Gender disparity in the effects of COVID‐19 on academic productivity and career satisfaction in anesthesiology in the US: Results of a national survey of anesthesiologists
Autor/in:
Jankowska, Anna E.; Pai, Sher‐Lu; Lee, Jennifer K.; Austin, Thomas M.; Nyshadham, Soumya; Diachun, Carol Ann B.; Byerly, Stephanie I.; Hertzberg, Linda B.; Berenstain, Laura K.
Quelle: Gend Work Organ (Gender, Work and Organization), (2023)
Inhalt: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic created unprecedented challenges for anesthesiologists both at work and home. This study examined whether the pandemic affected academic productivity and career satisfaction among anesthesiologists practicing in the United States during the early stages of the pandemic and whether these effects differed by gender. A survey was emailed to 25,473 members of the American Society of Anesthesiologists to learn about their experiences during the beginning of the pandemic. The survey directed respondents to rate their change in academic productivity, clinical care hours, scholarly and leadership opportunities, income, childcare duties, and household responsibilities during the first 5 months of the pandemic (March 1–July 31, 2020). The primary variable was gender, academic productivity was the primary outcome, and data were analyzed by multivariable proportional odds logistic regression models and correlations. Female anesthesiologists reported lower academic productivity and career satisfaction relative to male anesthesiologists during the study period. Career satisfaction positively correlated with academic productivity. Compared to male anesthesiologists, female anesthesiologists also had more household responsibilities before and during the pandemic. Being a female parent reduced academic productivity relative to that reported by nonparents of either gender. In conclusion, the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic had a greater adverse professional impact on female anesthesiologists than on their male counterparts. Efforts to support and retain female anesthesiologists, particularly those early in their careers and those with children, are essential for the specialty to maintain its workforce and promote gender equity in promotion and leadership.
Women academics experiences of maternity leave in the neoliberal university: Unmasking governmentality
Autor/in:
Jones, Karen; Floyd, Alan
Quelle: Gend Work Organ (Gender, Work and Organization), (2023)
Inhalt: Addressing a paucity of large-scale studies about women academics maternity experiences of leave in academia and under-theorizing the influence of neoliberalism on this phenomenon, this research provides one of the largest studies of women's experiences of maternity leave in the academic sector. Secondary analysis of a subset of data from a global online mixed method survey with 553 women academics (82% UK, 18% international) was undertaken to explore experiences and implications of maternity leave for women. The findings reveal that women academics continued to undertake core academic work duties during maternity leave such as writing grant applications and journal articles, supervising doctoral students, teaching, and responding to emails. We document four distinct orientations adopted by women during maternity leave that characterize neoliberal subjectivity and use Foucauldian governmentality to unmask the inculcation of such norms. Our analysis shows how neoliberal ideology has gained a hegemonic position in academia that leaves little space for maternity leave, resulting in many women effectively relinquishing their maternity rights to sustain academic productivity. We argue that neoliberalism and new managerialism within the academy undermine policies to support women's maternity rights. The findings of this study will be of interest to scholars and Human Resources professionals, academic mothers, managers, and policymakers who are championing change in the sector.
Business schools and faculty experiences of sexism: Gender structure tensions within and outside these schools
Autor/in:
Hughes, Emma; Donnelly, Rory
Quelle: Gend Work Organ (Gender, Work and Organization), (2023)
Inhalt: In this paper, we advance knowledge and theorization on the sexism experienced by faculty not only inside but also outside the physical boundaries of business schools. We enrich existing knowledge of gender and sexism by applying Gender Structure Theory (GST) to provide a more multi-dimensional analysis of the role of individuals, interactions, and institutions in shaping gender structures. Engaging with this theoretical framework, we use mixed-methods and data, integrating statistical data on gender in UK business schools with qualitative data from interviews with 52 academics from 15 schools to provide a nuanced insight into sexism at business schools. The framework developed from the findings extends GST by adding a specific “organizational” dimension, which is needed to examine interorganizational differences and how cultural and material organizational processes are influenced by wider national/international processes. We also identify three key interactional tensions cutting across the dimensions examined: organizational versus interorganizational relations, agency versus dependency, and employment relationships versus stakeholder relationships. The findings generate pressing implications for policy and practice in business schools and academia more broadly.
Gendered work in geoscience: Hard work in a masculine field
Autor/in:
Heimann, Samuel; Johansson, Kristina
Quelle: Gend Work Organ (Gender, Work and Organization), (2023)
Inhalt: Based on the meaning-making of women geoscientists in their descriptions of work and career experiences, this article explores the gendering of geoscience by analyzing women's hard work as a theoretical concept. Our findings show that the gendered requirements for women in geoscience involve “doing” various forms of hard work, including making one's work visible, asserting one's physical performance, and building social relations. Thus, hard work is found to be gendered in terms of being a perceived requirement shared by female geoscientists. It is a requirement that entails compensating for not being male in masculine organizations and simultaneously prevents women geoscientists from fully engaging in core geoscience work tasks. Hence, by gendering hard work and theoretically defining hard work as the work of the “other”, the study expands the theoretical understanding of the concept by suggesting that women's hard work is gendered and social rather than productive.
Schlagwörter:Arbeitsbedingungen; career; geoscience; Geowissenschaften; Organisationskultur; work
CEWS Kategorie:Wissenschaft als Beruf, Geschlechterverhältnis
Click Surveillance of Your Partner! Digital Violence among University Students in England
Autor/in:
Montero-Fernández, Delia; Hernando-Gómez, Angel; García-Rojas, Antonio Daniel; Del Río Olvera, Francisco Javier
Quelle: Social Sciences, 12 (2023) 4, 203 S
Inhalt: Information and communication technologies (ICTs) have given rise to new forms of contact as well as new forms of violence. This research analyses whether ICTs are the cause of a new form of digital violence and studies the prevalence of this digital violence exercised through screens among university couples. A quantitative and qualitative methodology was applied in this study: a non-probabilistic purposive or discretionary sample of 303 (Age = 22.79; SD = 47.32; 58.7% male), with the use of an ad hoc questionnaire, and two focus groups of students studying in the same country. The results reveal a prevalence of 51.04% in the perception of digital violence through electronic devices in dating relationships among young people; 15.84% in the prevalence of digital violence in young couples’ relationships; 9.36% in the prevalence of traditional violence; and 35.78% in the tolerance of digital violence among young people. The results highlight a slightly higher prevalence of women compared with men in digital violence. We conclude that there is a significant prevalence of digital violence among these young couples in the university context, which should be the subject of the creation of different awareness-raising, prevention and specific training programmes against it.
Steps towards the Integration of the Gender and Sex Dimension in R&I: The Case of a Public University
Autor/in:
Jordão, Carina; Diogo, Sara
Quelle: Education Sciences, 13 (2023) 1, 35 S
Inhalt: Gender equality has been placed at the centre of European research policy recently. The inclusion of gender and sex considerations into research and innovation (R&I) is an essential factor for scientific excellence and a key requirement for producing knowledge that can benefit society as a whole. However, the adoption of a gender/sex dimension is still a problematic issue in several Research Performance Organisations (RPOs) of European Union (EU) countries. Through the experience of implementing a gender equality plan (GEP) within the scope of a Horizon 2020 (H2020) project at a public Portuguese university (PPU), this study aims to explore the EU policies’ impact on the integration of the gender dimension in research, considering both institutional policies and scientific outputs. To achieve the purpose of the study, a mixed approach that combines a qualitative analysis of institutional documents and data collected through interviews with a quantitative analysis of secondary data is used. The implementation of the H2020 project brought the issue of gender inequality to the institutional agenda of the PPU under study and the formalisation of the GEP marked a transition point towards an integrated and intersectional approach that embraces gender dimension concerns in R&I. This transition coincided with a period characterised by an increase in the scientific outputs incorporating the ‘gender/sex dimension’, which may highlight the importance of European policies in stimulating and accelerating the introduction of the gender dimension in scientific practices in RPOs.
Schlagwörter:bibliometric analysis; gender equality plan; Gender in research; Horizon 2020 project; Portugal; research; research performing organisation; transformative change
The Cultural Roots of Violence against Women: Individual and Institutional Gender Norms in 12 Countries
Autor/in:
Lomazzi, Vera
Quelle: Social Sciences, 12 (2023) 3, 117 S
Inhalt: To discuss the cultural roots of violence against women (VAW), this study focuses on individual gender norms, prescriptive gender role expectations, moral justification of VAW, and institutional gender norms that define gender cultures, that provide opportunities for VAW, and legitimize roles and behaviors. We used indicators of gender norms related to VAW from different sources to provide an overview of 12 countries (Armenia, Cyprus, Czechia, Germany, Greece, The Netherlands, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Turkey, and Ukraine). The indicators include individual gender role attitudes and justification of wife beating from the World Values Survey; information on national legislation and institutional discrimination from the Social Institution Gender Index from the OECD; and each country’s position on the Council of Europe Convention on Preventing and Combating Violence Against Women and Domestic Violence—a transnational platform with relevant transformative power that has been opposed by anti-Europeanists. Although situations vary significantly in the different countries, this explorative study suggests that eradicating the cultural roots of VAW is more difficult in societies in which rigid traditional gender roles and a strongly patriarchal culture in legislation and institutions are supported by moral views legitimizing violence as a form of punishment for challenging prescribed gender roles.
Schlagwörter:cultural change; gender norm; morals; value; violence against women
Women’s aversion to majors that (seemingly) require systemizing skills causes gendered field of study choice
Autor/in:
Combet, Benita
Quelle: European Sociological Review, (2023)
Inhalt: Technische Studiengänge scheinen für junge Frauen wenig attraktiv zu sein. Eine soziologische Studie der UZH hat im Detail untersucht, was Schülerinnen am meisten abschreckt. Dabei spielen überholte geschlechtsspezifische Stereotypen – etwa vermeintliche Unterschiede im analytischen Denken – eine grosse Rolle.
Warum entscheiden sich so wenige Schulabgängerinnen für ein technisches Studienfach – trotz guter Noten in Mathematik, trotz hohen Gehältern und Fachkräftemangel im MINT-Bereich? Diese Frage beschäftigt die Gesellschaftswissenschaften schon lange – zumal Untersuchungen zeigen, dass Mädchen mathematisch generell gleich begabt sind wie Knaben.
Möglicherweise spielen in der Gesellschaft verhaftete geschlechtsspezifische Stereotypen eine Rolle: Männer können logisch und abstrakt denken, Frauen sind eher kreativ. Männer sollen das Geld nach Hause bringen, Frauen kümmern sich um die Familie. Männer sind kompetitiv, Frauen scheuen das Risiko. Benita Combet vom Soziologischen Institut der Universität Zürich hat nun in einer Studie gezeigt, dass einige dieser Denkmuster tatsächlich ausschlaggebend für die Studienfachwahl sind.
Faktoren isoliert betrachten
Bisher tat sich die Wissenschaft schwer, die Frage nach den Beweggründen schlüssig zu beantworten. «Das Problem ist, dass viele dieser zum Teil auf falschen Vorstellungen beruhenden und daher nicht zwingend zutreffenden Charakteristiken in den Fächern simultan präsent sind», sagt Studienautorin Combet. So ist das Studium in den meisten MINT-Fächern mathematiklastig, es braucht eine Affinität zur Technik, der spätere Verdienst ist hoch, aber Teilzeitarbeit ist (noch) eher selten möglich. Welcher dieser Faktoren gibt denn nun den Ausschlag, sich für oder gegen ein Fach zu entscheiden?
Combet wählte für ihre Untersuchung deshalb einen neuen Ansatz: Statt die Versuchspersonen über ihr Interesse an echten Studienfächern wie Mathematik oder Psychologie zu befragen, präsentierte sie ihnen fiktive Studienfächer, die sich gezielt in spezifischen Punkten unterschieden: beispielsweise in Bezug auf die Möglichkeit zur Teilzeitarbeit oder die Anforderungen an analytisches Denken und emotionale Intelligenz. Dies ermöglichte ihr, die verschiedenen Faktoren bei ihrer Analyse voneinander zu entflechten. An der Befragung nahmen etwa 1'500 Schweizer Gymnasiastinnen und Gymnasiasten teil.
«Überaschenderweise liessen sich die männlichen Schüler ausschliesslich von ihren Präferenzen für Mathematik und materialistische Werte wie Lohn und Prestige beeinflussen», so Combet. Die anderen Faktoren scheinen für sie nicht relevant zu sein. Ganz anders das Bild bei den jungen Frauen: Diese zeigten eine Aversion gegen Fächer, die analytisches statt kreatives Denken voraussetzten und im Berufsalltag wenig soziale und emotionale Fähigkeiten erforderten. Sie bevorzugten zudem weniger kompetitive Berufsfelder mit Möglichkeit zur Teilzeitarbeit. Entgegen der Erwartungen fühlten sie sich aber genau wie die Männer zu Berufen mit hohem Gehalt und Ansehen hingezogen.
«Vor allem im Hinblick auf Faktoren wie logischer Denkstil und technische Fähigkeiten existieren noch starke geschlechtsspezifische Stereotypen, welche die Entscheidung der Gymnasiastinnen offensichtlich massgeblich beeinflussen», so Combet. «Wir sollten deshalb weiterhin daran arbeiten, diese stärker zu hinterfragen.» Zum Beispiel in Bezug auf das analytische Denken – hier ist wissenschaftlich keineswegs nachgewiesen, dass es Unterschiede zwischen Männern und Frauen gibt. Ausserdem ist diese Fähigkeit Grundvoraussetzung für fast jedes Studium.
Zudem findet es Combet wichtig, die Schülerinnen noch besser über die Studienfächer zu informieren. «Viele gängige Vorstellungen darüber sind nämlich nicht akkurat.» Zum Beispiel, dass es im Ingenieursstudium nur um Affinität zur Technik geht. «Auch in diesem Bereich sind zwischenmenschliche und kreative Fähigkeiten zentral, etwa bei der gemeinsamen Entwicklung von Prototypen.»
(idw-Pressemitteilung)
Social capital in academia: How does postdocs’ relationship with their superior professors shape their career intentions?
Autor/in:
Epstein, Nurith; Elhalaby, Christina
Quelle: Int J Educ Vocat Guidance (International Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance), (2023)
Inhalt: Sozialkapital in der Wissenschaft: Wie prägt die Beziehung von Postdocs zu ihren vorgesetzten Professor*innen ihre Karriereintentionen? In dieser Studie stellen wir die Hypothese auf, dass Professor*innen einen wichtigen Einfluss auf die Karriereintentionen ihrer Postdocs haben. Multivariate Regressionsanalysen zeigen einen positiven Zusammenhang zwischen den von den Postdocs eingeschätzten Vorgesetztenbeziehungen, ihrer Integration in die wissenschaftliche Gemeinschaft und ihren Karriereintentionen. Darüber hinaus standen Veröffentlichungen als Koautor*innen in einem signifikanten Zusammenhang mit der Absicht, eine Professur anzustreben. Unsere Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass Sozialkapital, insbesondere die Qualität des Sozialkapitals von Postdocs, für ihre Karriereintentionen wichtig ist: Insbesondere die Beziehung zu ihren vorgesetzten Professor*innen, die Integration in die wissenschaftliche Gemeinschaft und die Verbindungen zu anderen Wissenschaftler*innen, die sich in Publikationen niederschlagen. Abschließend In this study, we hypothesize that full professors have an important impact on their postdocs’ career intentions. Using multivariate regression analysis, we found a positive association between postdocs’ ratings of their professor relationship, their integration into the scientific community and their career intentions. In addition, publications as a co-author were significantly related to the intention to pursue professorship. Our results suggest that social capital but specifically the quality of postdocs’ social capital is important for their career intentions: particularly the relationship with their professor, integration into the scientific community and ties to other scientists that translate into publications. Implications for career strategy on the individual level and policy implications are discussed.diskutieren wir Implikationen für individuelle Karrierestrategien und politische Implikationen.
Schlagwörter:academic network; career ambition; Netzwerk; Post-doc; Professor*in; publication; scientific community; social capital; soziales Kapital
The cost of ‘care’ in neoliberal academia during the COVID-19 pandemic: Women academics, teaching and emotional labour
Autor/in:
França, Thais; Vicente, Mara; Godinho, Filipa; Padilla, Beatriz; Amâncio, Lígia; Alexandre, Ana Fernandes
Quelle: European Journal of Women's Studies, (2023)
Inhalt: The literature shows that throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, in the different regions of the world (Europe, Africa, Asia, North America and Latin America), women academics submitted fewer articles and grant proposals than their peers who are men because, in addition to the increased burden of domestic work, they devoted more time to teaching activities and to the demands of students, than to their research activities. However, little is known about what drives the high level of commitment by women academics to their tutoring and pastoral care duties. This article looks at how women embodied their teaching tasks throughout the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic and the ‘emotional labour’ that this required of them. Findings from the analysis of 17 in-depth interviews conducted with women scholars in Portugal point to the complexity and contradictions in the ‘emotional labour’ carried out by women teachers during the COVID-19 pandemic and provide evidence of overlaps with the practice of ‘care’.