Inhalt: The present study assessed support for an innovative model of the direct and indirect paths through which perceived peer norms regarding the prevalence and acceptability of sexual violence (SV) and relationship abuse (RA) may influence the decisional process leading to bystander intervention. Analyses included baseline and 6-month follow-up data collected from a large sample of high school students (N = 2,303) across 27 schools in the Northeastern United States. Path analyses were conducted to test a multiple mediation model of the direct and indirect associations among the sequential predictors of perceived descriptive and injunctive norms, personal attitudes, abuse perceptions, risk recognition, and dependent measures of bystander behaviors at baseline and 6-month follow-up. Higher perceptions of the prevalence (descriptive norms) and acceptability (injunctive norms) of SV and RA among peers were associated with more accepting personal attitudes toward SV and RA, which were associated with lower abuse perceptions and risk recognition. Furthermore, lower abuse perceptions and risk recognition were associated with decreases in bystander behaviors at both time points. Mediational analyses revealed several significant indirect paths through which higher perceptions of descriptive and injunctive norms contributed to decreases in bystander behavior. Findings provide novel evidence of the prospective influence of perceived norms on bystander intervention behavior in situations of SV and RA.

Schlagwörter:evaluation capacity building

CEWS Kategorie:Sexuelle Belästigung und Gewalt

Verfügbarkeit:https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260520933035

Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz

Inhalt: Despite the high prevalence of adverse health and trauma-related outcomes associated with intimate partner violence (IPV), help-seeking and service utilization among survivors is low. This study is part of a larger mixed-methods and survivor-centered validation study on the Icelandic Barriers to Help-Seeking for Trauma (BHS-TR) scale, a new barriers measure focused on trauma recovery. A mixed-methods legitimation strategy of integration was employed to evaluate the BHS-TR structure in samples of IPV survivors. The merging of qualitative (n = 17) and quantitative (n = 137) data through a joint display analysis revealed mainly complementarity findings, strengthening the scale's overall trustworthiness and validity evidence. Divergent findings involved items about mistrust, perceived rejection, stigmatization, fearing vulnerability, and safeguarding efforts that were significant help-seeking barriers in the survivors' narratives, whereas factor analysis indicated their removal. These BHS-TR items were critically evaluated in an iterative spiraling process that supported the barriers' influence, illuminated core issues, and guided potential refinements. This work contributes to the growing field of mixed methods instrument validation placing equal status on qualitative and quantitative methods and emphasizing integration to provide more complete insights. Moreover, the study's findings highlight the added value of further exploring divergence between two sets of data and the importance of giving attention to the voices of the target population throughout the validation process.

Schlagwörter:Beschwerdestelle; disclosure; GBV; Gewalt gegen Frauen; Intervention; Maßnahmen; Opfer; scale; Skala; trauma; Validität; validity; victimization; violence; violence against women

CEWS Kategorie:Sexuelle Belästigung und Gewalt

Verfügbarkeit:https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074297

Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz

Inhalt: The normalization of gender-based violence (GBV) consists of all those cultural beliefs and values that sustain, justify, or minimize GBV perpetration. Acknowledging the lack of instruments addressing the normalization of GBV and its constitutive sociocultural dimensions, this article presents the conceptual development and initial validation of the Normalization of gender-based violence against women scale. This 18-item instrument could be used to assess the normalization of violence against women in GBV survivors of various cultural contexts. The scale has been developed through a sizeable mixed-methods study. This paper reports the qualitative portion of the study that allowed the development of the instrument and assessment of its content and face validity. In particular, the method section details the process by which the assessed scale’s domain has been identified through an expert panel workshop, the analysis of GBV survivor’s interviews, and the review of existing scales. The assessment of face and content validity, trough expert judges’ evaluation and Cognitive Interviewing, is presented. This instrument is the first normalization scale developed by a multicultural team for use with violence survivors. The techniques used to construct this scale aimed to capture cultural aspects of normalization that might be shared across women from diverse groups. Therefore, its use could enable social or health care providers worldwide to program or evaluate the effectiveness of interventions to contrast GBV by promoting a clearer understanding of cultural and social norms that sustain the acceptance and normalization of violence.

Schlagwörter:GBV; Gewalt gegen Frauen; Island; Messkonzept; Normalisierung; normalization; sexual assault; Skala; survivor experience; Validität; validity

CEWS Kategorie:Sexuelle Belästigung und Gewalt

Verfügbarkeit:https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12119-021-09877-y

Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz

Inhalt: #MeToo has inspired the voices of millions of people (mostly women) to speak up about sexual harassment at work. The high-profile cases that reignited this movement have revealed that sexual harassment is and has been shrouded in silence, sometimes for decades. In the face of sexual harassment, managers, witnesses and targets often remain silent, wittingly or unwittingly protecting perpetrators and allowing harassment to persist. In this integrated conceptual review, we introduce the concept of network silence around sexual harassment, and theorize that social network compositions and belief systems can promote network silence. Specifically, network composition (harasser and male centrality) and belief systems (harassment myths and valorizing masculinity) combine to instill network silence around sexual harassment. Moreover, such belief systems elevate harassers and men to central positions within networks, who in turn may promote problematic belief systems, creating a mutually reinforcing dynamic. We theorize that network silence contributes to the persistence of sexual harassment due to the lack of consequences for perpetrators and support for victims, which further reinforces silence. Collectively, this process generates a culture of sexual harassment. We identify ways that organizations can employ an understanding of social networks to intervene in the social forces that give rise to silence surrounding sexual harassment. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Schlagwörter:Belästigung; harassment; informal support; Intervention; interventions; network; Netzwerk; Prävention; prevention; sexuelle Belästigung; Unterstützung

CEWS Kategorie:Sexuelle Belästigung und Gewalt

Verfügbarkeit:https://dx.doi.org/10.1037/apl0000861

Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz

Inhalt: In den vergangenen Jahren hat die #Me-Too-Kampagne maßgeblich beeinflusst,wie über sexuelle Belästigung gespro-chen und wie gegen sie vorgegangen wird. Die Berichte von Frauen (und später auch Männern) von Übergriffen und Diskriminierung in der US-amerikanischen Filmindustrie haben bewirkt, dass Verhaltensweisen zur Sprache kamen und verfolgt wurden, die zwar aus rechtlicher und moralischer Sicht als inakzeptabel gelten, zugleich aber als verbreitete Praxis erschienen. Nähe und Zugang der Betroffenen zu den Medien haben sicherlich das In-Gang-Kommen einer öffentlichen Debatte befördert, und etliche berichtete Ereignisse sind vermutlich mit besonderen Verhältnissen in Branchen wie Kunst, Kultur und Unterhaltung verbunden. Genau diese Überlegungen führen jedoch zu der Frage, ob denn nicht vergleichbare Ereignisse an jedem Arbeitsplatz der Welt vorkommen können. Da sexuelle Belästigung als Komplex mit körperlichen, psychischen und sozialen Aspekten gilt und jedes Unternehmen in Deutschland gesetzlich zu einer Gefährdungsbeurteilung für jeden konkreten Arbeitsplatz verpflichtet ist, liegt der Gedanke nahe, das Thema in diesem Rahmen aufzugreifen. Nachdem die Gefährdungsbeurteilung psychischer Belastungen ohnehin eine Vielzahl von Themen zu behandeln hat, scheint der Aufwand für die Integration eines weiteren Themas außerdem überschaubar. Damit lässt sich die wachsende Zahl von Unternehmen erklären, die sexuelle Belästigung am Arbeitsplatz im Zuge einer Gefährdungsbeurteilung mit dem Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire (COPSOQ) untersuchen: Sie wollen die Gelegenheit nutzen, um herauszufinden, ob und in welcher Form sexuelle Belästi gung bei ihnen auftritt. Beim COPSOQ handelt es sich um einen Fragebogen, der in Deutschland von Freiburger Forschungsstelle für Arbeitswissenschaften GmbH (FFAW) bereitgestellt wird. Die aktuelle deutsche Version (Stand 2020) beruht auf der internationalen Version 3 [3, 14, 19]

Schlagwörter:Auswirkung; Belastung; impact; psychische Faktoren; quantitative Forschung; sexuelle Belästigung; Standardisierung; Validität; validity

CEWS Kategorie:Sexuelle Belästigung und Gewalt

Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz

Inhalt: The aim of the article is to examine if and how the welfare state regime typology translates into a violence regime typology in a European context. It builds on the concept of violence regimes (Strid et al. 2017; Hearn et al. 2020) to empirically examine whether the production of interpersonal violence constitutes distinct regimes, and how these correspond (or not) with welfare regimes, gender regimes, and with other comparative metrics on violence, gender equality and feminist mobilisation and transnational actors. Its main contribution is to operationalise the concept of violence regimes, thereby moving from theory to a first empirical measurement. By first constructing a new composite measure of violence, a Violence Regimes Index, based on secondary administrative and survey data covering the then 28 EU member states, countries are clustered along two axes of violence: ‘deadly’ violence and ‘damaging’ gender-based violence. This serves to examine if, and how, the production of gendered violence in different states constitutes distinct regimes, analogous to welfare state regimes, as well as to enable future research and further comparisons and contrasts, specifically related to violence and the welfare state. By providing an empirical measurement of violence regimes in the EU, the article then contributes further to the debates on welfare, welfare regimes, and violence. It specifically contributes with discussions on the extent to which there are different violence regimes, comparable to welfare regimes, and with discussions on the relevance of moving from thinking about violence as an institution within other inequality regimes, to thinking about violence as a macro-regime, a way of governing and ruling in its own right. The article concludes that the exclusion of violence from mainstream social theory and research has produced results that may not be valid, and offers an alternative classification using the concept of violence regimes, thereby demonstrating the usefulness of the concept.

Schlagwörter:geschlechtsspezifische Gewalt; Gewalt; welfare regime

CEWS Kategorie:Sexuelle Belästigung und Gewalt

Verfügbarkeit:https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09589287211002370

Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz

Inhalt: BACKGROUND Intimate partner sexual violence and non-partner rape experiences are widely reported by female students in South African higher education institutions, as they are globally. However, limited research has focused on investigating vulnerability factors, which is vital for informing interventions. OBJECTIVE To describe the factors and inter-relationships associated with female students' increased vulnerability to past year experience of partner sexual violence and non-partner rape in South African higher education settings. METHODS We interviewed 1293 female students, i.e., 519 students in six Technical Vocational Education and Training (TVET) college campuses and 774 students at three university campuses. Participants were volunteers aged 18-30. The measured vulnerability factors included childhood sexual abuse, other trauma, mental ill-health, risky sexual behaviours, food insecurity, partner violence, and controlling behaviours. We used bivariate analysis, logistic regression, and structural equation modelling methods. RESULTS Twenty percent of participants experienced past-year sexual violence (17% partner sexual violence and 7.5% non-partner rape). Childhood sexual abuse had direct effects on experiencing past year sexual violence and physical, emotional partner violence or controlling behaviours. Risky sexual behaviours mediated the relationships of childhood sexual abuse or harmful alcohol use and past-year sexual violence experience. Mental ill-health mediated the relationships between childhood sexual abuse, other traumatic exposures, food insecurity, physical, emotional partner violence or controlling behaviours, and past-year partner sexual violence or non-partner rape experience. CONCLUSIONS Risky sexual behaviours, gender inequitable relationship dynamics, mental ill-health, and food insecurity are related and amenable vulnerability factors associated with female students' sexual violence experiences. Therefore, addressing these through comprehensive campus interventions, which are implemented when students first enrol in higher education and are most vulnerable to sexual violence, is critical. Society-wide sexual violence prevention is also imperative.

Schlagwörter:Missbrauch; rape; sexual abuse; sexual education; sexuelle Gewalt; South Africa; Studienanfänger*in; Südafrika; university; Vergewaltigung

CEWS Kategorie:Europa und Internationales, Sexuelle Belästigung und Gewalt

Verfügbarkeit:https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0260886

Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz

Inhalt: In den letzten Jahren wurden immer wieder Fälle mutmaßlichen nichtwissenschaftlichen Fehlverhaltens in der Wissenschaft öffentlich diskutiert. Hieran anknüpfend ist die Effektivität der formalen Beschwerdewege in der Wissenschaft, Konflikte frühzeitig und aus Sicht der Betroffenen „fair“ zu lösen, Gegenstand des vorliegenden Beitrags. Der Untersuchung am Beispiel der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft liegt eine organisationsweite Online-Befragung (n=9078) zugrunde. Der Beitrag beschreibt die Verbreitung von Mobbing und sexueller Diskriminierung in der MPG und diskutiert die Nutzung und Bekanntheit der einzelnen Anlaufstellen zur Beschwerde gegen nichtwissenschaftliches Fehlverhalten. Ein Problem des damaligen Systems zur Meldung nichtwissenschaftlichen Fehlverhaltens war das Fehlen niedrigschwelliger Beschwerdewege außerhalb der lokalen Institutsstrukturen. Es werden Kriterien für Meldestellen vorgeschlagen, die diese Problematik überwinden, und über inzwischen umgesetzte Maßnahmen berichtet.

Schlagwörter:Beschwerde; Fehlverhalten; Führungskultur; harassment; leadership; Mobbing; questionnaire; Sexual Experiences Questionnaire; sexual harassment; Umfrage

CEWS Kategorie:Außerhochschulische Forschung, Sexuelle Belästigung und Gewalt

Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz

Inhalt: Sexual harassment was once conceptualized solely as a sexual problem: coercive sexual advances that spring from natural feelings of sexual desire or romance. Research has since shown that by far the most common manifestation of sexual harassment is gender harassment, which has contempt at its core; this conduct aims to put people down and push them out, not pull them into sexual activity. With findings such as these, we have made many strides in the scientific study of sexual harassment. That body of scholarship is the focus of this article, which is organized around the following questions: What is sexual harassment, both behaviorally and legally? How common is this conduct in work organizations, and what are its consequences? What features of the social/organizational context raise the risk for sexual harassment? What are some promising (and not-so-promising) solutions to this pervasive problem? And finally, what are important directions for this area of research moving forward?

Schlagwörter:workplace harassment

CEWS Kategorie:Sexuelle Belästigung und Gewalt

Verfügbarkeit:https://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-012420-055606

Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz

Inhalt: Mehr als die Hälfte (58,9 %) aller Medizinstudierenden in Münster sind sexueller Belästigung in ihrer Ausbildung ausgesetzt gewesen. Zu diesem Ergebnis kam eine umfragenbasierte Studie einer Arbeitsgruppe an der medizinischen Fakultät der WWU Münster. Die Studie, welche auf einer anonymen Erhebung aus dem Jahr 2018 aufbaut, beschäftigt sich mit unterschiedlichen Formen der sexuellen Belästigung in der medizinischen Ausbildung gegenüber männlichen und weiblichen Studierenden an der medizinischen Fakultät der WWU Münster. Background Assessment of the presence and characteristics of sexual harassment in academic medicine is a global issue. Only limited international data are available so far. Methods Aim: To assess the extent of sexual harassment and identify the perpetrators in the student population of the medical school of Münster, Germany. A survey was undertaken, using the Medical Women’s International Association sexual harassment questionnaire translated into German. The anonymous online questionnaire was sent as a link to all medical undergraduates at Münster Medical School via a mailing list between 1 October and 30 November 2018. Identifying or potentially identifying data were not collected. Data were analysed by descriptive statistical methods such as categorical variables. Baseline characteristics, e.g. answers by male or female medical students, were correlated with their individual sexual harassment experiences and perpetrator groups by means of univariate analysis. Results A total of 2162 medical students were asked to participate, with 623 (28.8%) completing the survey. Sexual harassment is a significant issue among medical students at Münster Medical School with over half (58.9%) of all undergraduates being exposed to sexually harassing behaviour. In total, 31.8% of all participants reported having experienced unwanted physical sexual contact such as unwanted physical touching, with 87.6% of the victims being female. Overall, 41.3% personally experienced verbal sexual harassment of which 87.4% were female. Furthermore, 8.5% of undergraduates faced forced sexual contact such as oral, anal or vaginal penetration, intercourse and rape, with all victims being female. Perpetrators in these cases were mostly male medical superiors (7.0%) and male patients (18.3%). In general, most perpetrators were patients, followed by medical superiors and educators, and less frequently by colleagues. Conclusions Sexual harassment in medical education and the medical workplace is a significant problem in a German medical school. Most students experiencing sexual harassment are females. Female students also experience the more serious forms of sexual harassment more often.

Schlagwörter:Befragung; Hochschule; Medizin; quantitative Methode; sexual harassment; Studierende; survey

CEWS Kategorie:Sexuelle Belästigung und Gewalt

Verfügbarkeit:https://bmcmededuc.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12909...

Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz