Gender and innovation through an intersectional lens: Re‐imagining academic entrepreneurship in the United States
Autor/in:
Mickey, Ethel L.; Smith‐Doerr, Laurel
Quelle: Sociology Compass, 16 (2022) 3
Detailansicht
Inhalt: How to study inequality in innovation? Often, the focus has been gender gaps in patenting. Yet much is missing from our understanding of gendered inequality in innovation with this focus. This review discusses how gender and innovation are intertwined in durable academic inequalities and have implications for who is served by innovation. It summarizes research on gender and race gaps in academic entrepreneurship (including patenting), reasons for those longstanding inequities, and concludes with discussing why innovation gaps matter, including the need to think critically about academic commercialization. And while literature exists on gender gaps in academic entrepreneurship and race gaps in patenting, intersectional analyses of innovation are missing. Black feminist theorists have taught us that gender and race are overlapping and inseparable systems of oppression. We cannot accurately understand inequality in innovation without intersectionality, so this is a serious gap in current research. Intersectional research on gender and innovation is needed across epistemic approaches and methods. From understanding discrimination in academic entrepreneurship to bringing together critical analyses of racial capitalism and academic capitalism, there is much work to do.
Schlagwörter:academic capitalism; entrepreneurship; Gender; higher education; Hochschule; Innovation; intersectional research; intersectionality; Patent; race; Racial Capitalism
CEWS Kategorie:Diversity, Wissenschaftspolitik, Hochschulen, Geschlechterverhältnis
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
A gender study of principal investigator lead public R&D centres and funding
Autor/in:
Cunningham, James A.; Escribá-Esteve, Alejandro; Foncubierta-Rodríguez, María José; Martín-Alcázar, Fernando; Perea-Vicente, José Luis
Quelle: Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 31 (2022) 1, S 54–69
Detailansicht
Inhalt: To survive and grow public Research and Development (R&D) centres need to raise competitive funds (Bazeley 1998; Lee and Om 1996; Muñoz 2007; Santamaría, Brage-Gil and Modrego 2010). The factors that can influence the capacity of national R&D teams within R&D centres to apply for and obtain competitive funding does not seem to have been studied in depth. The purpose of study is to firstly, to examine whether a consistent set of priorities defined by R&D centre lead principal investigators secures more competitive funding. Secondly, to examine whether the PI gender moderates the effect of the PI’s priorities on the amount of competitive public funds that the R&D team of the PI obtains. Our study focuses on R&D activities carried out in Spanish public centres in the areas of Health and Biomedicine. Our results found that there were no gender differences in relation to the acquisition of competitive funding which is contrary to findings of other studies (Mayer and Rathmann 2018; Lerchenmueller and Sorenson, 2018).
Schlagwörter:Gender; Innovation; leadership; public funding; R&D
CEWS Kategorie:Wissenschaftspolitik
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Why many funding schemes harm rather than support research
Autor/in:
Dresler, Martin; Buddeberg, Eva; Endesfelder, Ulrike; Haaker, Jan; Hof, Christian; Kretschmer, Robert; Pflüger, Dirk; Schmidt, Fabian
Quelle: Nat Hum Behav (Nature Human Behaviour), (2022)
Detailansicht
Inhalt: Zahlreiche aktuelle Förderprogramme der Wissenschaftslandschaft sind für die Beantragenden mit hohem Ressourcenaufwand bei geringen Erfolgsaussichten verbunden und haben dadurch einen oft überraschend geringen Nutzen für die Wissenschaft als Ganzes. Zu diesem Ergebnis kommen aktive und ehemalige Mitglieder der Jungen Akademie im Rahmen eines Projekts der Arbeitsgruppe Wissenschaftspolitik. Ihre Ergebnisse sind am 31.01.2022 im wissenschaftlichen Journal Nature Human Behaviour erschienen (https://www.nature.com/nathumbehav/).
Die Autor*innen zeigen in ihrer Publikation, dass viele Förderprogramme aufgrund einer Kombination aus hohem Aufwand und geringer Erfolgsquote oft ähnlich viele Ressourcen der wissenschaftlichen Gemeinschaft in Form von Arbeitsstunden abziehen wie sie durch die Vergabe von Fördergeldern wieder ausschütten. Der Aufwand für detaillierte Anträge und Begutachtungen wird dabei nur sehr eingeschränkt dem Anspruch gerecht, die vorgeschlagenen Forschungsprojekte zuverlässig in eine Rangfolge ihrer Forschungsqualität zu stellen.
„Das derzeitige Drittmittelsystem kommt in vielen Fällen einer Lotterie nahe – allerdings einer sehr ineffizienten Lotterie“, so Martin Dresler, Neurowissenschaftler am Radboud University Medical Center und Mitglied der Jungen Akademie.
In vielen Ländern werden Forschungsprojekte zunehmend durch einen Wettbewerb von Forschungsanträgen statt über die Grundausstattung der Universitäten finanziert. Die hohen Kosten dieser Form der Mittelvergabe in Form zahlreicher Arbeitsstunden entgehen häufig dem Blick sowohl der Mittelgeber wie der Forschenden. Neben dem Appell an die Forschungsförderer, die eigenen Förderinstrumente hinsichtlich ihrer Effizienz zu überprüfen, schlagen die aktiven und ehemaligen Mitglieder der Jungen Akademie einen transparenten Umgang mit dem durchschnittlichen Aufwand und den Erfolgsaussichten einzelner Förderprogramme vor. Mit dem im Rahmen des Projekts der Jungen Akademie entwickelten Online-Tool http://f.unding.com können potenzielle Antragstellende den Förderbetrag mit dem zu erwartenden Zeitaufwand abgleichen und abwägen, ob eine Antragstellung sinnvoll ist. Möglichkeiten der Optimierung des Drittmittelsystems sehen die Autor*innen außerdem in der Etablierung alternativer Antragsverfahren oder in der grundsätzlichen Verlagerung der Fördergeld-Verteilung weg von aufwändigen Wettbewerben hin zu einer verstärkten Basisfinanzierung der Universitäten.
Schlagwörter:Antragserfolg; application; Drittmittel; ERC; Finanzierung; Forschungsförderung; Wissenschaftssystem
CEWS Kategorie:Wissenschaftspolitik
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
The gender gap in highly prestigious international research awards, 2001–2020
Autor/in:
Meho, Lokman I.
Quelle: Quantitative Science Studies, 2 (2021) 3, S 976–989
Detailansicht
Inhalt: This study examines gender disparities in the world’s 141 most prestigious international research awards. I find that (a) from 2001 to 2020 these awards were received 3,445 times by 2,011 men and 262 women; (b) women’s share increased from an annual average of 6% during 2001–2005 to an annual average of 19% during 2016–2020; (c) 49 of the 141 awards were not received by women during 2016–2020; and (d) when the numbers of female full professors are taken into consideration, the gender gap remains highly disproportionate in biological and life sciences, computer science, and mathematics. Overall, women would be expected to increase their share of awards by nearly 50% to achieve parity with men today. The study shows great similarities between men and women award recipients in journal articles per author, the average number of authors per article, the proportion of articles in top journals, citations per article, and participation in large research groups and international collaborations. I conclude that the gender gap in highly prestigious research awards is largely a result of demographic inertia and other factors that deserve further investigation.
Schlagwörter:Awards and Prizes; Forschung; Forschungsförderung; gender gap; Preis (Forschungs-/Lehr-); woman in science
CEWS Kategorie:Wissenschaftspolitik, Geschlechterverhältnis
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Wissenschaftliche Politikberatung in Krisenzeiten
Autor/in:
Weingart, Peter
Quelle: Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte, (2021) 3-4
Detailansicht
Inhalt: Ob Corona-Krise oder Klimawandel: Politik ist auf wissenschaftliche Beratung angewiesen. Welche allgemeinen Regeln und Prinzipien gelten dafür? Wer berät mit welchem Wissen? Wer findet warum Gehör? Und welchen Einfluss hat öffentliche Kommunikation?
Schlagwörter:COVID-19; Krise; Politikberatung; Wissenstransfer
CEWS Kategorie:Wissenschaftspolitik
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Dilemmas in Re‑branding a University—“Maybe People Just Don’t Like Change”: Linking Meaningfulness and Mutuality into the Reconciliation
Autor/in:
Kuoppakangas, Päivikki; Suomi, Kati; Clark, Paul; et al.
Quelle: Corporate reputation Review, (2020) 23, S 92–105
Detailansicht
Inhalt: This study examines the implementation of a re-branding campaign in a public Canadian university. Data collection com-
prised 19 qualitative semi-structured interviews with key internal university stakeholders (Dean and Mid-level Administra-
tors). The data revealed three core dilemma pairs: (1) new brand vs. previous brand; (2) voice at the organisational level vs.
voice at the departmental level; and (3) voluntary down-up voicing vs. up-down voicing. Results suggest that successfully
implementing the new brand should not exclusively rely upon internal marketing communication; instead, internal brand-
ing through handling ambiguities and addressing emerging dilemmas by enhancing engagement, building mutuality and
unlocking the meaning in the re-branding can help improve success. This study reveals that implementing a re-branding
campaign in higher education involves embracing the world of dilemmas by involving and empowering employees in dilemma
reconciliation. The reconciliation of detected brand-related dilemmas with and by employees can be achieved by involv-
ing employees in the process of re-branding from the beginning. Indeed, this paper suggests the preparedness to detect and
address dilemmas is central to successful re-branding. Our results indicate that traditional change management approaches
produce unreconciled dilemmas that hinder the implementation of the new brand. We conclude that efforts to build employee
engagement in re-branding do not build employee supportiveness towards the new brand unless core dilemmas are reconciled.
Schlagwörter:Außenwirkung; Change Management; Image; institutioneller Wandel; Öffentlichkeitsarbeit; theory of change
CEWS Kategorie:Wissenschaftspolitik, Hochschulen
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Rethinking research funding in pandemic times
Autor/in:
Kalpazidou Schmidt, Evanthia
Quelle: Gend Work Organ (Gender, Work and Organization), (2020)
Detailansicht
Inhalt: Experiences from individualized gender equality funding programs, as the ones used in Denmark, demonstrate that one‐off policy interventions, although a small step in the right direction, cannot stand alone in the fight against gender imbalances in academia. Closing the gender gap is a complex, multi‐level undertaking that needs constant rethinking of policies and the dedication of adequate financial resources. The need of rethinking policy is in particular urgent during Covid‐19, which has further amplified imbalances due to a drop in the productivity of women researchers. Funding bodies should therefore reconsider traditional approaches heavily rewarding publications in the distribution of research funds. They ought to respond to the gendered impact of the pandemic by engaging institutions in structural and cultural change, setting up requirements for institutions to have achieved a certain level of gender equality outcomes, and thus link institutional progress to research funding.
Schlagwörter:COVID-19; cultural change; Forschungsförderung; gender gap; gender inequality; Geschlechterungleichheit; Gleichstellungspolitik; Kulturwandel; productivity; Produktivität; research funding; structural change
CEWS Kategorie:Wissenschaftspolitik, Gleichstellungspolitik
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Von „Diversity Management“ zu „Diversity und Inclusion“?
Autor/in:
Zimmermann, Andrea; Weibel, Fleur
Quelle: ZDfm (Zeitschrift für Diversitätsforschung und -management), 5 (2020) 2-2020, S 153–166
Detailansicht
Inhalt: Nach über zwei Jahrzehnten Bemühungen um Gleichstellung an Schweizer Hochschulen ist die Wissenschaft weiterhin durch eine starke vertikale und horizontale Segregation geprägt. Dies führt zu einer markanten Unterrepräsentation von Frauen, insbesondere in der Schweizer „Spitzenforschung“. Am Beispiel eines Nationalen Forschungsschwerpunkts (NFS) zeigen wir, inwiefern eine ambivalente Verbindung von Gleichstellungs- und Exzellenzdiskursen die Hegemonie der Männlichkeit reproduziert. Um diese vergeschlechtlichten Normen thematisier- und veränderbar zu machen, erscheint eine Ergänzung bisheriger Gleichstellungsbemühungen um das Konzept der Inclusion vielversprechend.
Schlagwörter:Diskurs; Exzellenz; Forschungsförderung; Geschlechterungleichheit; Gleichstellung; horizontale Segregation; vertikale Segregation
CEWS Kategorie:Wissenschaftspolitik, Gleichstellungspolitik
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
(In)citing Action to Realize an Equitable Future
Autor/in:
Dworkin, Jordan D.; Zurn, Perry; Bassett, Danielle S.
Quelle: Neuron, 106 (2020) 6, S 890–894
Detailansicht
Inhalt: Reference lists of neuroscience articles show marked gender imbalances. To mitigate this disparity, we discuss relevant ethical considerations and offer practical recommendations to scientists of all ages. We envision an equitable future by all scientists for all scientists.
Schlagwörter:citation; citation gap; gender bias; publication pattern; science career
CEWS Kategorie:Berufsbiographie und Karriere, Wissenschaftspolitik, Geschlechterverhältnis
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Multi-Level State Interventions and Gender Equality in Higher Education Institutions: The Irish Case
Autor/in:
O’Connor, Pat; Irvine, Gemma
Quelle: Administrative Sciences, 10 (2020) 4, 98 S
Detailansicht
Inhalt: Much of the work on gender equality in higher educational institutions (HEIs) has concentrated on the organizational level. The original contribution of this article lies in its focus on state policy developments and interventions. We focus on Ireland as a specific national context, highlighting multi-level state interventions and looking at their impact on HEIs. Using secondary data analysis (including documentary analysis) and focusing particularly on the period since 2014, state initiatives to tackle the problem of gender inequality from various angles are outlined. They include the introduction of Athena SWAN; the Expert Group Review; the Gender Equality Taskforce; the Senior Academic Leadership Initiative; research funding agency initiatives and those around sexual harassment. In evaluating their impact, we look at the gender pay gap, the gender profile of the professoriate and senior management as well as other indicators of cultural change in HEIs. The article concludes that the best possibility of leveraging change arises when it is driven at the state (macro); the HEI (meso) and the situational (micro) level simultaneously, by gender competent leaders willing to tackle the historically male dominated, masculinist criteria, procedures, processes and micropolitical practices that are "normalized" in HEIs.
Schlagwörter:Athena SWAN; gender equality policy; gender pay gap; Gleichstellungspolitik; Hochschule; Irland; Mikropolitik; multi-level governance; Organisationswandel; Professorinnenanteil
CEWS Kategorie:Europa und Internationales, Wissenschaftspolitik, Gleichstellungspolitik
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz