Inhalt: In den letzten Jahrzehnten gab es Erfolge in der Bekämpfung von Ungleichheiten zwischen Männern und Frauen. Gleichzeitig verringern sich diese Ungleichheiten nur langsam. Die Autor_innen diskutieren die (wohlfahrts-)staatliche Regulierung von Geschlechterverhältnissen. Neben konzeptionellen Überlegungen stehen dabei quantitative sowie qualitative Befunde zu erwerbsbezogenen, wohlfahrtsstaatlichen und anderen Ungleichheiten im Mittelpunkt. Zudem werden geschlechterbezogene Einstellungen und Orientierungen analysiert. Auf diese Weise entsteht ein facettenreiches Bild der Fortschritte und Beharrungstendenzen im Bereich der Geschlechterungleichheiten sowie der Forschung zu ihren Ursachen und Folgen.

Schlagwörter:Geschlechterverhältnis; gender relations; Ungleichheit; inequality; gender-specific factors; Gleichstellung; affirmative action; Geschlechtsrolle; gender role; Sozialpolitik; social policy; Geschlechterpolitik; gender policy

SSOAR Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung

Verfügbarkeit:https://openresearchlibrary.org/ext/api/media/eb7f2ff9-f3fd-...

Dokumenttyp:Sammelwerk

Inhalt: Objective: The study investigates how partner support affects different types of work-to-family and family-to-work conflicts in dual-earner couples divided by gender and parenthood. Background: In Germany, as in other Western Countries, interrole conflicts between work and family increase, especially within dual-earner couples. Only few studies focused on the effects of partner support on different types of these conflicts. Method: We use longitudinal data deriving from waves 6 to 10 of the German Family Panel (pairfam) to uncover the extent to which the perception of having a supportive partner reduces time- and strain-based work-to-family and family-to-work conflicts. We conduct longitudinal structural equation models based on information of 1,252 persons, which are full-time employed and live in a dual-earner relationship. Results: Whereas for men partner support helps reduce stress-based work-to-family conflicts, for women perceived partner support is not beneficial. Within a subsample of parents, the experience of work-to-family conflicts is likely irrespective of partner support. Overall, women’s family-to-work conflicts appear to be reduced by their partners’ support whereas for men this detrimental effect only applies in the case of stress-based family-to-work conflicts. Conclusion: To sum up the findings, the differences for men and women in the effect of partner support on different types of interrole conflicts indicate a still existing impact of traditional gender norms that connect femininity to house work and masculinity to employed work.

Schlagwörter:Familie-Beruf; work-family balance; Dual Career Couple; dual career couple; Arbeitsteilung; division of labor; Elternschaft; parenthood; gender-specific factors; Geschlechtsrolle; gender role; Ungleichheit; inequality; Federal Republic of Germany; partner support; work-family spillover; gender; Panel Analysis of Intimate Relationships and Family Dynamics (pairfam, release 9.1), wave 6 to 10

SSOAR Kategorie:Familiensoziologie, Sexualsoziologie, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung

Verfügbarkeit:https://ubp.uni-bamberg.de/jfr/index.php/jfr/article/view/37...

Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz

Inhalt: The current article aims to explain the interrelationships between the educational attainment of individuals living in households with heterosexual partners, their work–life balance (WLB) and the macro-economic climate of the country they live in, using data from the European Social Survey. WLB is a complex concept, as it is not only determined by factors related to someone’s employment or domestic work and childcare responsibilities, but also by decisions informed by personal experiences and circumstances, subjective perceptions and preferences. Moreover, in households with cohabiting partners, this decision-making process involves certain compromises where financial incentives, interests, gender and power dynamics play an important role. Since educational attainment is positively related to labour market outcomes, such as employment and wages, while at the same time more women are participating in education and the labour market, the gender conflict on the division of work and time within households intensifies and traditional gender roles are challenged. WLB is at the heart of this conflict operating as a mechanism through which division of work and time is reconciled on the individual and household level. Results from the current article reveal great heterogeneity between the 17 European countries examined. Perhaps surprisingly, educational attainment can have a detrimental effect on the WLB of spouses and cohabiting partners, especially for women whose level of WLB seems also more sensitive to fluctuations of the macro-economic climate of the country they live in. However, there is an indication that when an economy goes into recession, higher education has a cushioning effect on female’s WLB compared to relatively better economic times.

Schlagwörter:Arbeitsteilung; division of labor; Haushaltseinkommen; household income; Privathaushalt; private household; gender; Ungleichheit; inequality; Arbeit; labor; Qualität; quality; Work-life-balance; work-life-balance; Familie-Beruf; work-family balance; Geschlechtsrolle; gender role; Bildung; education; dual-earner households

SSOAR Kategorie:Familiensoziologie, Sexualsoziologie, Berufsforschung, Berufssoziologie, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Makroebene des Bildungswesens

Verfügbarkeit:https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/...

Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz

Inhalt: This article explores impacts of migration on young women’s status and gender practice in rural northern China. Based on ethnographic fieldwork in a village in Shanxi Province, it suggests that rural-urban migration has served partially to reconstruct the traditional gender-based roles and norms in migration families. This reconstructive force arises mainly from the changes of the patrilocal residence pattern and rural women’s acquisition of subjectivity during the course of migration. However, after migrant women return to their home villages, they usually reassume their roles as care providers and homemakers, which is vividly expressed by a phrase referring to one’s wife as ‘the person inside my home’ (wo jiali de). Meanwhile, although migrant women’s capacity and confidence have greatly increased consequent upon working out of the countryside, their participation in village governance and in the public sphere has been decreasing. Further examination suggests that the reinforcement of gender inequality and the transformation of gender relations result from the continuous interplay of local power relations, market dominance, and unchallenged patrilocal institutions. Through adopting a life course perspective, it challenges too strict a differentiation between migrant and left behind women in existing literature.

Schlagwörter:China; China; Landbevölkerung; rural population; Patriarchat; patriarchy; gender-specific factors; woman; Ethnographie; ethnography; Feldforschung; field research; Stadt-Land-Beziehung; city-country relationship; Geschlechtsrolle; gender role; traditionelle Gesellschaft; traditional society; Geschlechterverhältnis; gender relations; gender relations; migration; patriarchy; rural Chinese women

SSOAR Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung

Verfügbarkeit:https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/...

Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz

Inhalt: The present study investigates the change of gender role attitudes in Germany between 1982 and 2016. Nine waves of the German General Social Survey are used (N = 26,389). In contrast to previous trend studies, which largely ignore age effects, a mechanism-based age-period-cohort model (Winship/Harding 2008) is applied. It becomes clear that age, period and cohort independently have an impact on gender role ideology. Compared to earlier research, new insights concerning the shape of cohort effects come to light: Specific to traditional gender ideology in Western Germany, it is apparent that the trend towards increasingly egalitarian attitudes comes to a halt in men born around 1956 and later and in women born 1966. For Eastern Germany we observe that the cohort-specific trend towards liberalisation in younger cohorts either is diminishing or even tends to reverse. This pattern of effects mainly mirrors the phases of the feminist movement in Western Germany and the rise and decline of the German Democratic Republic, respectively.

Schlagwörter:attitude change; alte Bundesländer; cohort analysis; old federal states; Kohortenanalyse; Einstellungsänderung; gender role; Sozialisation; Federal Republic of Germany; socialization; Geschlechtsrolle; neue Bundesländer; gender-specific factors; New Federal States; APC analysis; Identification problem; Sexism; German reunification; ALLBUS/GGSS Cumulation 1980-2014 (ZA4584)

SSOAR Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung

Verfügbarkeit:https://doi.org/10.12765/CPoS-2020-02en

Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz

Inhalt: Research consistently reports pronounced earnings differences between men and women, even among the highly educated. This article investigates whether students' responsiveness to information on income returns relates to gender differences in major choices, which might contribute to the persistent gender wage gap. We use field-experimental panel data on students in Berlin (Germany), starting one year before high school graduation. Our intervention comprised information on major-specific returns to college and was provided to students in randomly selected schools. By comparing the major-specific application decisions of "treated" and "untreated" high school seniors, we examine whether, and why, male and female students respond differently to this information. As potential mechanisms behind a gender-specific treatment effect, we analyze the role of gender stereotypes and roles associated with certain job attributes. We find that providing income information on college majors only influences the major choices of male (not female) students with college intention: treated male students on average applied to majors associated with higher mean income. Further analyses suggest that this gender difference in the treatment effect cannot be explained by differential distributions or effects of preferred job attributes.

Schlagwörter:choice of studies; Stereotyp; Berufswahl; decision making criterion; gender role; Einkommensunterschied; Federal Republic of Germany; stereotype; occupational choice; Geschlechtsrolle; difference in income; Entscheidungskriterium; Lohnhöhe; wage level; gender-specific factors; Studienwahl; college major choice; field experiment; gender inequality; information; monetary returns

SSOAR Kategorie:Berufsforschung, Berufssoziologie, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung

Verfügbarkeit:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rssm.2019.100457

Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz

Inhalt: Teilzeitarbeit gilt in Deutschland als ein wichtiges Instrument für die Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Familie. Bisherige Erklärungen von Teilzeitarbeit fokussieren vorrangig auf Frauen und diskutieren individuelle, haushaltsbezogene und institutionelle Faktoren. Männer sowie berufsstrukturelle Einflussfaktoren auf Teilzeitarbeit wurden bislang jedoch kaum adressiert. In diesem Beitrag untersuchen wir daher die Bedeutung von Berufsmerkmalen für Übergänge von Vollzeit- in Teilzeitbeschäftigung von Frauen und Männern zwischen 1992 und 2015 in Deutschland. Im Fokus steht die Frage, inwiefern die berufliche Geschlechtersegregation und berufliche Arbeitszeitarrangements als Rahmenbedingungen den Übergang in Teilzeit erklären können und ob sie geschlechterdifferente Effekte aufweisen. Unsere theoretischen Überlegungen basieren auf Krügers Institutionenansatz und Ackers Ansatz der Gendered Organizations. Für die Analysen werden Daten des Nationalen Bildungspanels (Startkohorte 6) mit aggregierten beruflichen Merkmalen, basierend auf dem Mikrozensus, kombiniert. Die Ergebnisse der Cox Proportional Hazard-Modelle zeigen, dass weniger die berufliche Geschlechtersegregation, sondern vor allem berufliche Arbeitszeitarrangements Übergänge in Teilzeit beeinflussen, allerdings auf geschlechterdifferenzierte Weise. Während die Vielarbeitsnorm in Berufen, gemessen an Vollzeitarbeit und Überstunden, Teilzeitarbeit für Männer verhindert, gehen Frauen unter diesen Rahmenbedingungen häufiger in Teilzeit über.

Schlagwörter:Teilzeitarbeit; part-time work; Arbeitszeit; working hours; Geschlechtsrolle; gender role; Ungleichheit; inequality; gender-specific factors; Familie-Beruf; work-family balance; Federal Republic of Germany; Arbeitszeitnormen; Ereignisdatenanalyse; event history analysis; ideal worker norm; occupations; Nationales Bildungspanel NEPS SC6 SUF 7.0.0; Mikrozensus 1993-2012

SSOAR Kategorie:Industrie- und Betriebssoziologie, Arbeitssoziologie, industrielle Beziehungen, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung

Verfügbarkeit:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11577-020-00666-3

Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz

Inhalt: This article examines the relationship between couples' work-family arrangement and individuals' perceived work–family conflict (WFC), considering individuals’ attitudes towards gender roles and national gender culture in 37 countries (N = 15,114). Previous research has shown that WFC depends on work and family demands and has mostly accounted for absolute time spent in paid and domestic work. We hypothesize that WFC depends on couples' work-family arrangement in terms of time spent in paid, domestic and care work. We further expect that the relationship between couples' work-family arrangement and WFC depends on individuals' gender attitudes and national gender culture. To test these assumptions, we use the ISSP-2012 data and apply multilevel linear regression analyses. The findings indicate that an egalitarian work-family arrangement - that is, sharing paid, domestic and care work equally with one's partner - is associated with lower levels of WFC. Moreover, individuals with egalitarian gender attitudes and an egalitarian work-family arrangement experience less WFC than individuals with inconsistent attitudes and behaviours. Individuals with consistent traditional attitudes and behaviours experience the most conflict. Finally, a more egalitarian gender culture relates to less WFC. Cross-level interactions indicate that the relationship between work-family arrangement and WFC is not mediated by countries' gender culture.

Schlagwörter:Familie-Beruf; work-family balance; Geschlechtsrolle; gender role; gender-specific factors; Arbeitsteilung; division of labor; Hausarbeit; housework; Betreuung; care; allein erziehender Elternteil; single parent; soziale Ungleichheit; social inequality; kulturelle Faktoren; cultural factors; internationaler Vergleich; international comparison; care work; couple dynamics; gender culture; gender role; work–family arrangement; work–family conflict; ISSP 2012

SSOAR Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Familiensoziologie, Sexualsoziologie

Verfügbarkeit:https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/...

Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz

Inhalt: This article analyses the agency freedom of manager fathers in Hungary to claim work-family balance through corporate flexible working arrangements. Hobson’s interpretation of Sen’s capability approach (Hobson, Fahlén, & Takács, 2011) is applied to appraise the effect of individual resources and organizational and national context on managers' work-family balance, as well as their influence on organizational culture. An interview-based case study was undertaken at the Hungarian subsidiary of a Scandinavian multinational company, wherein 43 personal interviews were conducted with fathers in managerial positions. The interviews were analysed according to structuring qualitative content analysis. Managers benefitted from corporate flexibility (home office and flexible schedule), but experienced power asymmetries in terms of access to and use of the former according to hierarchy and department. Even though the men in these positions are assumed to be change agents, the majority of them perceived limited agency freedom to convert flexible working into work-family balance, or to influence organizational culture. The privileged position of managers was detected at the level of their individual agency. Most managers could economically afford to maintain a male breadwinner model. Therefore, limitations related to securing parental and flexibility rights were due to traditional gender norms, and the strong sense of entitlement to work. Consequently, the extent and means of use of flexibility did not challenge deeply rooted assumptions about ideal employee norms.

Schlagwörter:Vaterschaft; fatherhood; Führungsposition; executive position; Manager; manager; Familie-Beruf; work-family balance; Work-life-balance; work-life-balance; Arbeitszeit; working hours; Flexibilität; flexibility; gender-specific factors; Geschlechtsrolle; gender role; Ungarn; Hungary; postsozialistisches Land; post-socialist country; agency; capabilities

SSOAR Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Familiensoziologie, Sexualsoziologie

Verfügbarkeit:https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/...

Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz

Inhalt: Gegenwärtig hat sich der schlanke Körper zum Idealbild für Frauen in allen Altersgruppen etabliert. Schlankheit bildet somit einen festen Bestandteil des weiblichen Schönheitsideals sowie der Geschlechterrolle. Insbesondere die Medien prägen das gesellschaftliche Körperideal und dessen Wahrnehmung. Ebenso sind Medien dafür verantwortlich, dass Körper- und Schönheitsideale immer präsenter und nachahmenswerter erscheinen. So werden in der Werbung präsentierte Darsteller*innen als repräsentant für die gesamte Bevölkerung wahrgenommen und prägen somit gesellschaftliche Idealvorstellungen maßgeblich. Körperideale sind jedoch keine geschichtslosen Erscheinungen, sondern weisen historische Prägungen auf. Sie stellen ein Symbol der jeweiligen Gesellschaft dar und sind von deren Strukturen geprägt. Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden zwei Werbeanzeigen für Körpergewichtsregulierungsprodukte aus den Jahren 1967 und 2016 gegenübergestellt, um die mediale Aufbereitung und Kommunikation von Körperidealen im zeitlichen Verlauf näher zu beleuchten. Außerdem wird die Verbreitung der Personenwaage als Selbstvermessungsinstrument im 20. Jahrhundert in Haushalten vorgestellt. Dies zeigt wie auch die Vermessung als Methode der Selbstnormalisierung (durch Einübung des Selbstabgleichens mit der Norm) Zusammenhänge mit der Verbreitung des vorherrschenden Körperideals aufweist.

Schlagwörter:Schönheit; Idealtypus; historische Entwicklung; Körperbild; Medien; Werbung; beauty; gender role; body image; woman; Geschlechtsrolle; historical development; ideal type; advertising; media; Schönheitsideal; Personenwaage; Selbstvermessung; ideal of body image; ideal of beauty; personal scales; self-measurement

SSOAR Kategorie:Kultursoziologie, Kunstsoziologie, Literatursoziologie, Werbung, Public Relations, Öffentlichkeitsarbeit, Allgemeines, spezielle Theorien und Schulen, Methoden, Entwicklung und Geschichte der Kommunikationswissenschaften

Verfügbarkeit:https://doi.org/10.21241/ssoar.70275

Dokumenttyp:Sammelwerksbeitrag