Panel Analysis of Intimate Relationships and Family Dynamics (pairfam, release 9.1), wave 6 to 10
SSOAR Kategorie:Familiensoziologie, Sexualsoziologie, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Educational attainment and gender differences in work-life balance for couples across Europe: a contextual perspective
Autor/in:
Kromydas, Theocharis
Quelle: Social Inclusion, 8 (2020) 4, S 8-22
Inhalt: The current article aims to explain the interrelationships between the educational attainment of individuals living in households with heterosexual partners, their work–life balance (WLB) and the macro-economic climate of the country they live in, using data from the European Social Survey. WLB is a complex concept, as it is not only determined by factors related to someone’s employment or domestic work and childcare responsibilities, but also by decisions informed by personal experiences and circumstances, subjective perceptions and preferences. Moreover, in households with cohabiting partners, this decision-making process involves certain compromises where financial incentives, interests, gender and power dynamics play an important role. Since educational attainment is positively related to labour market outcomes, such as employment and wages, while at the same time more women are participating in education and the labour market, the gender conflict on the division of work and time within households intensifies and traditional gender roles are challenged. WLB is at the heart of this conflict operating as a mechanism through which division of work and time is reconciled on the individual and household level. Results from the current article reveal great heterogeneity between the 17 European countries examined. Perhaps surprisingly, educational attainment can have a detrimental effect on the WLB of spouses and cohabiting partners, especially for women whose level of WLB seems also more sensitive to fluctuations of the macro-economic climate of the country they live in. However, there is an indication that when an economy goes into recession, higher education has a cushioning effect on female’s WLB compared to relatively better economic times.
Work-Family Arrangement and Conflict: Do Individual Gender Role Attitudes and National Gender Culture Matter?
Autor/in:
Bornatici, Christina; Heers, Marieke
Quelle: Social Inclusion, 8 (2020) 4, S 46-60
Inhalt: This article examines the relationship between couples' work-family arrangement and individuals' perceived work–family conflict (WFC), considering individuals’ attitudes towards gender roles and national gender culture in 37 countries (N = 15,114). Previous research has shown that WFC depends on work and family demands and has mostly accounted for absolute time spent in paid and domestic work. We hypothesize that WFC depends on couples' work-family arrangement in terms of time spent in paid, domestic and care work. We further expect that the relationship between couples' work-family arrangement and WFC depends on individuals' gender attitudes and national gender culture. To test these assumptions, we use the ISSP-2012 data and apply multilevel linear regression analyses. The findings indicate that an egalitarian work-family arrangement - that is, sharing paid, domestic and care work equally with one's partner - is associated with lower levels of WFC. Moreover, individuals with egalitarian gender attitudes and an egalitarian work-family arrangement experience less WFC than individuals with inconsistent attitudes and behaviours. Individuals with consistent traditional attitudes and behaviours experience the most conflict. Finally, a more egalitarian gender culture relates to less WFC. Cross-level interactions indicate that the relationship between work-family arrangement and WFC is not mediated by countries' gender culture.
Schlagwörter:Familie-Beruf; work-family balance; Geschlechtsrolle; gender role; gender-specific factors; Arbeitsteilung; division of labor; Hausarbeit; housework; Betreuung; care; allein erziehender Elternteil; single parent; soziale Ungleichheit; social inequality; kulturelle Faktoren; cultural factors; internationaler Vergleich; international comparison; care work; couple dynamics; gender culture; gender role; work–family arrangement; work–family conflict; ISSP 2012
SSOAR Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Familiensoziologie, Sexualsoziologie
Agency and Capabilities in Managerial Positions: Hungarian Fathers' Use of Workplace Flexibility
Autor/in:
Geszler, Nikolett
Quelle: Social Inclusion, 8 (2020) 4, S 61-71
Inhalt: This article analyses the agency freedom of manager fathers in Hungary to claim work-family balance through corporate flexible working arrangements. Hobson’s interpretation of Sen’s capability approach (Hobson, Fahlén, & Takács, 2011) is applied to appraise the effect of individual resources and organizational and national context on managers' work-family balance, as well as their influence on organizational culture. An interview-based case study was undertaken at the Hungarian subsidiary of a Scandinavian multinational company, wherein 43 personal interviews were conducted with fathers in managerial positions. The interviews were analysed according to structuring qualitative content analysis. Managers benefitted from corporate flexibility (home office and flexible schedule), but experienced power asymmetries in terms of access to and use of the former according to hierarchy and department. Even though the men in these positions are assumed to be change agents, the majority of them perceived limited agency freedom to convert flexible working into work-family balance, or to influence organizational culture. The privileged position of managers was detected at the level of their individual agency. Most managers could economically afford to maintain a male breadwinner model. Therefore, limitations related to securing parental and flexibility rights were due to traditional gender norms, and the strong sense of entitlement to work. Consequently, the extent and means of use of flexibility did not challenge deeply rooted assumptions about ideal employee norms.
It's getting late today, please do the laundry: The influence of long-distance commuting on the division of domestic labor
Autor/in:
Stenpaß, Anna; Kley, Stefanie
Quelle: JFR - Journal of Family Research, 32 (2020) 2, S 274-306
Inhalt: The study examines the effect of long-distance commuting on the division of domestic labor in heterosexual couples. A long journey to work can affect other areas of life. Commuters often have lower life satisfaction and their intimate relationships may be impaired by mental stress. When looking at domestic labor the question arises of who is in charge of managing the household and childcare. Do women still adopt the "lion's share of housework" or take over the "second shift" if they spend part of the day on long commutes to work and back home? A long commute is defined as a journey to work of at least 45 minutes, daily or several times a week. We present the results of pooled regression analysis and fixed effects regressions conducted on data from the German Panel Analysis of Intimate Relationships and Family Dynamics (pairfam) for the years 2013, 2015, and 2016. The pooled analysis suggests a moderate association between a woman’s long commute and her partner's engagement in housework and childcare, especially when she commutes daily. Instead of living 'reversed roles', the partners share such tasks. However, when the association between a woman's long commute and her partner's engagement in childcare is estimated exclusively with fixed regression, it remains significant. If the man is a long-distance commuter, most often his partner is solely responsible for all household tasks. Relative labor market position and income distribution within the couples, as well as adherence to gender roles explain the effects of long-distance commuting on labor division.
Schlagwörter:Hausarbeit; housework; Arbeitsteilung; division of labor; Partnerschaft; partnership; Pendler; commuter; Arbeitsweg; way to work; psychische Belastung; psychological stress; Lebenszufriedenheit; satisfaction with life; gender-specific factors; Geschlechtsrolle; gender role; Doing Gender; doing gender; Familie-Beruf; work-family balance; Federal Republic of Germany; gender ideology; long-distance commuting; job-related spatial mobility; bargaining theory; Panel Analysis of Intimate Relationships and Family Dynamics (pairfam) (2013, 2015, 2016)
SSOAR Kategorie:Familiensoziologie, Sexualsoziologie, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
"Involvierte" Väter zwischen Beruf und Familie: zur Re/Produktion von Männlichkeiten in paarinternen Aushandlungen
Titelübersetzung:Involved fathers between work and family life: re/production of masculinity in negotiations within couples
Autor/in:
Peukert, Almut
Quelle: Zeitschrift für Familienforschung, 29 (2017) 1, S 90-113
Inhalt: "Ausgehend von der in der Männlichkeitsforschung diskutierten These, 'involvierte' Väterlichkeit stehe im Widerspruch zum Leitbild erwerbszentrierter hegemonialer Männlichkeit, werden im vorliegenden Beitrag Kontinuitäten und Wandel in der Relationierung von Erwerbs- und Familienarbeit bei Vätern untersucht. Mit dem interaktionstheoretischen Ansatz zu 'un/doing masculinity' liegt der Fokus auf der Her- und Darstellung von Geschlechterdifferenzen sowie der hierarchisierenden Abgrenzung zu Weiblichkeiten und nicht-hegemonialer Männlichkeiten im Paarkontext. Anhand von 27 qualitativen Paar- und Einzelinterviews werden - entlang der Dimensionen Berufs-/Karrierekonzept, finanzielle Versorgung der Familie und Elternzeitarrangement - drei Re/Produktionsformen erwerbszentrierter hegemonialer Männlichkeit rekonstruiert und diskutiert. Im Ergebnis zeigt sich, dass die Re/Produktion von Männlichkeiten in paarinternen Aushandlungen zu Erwerbs- und Familienarbeit fragil, herausgefordert oder episodisch ausgesetzt wird. Dies impliziert, dass auch die Aushandlungen auf der Paarebene zur Relationierung von Erwerbs- und Familienarbeit, neben wohlfahrtsstaatlichen Rahmungen und Arbeitsorganisationen, signifikante un/gleichheitsrelevante Folgen haben." (Autorenreferat)
Inhalt: "Starting from the hypothesis discussed in research on masculinities and fathering that 'involved' fathering is incompatible with hegemonic masculinity, this paper examines continuity and change in interrelating work and family life by German fathers. Within the sociological frame of interaction theory on un/doing masculinity I focused on the production and presentation of gender differences and the hierarchizing demarcation against femininity and non-hegemonic masculinities within the couple. Based on 27 qualitative couples' and individual interviews, three forms of re/production of masculinity were constructed and discussed along the dimensions of vocational/career concepts, financial care of the family, and parental leave arrangements within the couple. The results show that the re/production of masculinities within negotiations of the couples regarding paid and family work are fragile, challenged, or episodically undone. This implies that in addition to welfare state policies and work organizations, the negotiations within the couple about their division of paid and unpaid work have significant consequences for the un/equality between the parents." (author's abstract)
Schlagwörter:Vaterschaft; fatherhood; Geschlechtsrolle; gender role; Vater; father; Familie-Beruf; work-family balance; Erwerbsarbeit; gainful work; Familienarbeit; family work; Arbeitsteilung; division of labor; gender-specific factors; Männlichkeit; masculinity; Leitbild; example; Karriere; career; Dual Career Couple; dual career couple; Federal Republic of Germany; Väterforschung; Hegemoniale Männlichkeit; Aushandlungen; Paar
SSOAR Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Familiensoziologie, Sexualsoziologie
Quelle: Zeitschrift für Familienforschung, 29 (2017) 1, S 32-48
Inhalt: "In der aktuellen Debatte um eine verbesserte Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf geht es zunehmend auch um kürzere Arbeitszeiten von Vätern. Trotz eines leichten Anstiegs teilzeitarbeitender Männer in den letzten Jahren hat sich die sozialwissenschaftliche Forschung bislang vornehmlich mit Teilzeitarbeit von Frauen beschäftigt. Erkenntnisse darüber, unter welchen Bedingungen Männer, insbesondere Väter, Teilzeit arbeiten, gibt es kaum. Unsere Studie will zur Schließung dieser Forschungslücke mittels einer Analyse von Individualdaten der Europäischen Arbeitskräfteerhebung (EU AKE) für Deutschland, Schweden, Irland und die Niederlande aus dem Jahr 2014 beitragen. Wir können zeigen, dass Väter, die gleiche oder geringere Verdienstmöglichkeiten als ihre Partnerinnen haben, in keinem der Länder mit einer höheren Wahrscheinlichkeit Teilzeit arbeiten als Väter mit höheren Verdienstmöglichkeiten. Ungeachtet beruflicher Statusunterschiede innerhalb der Paarbeziehung arbeiten Väter mit drei oder mehr Kindern in Deutschland und Irland eher in Teilzeit; außerdem arbeiten verheiratete Väter in beiden Ländern seltener in Teilzeit als unverheiratete. Während in den Niederlanden Väter mit geringeren Verdienstmöglichkeiten als ihre Partnerinnen häufiger in Teilzeit arbeiten, wenn ein kleines Kind zu versorgen ist, arbeiten diese Väter in Irland seltener in Teilzeit." (Autorenreferat)
Inhalt: "In the current discussions on combining work and family life, the idea of shorter working hours for fathers is becoming ever more popular. Although the proportion of part-time working men has somewhat increased in the last few years, parttime employment has been largely studied for women and mothers. Much less is known about men’s, and particularly fathers’, part-time employment. This study seeks to fill this gap by analysing part-time work among fathers in Germany, Sweden, Ireland, and the Netherlands using data from the European Labour Force Survey (LFS) from the year 2014. We show that fathers' lower earning capacity within couples is not associated with a higher probability of working part-time in any of the four countries. Irrespective of the occupational status differences within couples, fathers in Germany and Ireland with three or more children are more likely to work part-time than fathers with fewer children; moreover, in both countries, married fathers are less likely to work part-time than unmarried fathers. While fathers of small children in the Netherlands are more likely to work part-time if they have a lower occupational status than their female partners, these fathers are less likely to work part-time in Ireland." (author's abstract)
Schlagwörter:Vaterschaft; fatherhood; Familie-Beruf; work-family balance; Teilzeitarbeit; part-time work; Arbeitszeitflexibilität; working time flexibility; Einkommensverhältnisse; income situation; Geschlechtsrolle; gender role; Familienpolitik; family policy; Federal Republic of Germany; Niederlande; Netherlands; Irland; Ireland; Schweden; Sweden; internationaler Vergleich; international comparison
SSOAR Kategorie:Familiensoziologie, Sexualsoziologie, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Quelle: Zeitschrift für Familienforschung, 29 (2017) 1, S 114-135
Inhalt: "Das Elterngeld erfreut sich bei Vätern zunehmender Beliebtheit. Am Beispiel Bayerns - einem Bundesland, in dem die Nutzung der 'Vätermonate' besonders hoch ist und gleichzeitig regional variiert - wird mithilfe eines multimethodischen Designs untersucht, welche Bedeutung die Erwerbsarbeit für den Elterngeldbezug von Vätern hat. Auf der Grundlage aggregierter Regionaldaten wird zunächst mittels linearer Regression analysiert, welche Kontextfaktoren die Väterbeteiligung auf Kreisebene beeinflussen. Dabei zeigt sich, dass vor allem eine geringe Arbeitslosigkeit, das Arbeitsplatzangebot für hoch qualifizierte Beschäftigte und eine ausgewogene Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen und Männern mit einer höheren Väterbeteiligung am Elterngeld einhergehen. Zudem werden auf Grundlage problemzentrierter Interviews mit Vätern und Paaren individuelle Begründungen für den Elterngeldbezug des Vaters rekonstruiert. Neben finanziellen Erwägungen bestimmt eine emotionale Verwobenheit mit der Erwerbsarbeit die Elterngeld-Entscheidung. Insgesamt zeigt sich, wie bedeutsam die Erwerbsarbeit und das Einkommen beider Elternteile für die Elterngeldentscheidung sind, auch wenn das hohe bayerische Einkommensniveau nicht ausschlaggebend für die hohe Nutzung der Partnermonate ist." (Autorenreferat)
Inhalt: "The popularity of the 'Elterngeld' - the current parental allowance legislation in Germany - is considerably growing among fathers. By means of a multiple-method research approach, the influence of employment on paternity leave is investigated through the example of Bavaria - a federal state that has a particularly high rate of fathers taking parental leave. Contextual factors that might influence fathers' involvement at the district level are investigated based on aggregated regional data using linear regression. It shows that a low rate of unemployment, job opportunities for highly qualified workers and an equitable balance in the participation of women and men in working life correlate with a higher rate of paternity leave. Individual rationales for taking parental leave are reconstructed on the basis of problem-focused interviews with Bavarian fathers and couples during paternity leave. The analysis revealed that, besides financial considerations, the emotional attachment to working life is of great importance for the decision of fathers taking parental leave. Even though the high income level in Bavaria is not - differently than previously assumed - crucial for the extensive use of 'father months', the findings confirm the overall importance of employment and the income level of both parents for the fathers’ decision on taking parental leave." (author's abstract)
Väter im Familienalltag - Determinanten einer aktiven Vaterschaft
Titelübersetzung:Fathers in everyday family life - determinants of an 'active fatherhood'
Autor/in:
Zerle-Elsäßer, Claudia; Li, Xuan
Quelle: Zeitschrift für Familienforschung, 29 (2017) 1, S 11-31
Inhalt: "Von den 'neuen' oder auch 'aktiven Vätern' wird heute viel gesprochen, wenngleich oft unklar bleibt, was diese kennzeichnet und von welchen Determinanten die Ausübung einer solchen aktiven Vaterschaft abhängt. Mit dem DJI-Survey AID:A II liegen nun aktuelle Daten vor, anhand derer für den vorliegenden Beitrag Alltagsaktivitäten von Vätern für und mit ihren Kindern in den Blick genommen und daraus ein Index 'aktiver Vaterschaft' erstellt werden konnten. Anschließend konnten so die wichtigsten Determinanten einer aktiven Vaterschaft untersucht werden. Wie die Befunde zeigen, spielt dabei die Erwerbstätigkeit beider Partner eine bedeutende Rolle: Je mehr Überstunden die Väter über ihre normale Vollzeitwoche hinaus leisten müssen, desto geringer sind die Chancen, sich aktiv in Betreuung und Erziehung der Kinder einbringen zu können. Ein höherer Erwerbsumfang der Mütter sowie ein größerer Anteil am erwirtschafteten Haushaltseinkommen hingegen fördern eine 'aktive Vaterschaft'. Deutlich wird darüber hinaus die große Bedeutung der Partnerschaftsqualität sowie der Genderkonzepte beider Partner." (Autorenreferat)
Inhalt: "'New' or 'active' fatherhood is increasingly discussed in the family research literature, yet it is unclear what these terms entail, and which factors associate with the practice of such 'active fatherhood'. With the 'AID:A II' survey (Growing Up in Germany: Everyday Life, Wave 2) the present paper uses the most up-to-date data that chart fathers' everyday activities for and with their children. A composite indicator for 'active fatherhood' was built and the key determinants of father involvement were then explored. The results suggest that the employment of both parents play an important role: The more hours the father has to work beyond full-time working hours, the less likely the father is to be actively involved in childcare. Longer maternal working hours and greater proportional contribution of the mother to the family income, instead, make an active fatherhood more likely. In addition, the satisfaction with couple relationship as well as the gender concept of both parents are significant predictors of father involvement." (author's abstract)
Schlagwörter:Vaterschaft; fatherhood; Familienarbeit; family work; Arbeitsteilung; division of labor; Familie-Beruf; work-family balance; Kinderbetreuung; child care; Bindung; commitment; Vater; father; Mutter; mother; Erwerbstätigkeit; gainful employment; Partnerschaft; partnership; Geschlechtsrolle; gender role; Rollenverständnis; role conception; Federal Republic of Germany; Genderkonzept
SSOAR Kategorie:Familiensoziologie, Sexualsoziologie, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Non-Marital Fertility in Europe: Development, Parents' Socioeconomic Resources and Social Context
Autor/in:
Mack, Alexander
Quelle: GESIS - Leibniz-Institut für Sozialwissenschaften; Köln (GESIS-Schriftenreihe, 16), 2017. 208 S
Inhalt: In den letzten 50 Jahren haben sich die Lebensverläufe junger Menschen und ihre Familienbildung dramatisch verändert. Außereheliche Fertilität, von Alleinstehenden oder unverheirateten Paaren, ist einer der wichtigsten Indikatoren für diesen Prozess. Diese Studie betrachtet die Entwicklung außerehelicher Fertilität in Europa seit den 1960ern. Als zentraler Faktor für diese Entwicklung wird der Wandel der gesellschaftlichen Rolle der Frau identifiziert. Auf Basis von Mehrebenenmodellen zeigt sich, dass Entscheidungsprozesse junger Eltern eng mit der Ausgestaltung des Wohlfahrtsstaates verknüpft sind. Im Speziellen ist das Heiratsverhalten junger Mütter davon geprägt, wie sie ihre sozioökonomischen Ressourcen am Arbeitsmarkt verwerten können.
Inhalt: Over the last 50 years the life courses of young people and their family formation behavior have undergone dramatic changes. Childbearing outside marriage, whether to single mothers or cohabiters, is one of the most prominent indicators of this process. This study outlines the development of childbearing outside of marriage in Europe since the 1960s. Changes in women‘s role in society are identified as the key factor driving this development. Utilizing the full potential of multi-level modeling the study finds that parents' decision making is mediated by country specific welfare arrangements. In particular, the degree to which women can utilize their socioeconomic resources in the labor market plays a key role in the decision whether or not to marry the father of their child.
Schlagwörter:Familiengründung; family formation; Fruchtbarkeit; fertility; Alleinstehender; single; Ein-Eltern-Familie; single parent family; Lebensstil; life style; Familienform; family structure; nichteheliche Lebensgemeinschaft; domestic partnership; Familie-Beruf; work-family balance; Elternschaft; parenthood; sozioökonomische Faktoren; socioeconomic factors; gender-specific factors; Geschlechtsrolle; gender role; Europa; Europe
SSOAR Kategorie:Familiensoziologie, Sexualsoziologie, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung