Inhalt: Image recognition systems offer the promise to learn from images at scale without requiring expert knowledge. However, past research suggests that machine learning systems often produce biased output. In this article, we evaluate potential gender biases of commercial image recognition platforms using photographs of U.S. members of Congress and a large number of Twitter images posted by these politicians. Our crowdsourced validation shows that commercial image recognition systems can produce labels that are correct and biased at the same time as they selectively report a subset of many possible true labels. We find that images of women received three times more annotations related to physical appearance. Moreover, women in images are recognized at substantially lower rates in comparison with men. We discuss how encoded biases such as these affect the visibility of women, reinforce harmful gender stereotypes, and limit the validity of the insights that can be gathered from such data.

Schlagwörter:Gender; gender; Stereotyp; stereotype; gender-specific factors; Online-Medien; online media; Twitter; twitter; Bild; picture; image recognition; computational social science; bias

SSOAR Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Erhebungstechniken und Analysetechniken der Sozialwissenschaften

Verfügbarkeit:https://doi.org/10.1177/2378023120967171

Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz

Schlagwörter:Europa; Europe; Hausarbeit; housework; gender; postsozialistisches Land; post-socialist country; Ungleichheit; inequality; CEE

SSOAR Kategorie:Familiensoziologie, Sexualsoziologie, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Erhebungstechniken und Analysetechniken der Sozialwissenschaften

Verfügbarkeit:https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/...

Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz

Inhalt: Questions on earnings are counted among sensitive topics that often produce high rates of item nonresponse or measurement error. Both types of bias are well documented in the literature and are found to concentrate in the tails of the earnings distribution. In this paper, we explore whether measurement error on earnings could be explained by socially desirable reporting and whether the error is impacted by interviewer characteristics. Using the linked dataset NEPS-SC6-ADIAB, which contains survey data from the German National Educational Panel Study, Starting Cohort "Adults", linked to administrative earnings records from the German Federal Employment Agency, we analyze the extents of over- and underreporting and the influence of respondent and interviewer characteristics on these behaviors for different quartiles of the earnings distribution. Our results show that the average level of misreporting is relatively low (approximately 6% of median earnings). Our main logistic model reveals that female and more highly educated respondents report significantly more accurately while those with higher earnings misreport to a significantly greater extent. Regarding the impact of personality traits on reporting accuracy, we find significant positive effects for more agreeable respondents and significant negative effects for extraverted respondents. When differentiating by the direction of misreporting, we find, for instance, that women are less likely to overreport across all earnings quartiles. However, the influence of interviewer characteristics is negligible.

Schlagwörter:Umfrageforschung; survey research; Datengewinnung; data capture; Datenqualität; data quality; Antwortverhalten; response behavior; soziale Erwünschtheit; social desirability; Forschungsreaktivität; reactivity effect; Persönlichkeitsmerkmal; personality traits; Einkommen; income; Gehalt; salary; measurement error; earnings; interviewer effects; NEPS-SC6-ADIAB

SSOAR Kategorie:Erhebungstechniken und Analysetechniken der Sozialwissenschaften

Verfügbarkeit:https://doi.org/10.12758/mda.2018.08

Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz

Inhalt: When it comes to sensitive questions, data is often affected by bias due to non-response or effects of social desirability. Several methods have been introduced to eliminate answer bias by using randomization processes and probabilistic theory to obscure the respondent’s answer and create anonymity, thus facilitating honest answers. The probably most traditional method is the Randomized Response Technique by Warner (1965). However, this method is loaded with certain disadvantages. Therefore, in the last decade, newer methods were introduced that aim at balancing the disadvantages and weaknesses of previous methods, for instance, the non-randomized models Crosswise Model and Triangular Model (Yu et al. 2008) as well as the Parallel Model (Tian 2014). Although especially the Triangular Model is easy to implement in a study, there is only little empirical evidence on its application in different survey modes and populations. Further, it is to assume that certain questions are not equally sensitive for everybody due to specific personal characteristics. Thus, indirect questioning might not be effective in general but only for certain populations. The present study extends prior work on the Triangular Model by evaluating it for different subgroups. The conducted experiment asks for sensitive characteristics in the context of mental stress among students. The Triangular Model achieves significantly higher percentages than conventional direct questioning for illegal drug use among persons that answer socially desirable according to the characteristic of Self-Deception. For the other analyzed subgroups (Impression Management, gender, and depressiveness), the Triangular Model could not achieve higher prevalence rates compared to direct questioning on a sufficient probability level. But still, hard evidence on the effectiveness of indirect questioning models is thin and further critical discussion is needed.

Schlagwörter:Umfrageforschung; survey research; Datengewinnung; data capture; Datenqualität; data quality; Antwortverhalten; response behavior; soziale Erwünschtheit; social desirability; Anonymität; anonymity; psychische Gesundheit; mental health; Drogenkonsum; drug use; Triangular Model; Indirect Questioning; Survey Methodology; Non-Randomized Response

SSOAR Kategorie:Erhebungstechniken und Analysetechniken der Sozialwissenschaften

Verfügbarkeit:https://doi.org/10.12758/mda.2018.07

Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz

Inhalt: Vignettes are increasingly used within qualitative studies to research difficult topics, requiring ethical mindfulness and sensitivity from researchers. In this article, I examine the methodological issues of incorporating vignettes within qualitative research, specifically my research exploring South Asian maternal experiences of supporting their children with special education needs and disability (SEND). I present participants with seven vignettes concerning the roles of religion, culture, gender and immigrant history. By presenting the participants' responses, I explore the applicability of two ensuing methodological concerns: 1. Are authentic representations useful and straightforward measure of vignette's effectiveness? 2. Do reduced socially desired responses reflect the effectiveness of a vignette? I consider these questions in detail, as well as how addressing the first issue affected my commitment to the second issue. I conclude that vignettes can be a rich point of reference from which participants can exercise agency and actively construct their own understanding of the issues presented in the vignettes.

Schlagwörter:research; qualitative Methode; qualitative method; Authentizität; authenticity; Marginalität; marginality; science; Methodologie; methodology; Forschungsprojekt; research project; soziale Erwünschtheit; social desirability; Behinderung; disability; Vignette

SSOAR Kategorie:Forschungsarten der Sozialforschung, Erhebungstechniken und Analysetechniken der Sozialwissenschaften

Verfügbarkeit:http://www.qualitative-research.net/index.php/fqs/article/vi...

Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz

Inhalt: Despite the social normalisation and moral de-problematisation of separation and divorce, they are usually anything but normal or unproblematic events for those affected. The events have to be ordered, the separation needs to be legitimised and one's own identity requires rehabilitation; this can result in striking narrative dynamics in qualitative interviews dealing with separation. Previous research has revealed the connection between the form, content, and function of separation talk as well as social differentiation: role, gender, and socio-structural factors. To the functional analyses of the narratives, of 46 interviews (23 ex-couples) in our study "Couples after separation", we add, as a further and superordinate differentiation, the category of social milieu. We exemplify our argument that separation talk varies depending on this dimension by exploring the contrasting individualised and traditional milieus. They differ in a fundamental way in their relationship models and corresponding separation legitimations, and in their plausibility strategies and in their conception of what constitutes a desirable identity. Beyond the concrete subject of separation and separation talk, we also touch on two important aspects of qualitative research: the differentiation of milieus and the relationship between performance and representation in interviews.

Schlagwörter:research; Interview; interview; soziales Milieu; social milieu; Differenzierung; differentiation; Kultur; culture; Paartherapie; couples therapy; Ehescheidung; divorce; Psychologie; psychology; Repräsentativität; representativity; Erzählung; narrative; Narration; narration; Analyse; analysis; Identität; identity; Performanz; Plausibilisierungs­strategie; Positionierungs­analyse

SSOAR Kategorie:Erhebungstechniken und Analysetechniken der Sozialwissenschaften, Sozialpsychologie, Familiensoziologie, Sexualsoziologie

Verfügbarkeit:http://www.qualitative-research.net/index.php/fqs/article/vi...

Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz

Inhalt: Neuere Studien zu Prozessen der Wissenskonstruktion in der qualitativen Forschung zeigen, dass sich Leitorientierungen in der Praxis empirischer Sozialforschung in Europa und Nord-Amerika unterscheiden. Demzufolge sind nordamerikanische Orientierungen von einer spezifischen Lesart des Pragmatismus geprägt, bei der die Nähe zwischen Forschung und gesellschaftspolitischer Intervention betont wird. Vor diesem Hintergrund analysiere ich aktuelle US-amerikanische Debatten zum Generationenwechsel im Feld der Grounded-Theory-Methodologie (GTM) als Kontroverse um die "feministische Gretchenfrage", die besonders prononciert im Entwurf der Situationsanalyse von Adele CLARKE zum Ausdruck kommt. Ich zeige Implikationen für situationsanalytische Vorgehensweisen auf, beleuchte deren Verhältnis zur GTM und identifiziere abschließend synchrone und diachrone Geflechte, in denen sich die Situationsanalyse weiter methodologisch verorten lässt.

Schlagwörter:Chicago-Schule; ; Feminismus; feminism; Grounded Theory; grounded theory; Methodologie; methodology; Pragmatismus; pragmatism; Rezeption; reception; historische Entwicklung; historical development; Situationsanalyse; situation analysis

SSOAR Kategorie:Forschungsarten der Sozialforschung, Erhebungstechniken und Analysetechniken der Sozialwissenschaften, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung

Verfügbarkeit:http://www.qualitative-research.net/index.php/fqs/article/vi...

Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz

Inhalt: The current study explores the reasons for noninvariance of the measurements of gender role attitudes across countries. While previous studies have shown that noninvariance is a problem for comparative research and pointed out methods to alleviate the risks of drawing invalid conclusions, none has so far tried to explain why measurements of gender role attitudes are nonequivalent. Therefore, we use multilevel structural equation modeling to exploring measurement invariance and explain its absence. We use data assessing peoples' views on the specialization of roles by gender and the consequences of female employment on family's well-being from the International Social Survey Programme. We can replicate the findings from prior research indicating that scalar measurement invariance across countries is absent. Furthermore, we use two country-level variables to explain the noninvariance of particular items. The cultural value embeddedness explains noninvariance to a considerable degree while the Gender Inequality Index from the United Nations Development Programme does not. Therefore, we conclude that issues of comparability of gender role attitudes are related mainly to cultural rather than structural differences between countries.

Schlagwörter:Geschlechtsrolle; gender role; Einstellung; attitude; Messung; measurement; vergleichende Forschung; comparative research; Umfrageforschung; survey research; Datengewinnung; data capture; Datenqualität; data quality; Wertorientierung; value-orientation; kulturelle Faktoren; cultural factors; soziale Ungleichheit; social inequality; gender-specific factors; measurement noninvariance; multilevel structural equation modeling; cultural values; gender inequality; ISSP

SSOAR Kategorie:Erhebungstechniken und Analysetechniken der Sozialwissenschaften, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung

Verfügbarkeit:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2019.102328

Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz

Inhalt: Several repeated cross-national surveys include measurements of attitudes toward gender roles to investigate individuals’ beliefs regarding the appropriateness of men and women’s roles in a particular context. When used to compare attitudes across countries, these measurements reveal critical factors that could cause a lack of equivalence between different cultural contexts, and that could therefore produce misleading results. Nevertheless, the use of such measures to compare country means without assessing measurement equivalence is common. It should also be considered that the assessment of equivalence within a large-scale sample from cross-sectional surveys through multigroup confirmatory factor analysis (MGCFA) often fails because of the strict requirements necessary. The current article is used to assess the measurement equivalence of the gender role attitudes scale included in the last wave of the World Values Survey in 59 countries, with the main goal of identifying the most invariant model for the largest number of groups. The study involved comparing two methods belonging to the frequentist approach: MGCFA and the frequentist alignment procedure, a highly novel and promising method that is still rarely used. Using the first technique, partial scalar invariance was achieved for 27 countries. By employing the frequentist alignment optimization, an acceptable degree of noninvariance was achieved for 35 countries. Thus, the study confirmed the frequentist alignment procedure as a viable alternative to the MGCFA.

Schlagwörter:Umfrageforschung; survey research; vergleichende Forschung; comparative research; interkultureller Vergleich; intercultural comparison; Messung; measurement; Einstellung; attitude; Geschlechtsrolle; gender role; Wertorientierung; value-orientation; Faktorenanalyse; factor analysis; Datenqualität; data quality; Alignment; measurement invariance; measurement equivalence; World Values Survey; gender role attitudes; multigroup confirmatory factor analysis

SSOAR Kategorie:Erhebungstechniken und Analysetechniken der Sozialwissenschaften

Verfügbarkeit:https://doi.org/10.12758/mda.2017.09

Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz

Inhalt: Obwohl qualitative Sekundäranalysen in den Sozialwissenschaften mittlerweile breite Anwendung finden, sind gemischte Studien, in denen bereits existierende und neu erhobene Daten genutzt werden, vergleichsweise selten. Ebenso wird die (Wieder-) Verwendung von eigenen Forschungsdaten kaum diskutiert. Zur Schließung dieser Lücke wollen wir mit dem hier vorgestellten Artikel beitragen. Zum einen wurden in die Analyse Daten des bereits abgeschlossenen "Lone Mothers: Building Social Inclusion"-Projekts einbezogen, eine Längsschnittstudie, in deren Verlauf wir 104 alleinstehende Mütter aus eher armen Verhältnissen einbezogen hatten. Diese Daten wurden durch Daten ergänzt, die aus drei Fokusgruppen und 20 teil-strukturierten Interviews mit insgesamt 38 alleinerziehenden Müttern stammten. In beiden Studien kam eine feministische und an sozialer Inklusion orientierte Perspektive zum Einsatz; die Frauen kamen aus drei kanadischen Städten (Vancouver, British Columbia; Toronto, Ontario und St. John's, Neufundland). Zusätzlich hatten viele Frauen, die an der zweiten Studie teilnahmen, bereits in der ersten Studie als Interviewerinnen oder Forschungsassistentinnen mitgewirkt. Nach der Vorstellung der Studie diskutieren wir Potenziale und Herausforderungen, die aus dem von uns gewählten Design resultierten.

Inhalt: Although qualitative secondary analyses are conducted across the social sciences, supra-assorted analyses that involve both the re-use of existing data and the collection of new, primary data are relatively uncommon. Additionally, discussions regarding qualitative secondary analysis have tended to ignore the re-use of researchers' own data (i.e., auto-data). Thus, with this article, we aim to contribute to this discussion by providing an example of a supra-assorted analysis in which we re-used data from one of our previous studies, Lone Mothers: Building Social Inclusion. This earlier, longitudinal study was conducted with 104 poor lone mothers across Canada. We supplemented this dataset with data from three focus groups and 20 semi-structured interviews engaging a total of 38 lone mothers. Both studies were informed by a feminist and social inclusion lens, and recruited a diverse sample of women in three cities across the country: Vancouver, British Columbia; Toronto, Ontario; and St. John's, Newfoundland. In addition, most of the lone mothers who participated in the secondary analysis had also been involved in the original study as interviewees and/or research assistants. We conclude the article by discussing the strengths and limitations of, and lessons learned from, the secondary study's design.

Schlagwörter:Sekundäranalyse; secondary analysis; Daten; data; Analyse; analysis; qualitative Methode; qualitative method; Datengewinnung; data capture; Reanalyse; auto-data; eigene Forschungsdaten; qualitative research; secondary research; supra-assorted analysis; supraassoziierte Analyse

SSOAR Kategorie:Erhebungstechniken und Analysetechniken der Sozialwissenschaften

Verfügbarkeit:http://www.qualitative-research.net/index.php/fqs/article/vi...

Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz