Against the Grain? Assessing Graduate Labour Market Trends in Germany Through a Task-Based Indicator of Graduate Jobs
Autor/in:
Henseke, Golo
Quelle: Social Indicators Research, 141 (2019) 2, S 809-840
Inhalt: Applying work by Green and Henseke (in IZA J Labor Policy 5(1):14, 2016a), this study examines changes in the German graduate labour market in the twenty-first century. To do so, it deploys a new statistically derived indicator of graduate jobs, based on job skill requirements obtained from worker-reported task data in the German Employment Surveys 2006 and 2012. As in previous work, the resulting classifier explains differences in graduate labour market outcomes better than existing methods and can be applied in a range of contexts where intelligence on graduate destinations is desired. It is supplied in the appendix of this study. Despite the expansion of higher educational attainment between 1999 and 2012, my analysis indicates a rising excess demand for graduate labour. Following key findings emerge: Graduate skills are required beyond the narrow range of professions. Work tasks associated with cognitive skills use are key determinants of higher education requirements on the job. The proportion of graduates in the age bracket 25-34 has risen among men from 14.7 to 18.9% and from 13.3 to 22.5% among women between 1999 and 2012. Young women have become the group with greatest level of higher education in the labour market. The growing supply of graduate labour in the age bracket 25-34 was surpassed by the expansion of employment in graduate jobs. The employment share of graduate jobs shifted by 17 percentage points to almost 30% among young women and by 11 percentage points to 28% among young men. Among young female graduates, the incidence of underemployment fell to 22% between 1999 and 2012; roughly comparable to the level among males at the same ages. Prime aged female graduates, however, experience above average rates of underemployment. A sharp rise of the pay premium associated with higher education among men contrasts with stagnating wage differentials among women. The pay penalty associated with underemployment has not changed statistically significantly.
Schlagwörter:Federal Republic of Germany; Arbeitsmarkt; labor market; Akademikerberuf; academic career; Qualifikationsanforderungen; qualification requirements; Indikator; indicator; Arbeitskräftenachfrage; labor demand; Absolvent; graduate; university; gender-specific factors; Unterbeschäftigung; underemployment; Lohnunterschied; wage difference; graduate jobs; wage dispersion; BIBB/BAuA Employment Survey (1998/1999, 2005/2006 and 2011/2012); National Educational Panel Study (NEPS); German sample of the EU Labour Force Survey (EU-LFS) 1999-2013
SSOAR Kategorie:Arbeitsmarktforschung, Bildungswesen tertiärer Bereich
Quelle: Bundesministerium für Arbeit und Soziales; Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung der Bundesagentur für Arbeit (IAB); Zentrum für Europäische Wirtschaftsforschung (ZEW) GmbH; Universität Köln; Berlin (Forschungsbericht / Bundesministerium für Arbeit und Soziales, FB520), 2018. 39 S
Inhalt: Die Partizipation von Frauen am Arbeitsmarkt hat in den letzten Jahrzehnten in Deutschland stark zugenommen, z.B. ist die Erwerbstätigenquote von Frauen mit knapp 70 Prozent im Jahr 2013 derjenigen der Männer (78 Prozent) bereits sehr nah. Trotzdem gibt es nach wie vor signifikante Geschlechterunterschiede im Hinblick auf das Arbeitsvolumen, die Löhne und Gehälter sowie die Karrierepositionen. Der Sonderbericht "Chancengleichheit am Arbeitsplatz" stellt dazu Daten aus der Forschungsstudie "Arbeitsqualität und wirtschaftlicher Erfolg" dar, die zum Ziel hat, mögliche Zusammenhänge zwischen der Arbeitsqualität der Beschäftigten und dem wirtschaftlichen Erfolg von Betrieben zu untersuchen. Sie wird vom Bundesministerium für Arbeit und Soziales (BMAS) und vom Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung (IAB) getragen und vom IAB, vom Seminar für Allgemeine Betriebswirtschaftslehre und Personalwirtschaftslehre der Universität zu Köln, dem Lehrstuhl für Managerial Accounting der Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen und vom Zentrum für Europäische Wirtschaftsforschung (ZEW) durchgeführt. Es handelt sich um eine Längsschnittstudie, in der mittlerweile in der vierten Befragungswelle jeweils eine Betriebs- und eine Beschäftigtenbefragung durchgeführt wird. Der Sonderbericht "Chancengleichheit am Arbeitsplatz" zeigt, wie sich Frauen und Männer unter Berücksichtigung ihrer Heterogenität hinsichtlich soziodemografischer, beruflicher sowie betrieblicher Merkmale bei Führungspositionen sowie Instrumenten der Personalentwicklung unterscheiden. Eine Besonderheit ist dabei die zusätzliche Berücksichtigung von Persönlichkeitsmerkmalen.
Erwerbstätigkeit von Flüchtlingen: Integrationsregime, Arbeitsmarktbedingungen und Charakteristika der Herkunftsländer
Autor/in:
Vogtenhuber, Stefan; Steiber, Nadia
Quelle: Institut für Höhere Studien (IHS), Wien; Wien (Reihe Soziologie / Institut für Höhere Studien, Abt. Soziologie, 122), 2018. 48 S
Inhalt: Die vorliegende Arbeit analysiert die Gruppe der Asylberechtigten (inkl. subsidiär Schutzberechtigte) mit Arbeitsmarktzugang. Im Fokus der Analyse stehen fünf Kohorten, definiert nach dem Zeitraum, in dem die Flüchtlinge einen positiven Bescheid und damit Arbeitsmarktzugang erhielten. Die fünf Kohorten werden hinsichtlich ihrer Arbeitsmarktintegration verglichen und wir versuchen Unterschiede in der durchschnittlichen Dauer bis zur Aufnahme der ersten Erwerbstätigkeit in Österreich mit Hilfe von individuellen und strukturellen Merkmalen zu erklären. Wichtigste Ergebnisse: Die Eingliederung in Beschäftigung sowohl bei weiblichen als auch männlichen Asylberechtigten der beiden letzten Kohorten (2012-2016) erfolgte langsamer als in den ersten Kohorten (2001-2011). Die Charakteristika der Herkunftsländer tragen substantiell zur Erklärung der unterschiedlichen Integrationschancen der Asylberechtigten bei, insbesondere die Beschäftigungsrate von Frauen und Männern und die Geschlechterkultur im Herkunftsland. Auch die Arbeitsmarktbedingungen zum Zeitpunkt des rechtlichen Arbeitsmarktzugangs in Österreich zeigen Auswirkungen, insbesondere auf männliche Asylberechtigte. Es zeigen sich weitere interessante geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede in den Bestimmungsfaktoren der Dauer der Arbeitsmarkteingliederung (z.B. hinsichtlich der Bildung der Asylberechtigten und hinsichtlich der Größe und Dynamik, der in Österreich ansässigen Bevölkerung aus dem eigenen Land).
Returns to foreign and host country qualifications: evidence from the US on the labour market placement of migrants and the second generation
Autor/in:
Demireva, Neli; Lo Iacono, Sergio
Quelle: Social Inclusion, 6 (2018) 3, S 142-152
Inhalt: The integration of migrants in the US economic system is a central concern of policy-makers and scholars. A faster and smoother assimilation of valuable human capital would indeed benefit the labour market, increasing its efficiency. To investigate the integration of minorities and migrants in the US labour market, we employ data from the Current Population Survey from June 2016 (the primary source of labour force statistics in the US). We focus on the following ethnic groups: White, Black, Asian, and Other (a combination of Native Americans, Pacific and Mixed). For each ethnicity we consider if respondents are US born, 1st- or 2nd-generation of immigrant descent. Among 1st-generation migrants, we further differentiate between recent (in the country for 10 years or less) and long (in the country for more than 10 years) arrivals, as they are likely to have different levels of social capital and knowledge of the job market. We focus on three very relevant labour market outcomes: being employed, being employed in a public sector job and working in a professional or managerial position. Our results indicate better placement of individuals with tertiary degrees, an effect particularly important among women. Minorities in the public sector have made some important gains in terms of occupational attainment parity with the white majority.
Schlagwörter:Ethnizität; ethnicity; Migrant; migrant; USA; United States of America; Humankapital; human capital; Arbeitsmarkt; labor market; erste Generation; first generation; zweite Generation; second generation; öffentlicher Sektor; public sector; privater Sektor; private sector; Minderheit; minority; Qualifikation; qualification; berufliche Integration; occupational integration
Returns to human capital and the incorporation of highly-skilled workers in the public and private sector of major immigrant societies: an introduction
Autor/in:
Demireva, Neli; Fellini, Ivana
Quelle: Social Inclusion, 6 (2018) 3, S 1-5
Inhalt: Across the major immigrant societies of the European Union, EU-15 countries, migrants and minorities still experience economic disadvantage. This failure of economic integration poses significant questions about the utilization of human capital, the management of mobility and the competitiveness of European labour markets (Cameron, 2011; OECD, 2017). Using a variety of datasets, this special issue pushes the debate forward in several ways. We will consider the integration outcomes of both migrants and second generation minority members in comparison to majority members. Labour market outcomes will be considered broadly: the probability of employment but also overqualification will be taken into account. Offering both analysis of single country cases and a cross-national comparison, the special issue will build a comprehensive picture of the factors associated with labour market disadvantage of migrant men and women, and their descendants - particularly, differential returns to foreign qualifications and educational credentials, differences between public and private sectors placements, and where possible the period of the economic crisis will be examined as well.
Incorporation of immigrants and second generations into the french labour market: changes between generations and the role of human capital and origins
Autor/in:
Brinbaum, Yaël
Quelle: Social Inclusion, 6 (2018) 3, S 104-118
Inhalt: This article analyses the labour market incorporation of migrants and second-generation minorities in France. Using the 2013-2017 French Labour Surveys and the 2014 adhoc module, we focus on labour market outcomes -activity, employment, occupation and subjective overqualification- and measure the gaps between ethnic minorities and the majority group by origins, generation and by gender. In order to elucidate the mechanisms behind these gaps and explain ethnic disadvantages for immigrants, we take into account different factors, such as education, and factors linked to migration -duration of stay in France, language skills, foreign qualifications, nationality- with additional controls for family, socioeconomic and contextual characteristics. We also investigate the returns to higher education among second-generation minority members compared to the majority population. We show large differences by country of origins, generation and gender. Across generations, most minority members have made clear progress in terms of access to employment and skilled jobs, but ethnic penalties remain for the descendants of North-Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa and Turkey. In contrast, Asian second-generation men and women encounter slight advantages in attaining highly-skilled positions. Controlling for tertiary degrees even increases the gap with majority members mostly in access to highly-skills jobs.
Schlagwörter:Einwanderung; immigration; Migrant; migrant; Minderheit; minority; Frankreich; France; Arbeitsmarkt; labor market; Humankapital; human capital; Diskriminierung; discrimination; Beschäftigung; employment; Bildungsniveau; level of education; Bildung; education; zweite Generation; second generation; Facharbeiter; skilled worker; Inklusion; inclusion
SSOAR Kategorie:Migration, Arbeitsmarktforschung, soziale Probleme
Employment returns to tertiary education for immigrants in Western Europe: cross-country differences before and after the economic crisis
Autor/in:
Guetto, Raffaele
Quelle: Social Inclusion, 6 (2018) 3, S 64-77
Inhalt: This article contributes to the literature on the models of immigrants’ labour market incorporation in Western Europe by analysing the employment returns to tertiary education for both natives and immigrants. By using yearly EU-LFS data (2005-2013) for a selection of Western European countries, cross-country differences in the employment returns to tertiary education are analysed separately by immigrant status and gender. In Continental Europe, where immigrant-native employment gaps before the crisis were much larger than in Southern Europe, immigrants are found to benefit more from tertiary education, and their returns are also higher than for natives, while the opposite holds in Southern European countries. The same pattern is found irrespective of gender, but cross-country differences are more pronounced among women. The article also documents that the crisis contributed to a cross-country convergence, although limited to men, in the degree of immigrant employment disadvantage, which increased substantially in Southern Europe while remaining unchanged or slightly declining in all other countries. Nevertheless, although immigrant-native employment gaps grew as high as in Continental Europe, immigrant men in Southern Europe are still found to benefit from lower returns to tertiary education than their native counterparts.
Institutional change and gender inequalities at labour market entry: a comparison of Estonia, Russia, and East and West Germany
Autor/in:
Kosyakova, Yuliya; Saar, Ellu; Dämmrich, Johanna
Quelle: Studies of Transition States and Societies, 9 (2017) 2, S 17-40
Inhalt: Our study investigates how gender inequalities in job opportunities evolved during communist and post-communist times in former state-socialist countries. Theoretical arguments (mainly based on studies referring to Western countries) led to the expectation of a surge in gender inequalities in these countries after the collapse of communism. Empirically, we explore the gender gap in job authority upon labour market entry by using life-history data from Russia, Estonia, and East Germany, with West Germany serving as a control case. The selection of countries was motivated primarily by the availability of rich life-history data, covering four decades of (post-) state socialism but also by divergences in institutional set-ups in the course of transition from state socialism to a liberalised market economy. Our findings yield four major results. First, accounting for education and the branch of economy, women were not disadvantaged during Soviet times; instead, we have even found evidence of a slight female advantage in Estonia and East Germany. Thus, our findings mirror the communist regime's effectiveness in equalising women's and men's opportunities at work. Second, in the pre-collapse decade, the advantage of women in terms of job authority decreased in East Germany and Estonia, whereas in Russia, women fell behind men. Third, with the Soviet Union collapse, a remarkable female disadvantage emerged in all formerly state socialist countries under scrutiny. In addition, we observe a growing gender gap in West Germany in the same period. The latter result strengthens the conclusion that times of economic liberalisation may go hand-in-hand with increasing gender inequalities.
Gender differences in willingness to compete: the role of public observability
Autor/in:
Buser, Thomas; Ranehill, Eva; van Veldhuizen, Roel
Quelle: Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung gGmbH; Berlin (Discussion Papers / Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung, Forschungsschwerpunkt Markt und Entscheidung, Abteilung Verhalten auf Märkten, SP II 2017-203), 2017. 18 S
Inhalt: A recent literature emphasizes the importance of the gender gap in willingness to compete as a partial explanation for gender differences in labor market outcomes. However, whereas experiments investigating willingness to compete typically do so in anonymous environments, real world competitions often have a more public nature, which introduces potential social image concerns. If such image concerns are important, we should expect public observability to further exacerbate the gender gap. We test this prediction using a laboratory experiment that varies whether the decision to compete, and its outcome, is publicly observable. Across four different treatments, however, all treatment effects are close to zero. We conclude that the public observability of decisions and outcomes does not exert a significant impact on male or female willingness to compete, indicating that the role of social image concerns related to competitive decisions may be limited.
