Auswirkungen der Corona-Krise auf das Familien- und Erwerbsleben: Kurzexpertise
Autor/in:
Bonin, Holger; Eichhorst, Werner; Krause-Pilatus, Annabelle; Rinne, Ulf
Quelle: Bundesministerium für Arbeit und Soziales; IZA Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit GmbH; Berlin (Forschungsbericht / Bundesministerium für Arbeit und Soziales, FB574), 2020. 36 S
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Die mit der COVID-19-Pandemie verbundene schwere wirtschaftliche Rezession bringt bei Frauen und Männern unterschiedliche Beschäftigungs- und Einkommensrisiken mit sich und könnte sich damit auf die Gleichstellung der Geschlechter auswirken. So sind Frauen einerseits in einigen systemrelevanten Bereichen, wie etwa Pflege und Erziehung, besonders stark vertreten. Andererseits sind sie überdurchschnittlich oft in einigen von den kontaktbeschränkenden Maßnahmen besonders betroffenen Wirtschaftsbereichen, wie etwa im Gastgewerbe, tätig. In vielen Konstellationen musste zudem aufgrund der zumindest zeitweisen Schließung von Kitas und Schulen die Verteilung von Erwerbs- und Sorgearbeit zwischen Frauen und Männern neu ausgehandelt werden. Vor diesem Hintergrund beleuchtet diese Kurzexpertise die gleichstellungspolitisch relevanten Veränderungen in Deutschland, die sich im bisherigen Verlauf der COVID-19-Pandemie am Arbeitsmarkt abzeichnen, sowie die sozialpolitischen Maßnahmen zur Abfederung der entstandenen Problemlagen unter dem Gesichtspunkt der Gleichstellung. Davon ausgehend werden konkrete Handlungsansätze erörtert, mit denen potenziell nachhaltigen Rückschritten bei Gleichstellungszielen durch Pandemiefolgen an den Arbeitsmärkten und in den Familien entgegengearbeitet werden könnte, oder die vorbeugend für eine gleichmäßigere Verteilung wirtschaftlicher und sozialer Risiken in künftigen Krisensituationen sorgen könnten.
Schlagwörter:Epidemie; epidemic; Familiensituation; family situation; Erwerbsbeteiligung; labor force participation; gender-specific factors; Gleichstellung; affirmative action; Federal Republic of Germany; Erwerbsarbeit; gainful work; Familienarbeit; family work; Sozialpolitik; social policy; COVID-19; Coronavirus
SSOAR Kategorie:Familiensoziologie, Sexualsoziologie, Arbeitsmarktforschung, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Dokumenttyp:Graue Literatur, Bericht
Partnered women's contribution to household labor income: Persistent inequalities among couples and their determinants
Autor/in:
Dieckhoff, Martina; Gash, Vanessa; Mertens, Antje; Romeu Gordo, Laura
Quelle: Social Science Research, (2019) 85
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This paper explores earnings inequalities within dual-earner couples in East and West Germany drawing on household-level panel data from 1992 to 2016. It has three aims: (1) to analyze how the partner pay gap (the pay gap between partners within one household) has developed over time, given institutional change, and whether the extent of inequality and temporal development vary between East and West Germany; (2) to explore variation in the partner pay gap by male partners' absolute earnings; and (3) to investigate the micro-level determinants of earnings inequalities within couples and determine whether their relevance varies between East and West Germany as well as by male partners’ absolute earnings. We find women earn substantially less than their partners, and our regression results find no indication of a declining partner pay gap. Besides substantial variation between East and West Germany, our results also reveal important group-specific variation in the extent of the partner pay gap as well as in its determinants.
Schlagwörter:Dual Career Couple; alte Bundesländer; Erwerbsbeteiligung; old federal states; Haushaltseinkommen; Einkommensunterschied; partnership; Federal Republic of Germany; household income; woman; difference in income; neue Bundesländer; Partnerschaft; labor force participation; gender-specific factors; New Federal States; dual career couple; Ungleichheit; inequality; gender inequality; institutional change; partner pay gap; time trends; German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) (1992-2016)
SSOAR Kategorie:Arbeitsmarktforschung, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Länger zufrieden arbeiten? Qualität und Ausgestaltung von Erwerbstätigkeit in der zweiten Lebenshälfte
Autor/in:
Franke, Janna; Wetzel, Martin
Quelle: Altern im Wandel: zwei Jahrzehnte Deutscher Alterssurvey (DEAS). Wiesbaden, 2017, S 47-63
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Im Jahr 2014 sind mehr Menschen in der Lebensphase vor dem Ruhestand erwerbstätig als 1996. Belastungen im Rahmen der Erwerbstätigkeit unterscheiden sich zwischen den Bildungsgruppen. Im Jahr 2014 berichten mehr Erwerbstätige von Belastungen als 2002. Der Großteil der Erwerbstätigen ist im Jahr 2014 zufrieden mit ihrer Arbeit und fühlt sich weder über- noch unterfordert. Ein zunehmender Anteil an Menschen ist auch nach dem Eintritt in den Ruhestand erwerbstätig.
Schlagwörter:psychische Belastung; alte Bundesländer; lifetime work period; alter Mensch; old federal states; Lebensarbeitszeit; Altersgrenze; work satisfaction; Federal Republic of Germany; retirement; Rentenalter; neue Bundesländer; labor force participation; physische Belastung; social inequality; labor market policy; New Federal States; Bildungsniveau; age limit; psychological stress; elderly worker; Erwerbsbeteiligung; physical stress; retirement age; Arbeitsmarktpolitik; Berufsausstieg; career end; älterer Arbeitnehmer; level of education; elderly; Ruhestand; Arbeitszufriedenheit; gender-specific factors; soziale Ungleichheit
SSOAR Kategorie:Arbeitsmarktforschung, Gerontologie, Alterssoziologie
Dokumenttyp:Sammelwerksbeitrag
Effects of fertility on women's working status
Autor/in:
Jaramillo, Miguel
Quelle: GRADE Group for the Analysis of Development; Lima (Avances de Investigación, 20), 2016. 49 S
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As in other developing countries, Peru’s demographic transition is well underway. Concurrently, women's labor market participation and employment rates have substantially increased. In this paper we estimate the causal effect that the reduction in fertility rates has on women's employment using instrumental variables already tested in developed countries - twins in the first birth and the sex composition of the two oldest children. We also analyze the heterogeneity of the effects along three lines: marriage status of the mother, age of the first (second) child, and mother's level of education. We find strong effects of fertility. According to our results, 27 percent of the total increase in women’s rate of employment between 1993 and 2007 can be attributed to the reduction in fertility rates. This is a considerable magnitude, more than four times as large as the estimate for US by Jacobsen et al. (1999). Effects are largest in women with children 2 years old or younger and decline inversely as the first child increases in age, but are still significant when he or she reaches 10. Effects also vary with the mother’s education level, tending to be stronger when women have more education. Finally, these effects are smaller for married women than for all women.
Schlagwörter:Peru; Peru; Bevölkerungsentwicklung; population development; Frauenerwerbstätigkeit; women's employment; Erwerbsbeteiligung; labor force participation; Fruchtbarkeit; fertility; Geburtenrückgang; declining birth rate; sozioökonomische Faktoren; socioeconomic factors; Bildungsniveau; level of education; Familienstand; marital status; Entwicklungsland; developing country; Lateinamerika; Latin America
SSOAR Kategorie:Bevölkerung, Arbeitsmarktforschung
Dokumenttyp:Graue Literatur, Bericht
A stalled revolution? What can we learn from women’s drop-out to part-time jobs: a comparative analysis of Germany and the UK
Autor/in:
Dieckhoff, Martina; Gash, Vanessa; Mertens, Antje; Romeu Gordo, Laura
Quelle: Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, (2016) 46 (B), S 129-140
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This study examines how within-couple inequalities, that is power differences between men and women in a partnership, act as predictors of transitions from full-time to part-time employment applying Heckman corrected probit models in three different institutional and cultural contexts; Eastern Germany, Western Germany and the United Kingdom. The analyses show that when women are in a weaker position within their relationships they are more likely to drop-out of full-time work, but that this propensity varies by context. The authors also find an increased tendency over time for women to leave full-time for part-time employment in both Eastern and Western Germany, but observe no such trend in the UK. This is suggestive of ongoing incompatibilities in the institutional support for equality in dual-earning in Germany. The study uses longitudinal data covering the period 1992 until 2012 from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) for Germany and from the British Household Panel (BHPS) and the ‘Understanding Society’ data for the UK.
Schlagwörter:alte Bundesländer; Erwerbsbeteiligung; Arbeitsteilung; old federal states; part-time work; Haushaltseinkommen; division of labor; Hausarbeit; housework; partnership; Federal Republic of Germany; household income; Großbritannien; Teilzeitarbeit; neue Bundesländer; Partnerschaft; labor force participation; Great Britain; gender-specific factors; New Federal States; Ungleichheit; inequality; cross-national comparison
SSOAR Kategorie:Arbeitsmarktforschung, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Überblick über Arbeitsbedingungen in Österreich: Follow-up-Studie
Autor/in:
Eichmann, Hubert; Saupe, Bernhard
Quelle: Bundesministerium für Arbeit, Soziales und Konsumentenschutz; Wien (Sozialpolitische Studienreihe, 15), 2014. 399 S
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Auf Basis einer breit angelegten Literaturanalyse u. a. mit Sekundäranalysen aus Repräsentativdatensätzen wird ein aktueller Überblick über Arbeits- und Beschäftigungsbedingungen in Österreich erarbeitet. Das abzudeckende Themenspektrum reicht von Beschäftigungsformen, Arbeitszeiten, Einkommen, Arbeitsorganisation, Gesundheit, Weiterbildung bis hin zu subjektiven Einschätzungen der Arbeitsqualität. Darüber hinaus erfolgt eine Einordnung Österreichs im europäischen Vergleich. Die Studie ist als Follow-up des 2010 publizierten Bandes 4 der Sozialpolitischen Studienreihe des BMASK angelegt. Im besonderen Fokus stehen die Entwicklung seit Ausbruch der Finanz- und Wirtschaftskrise und damit einhergehende Veränderungen bei Arbeitsbedingungen.
Schlagwörter:Arbeitsbedingungen; working conditions; Arbeitszeit; working hours; Familie-Beruf; work-family balance; Einkommen; income; Einkommensverteilung; income distribution; gender-specific factors; Arbeitsorganisation; work organization; Mitbestimmung; codetermination; Interessenvertretung; representation of interests; Arbeitsbelastung; workload; Gesundheit; health; Berufsbildung; vocational education; berufliche Weiterbildung; advanced vocational education; Beschäftigungsform; type of employment; Beschäftigtenstruktur; composition of personnel; Erwerbsbeteiligung; labor force participation; Qualifikation; qualification; Arbeitszufriedenheit; work satisfaction; Österreich; Austria
SSOAR Kategorie:Industrie- und Betriebssoziologie, Arbeitssoziologie, industrielle Beziehungen, Arbeitsmarktforschung, Arbeitswelt
Dokumenttyp:Graue Literatur, Bericht
Opportunities, Constraints, and Constrained Opportunities - A Study on Mothers' Working Time Patterns in 22 European Countries
Autor/in:
Salin, Milla
Quelle: Population Research Institute Väestöliitto; Helsinki (Finnish Yearbook of Population Research, Supplement, 49), 2014. 190 S
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The aim of this study was to analyze mothers' working time patters across 22 European countries. The focu was on three questions: how much mothers prefer to work, how much they actually work, and to what degree their preferred and actual working times are (in)consistent with each other. The focus was on cross-national differences in mothers’ working time patterns, comparison of mothers' working times to that of childless women and fathers, as well as on individual- and country-level factors that explain the variation between them. In the theoretical background, the departure point was an integrative theoretical approach where the assumption is that there are various kinds of explanations for the differences in mothers’ working time patterns - namely structural, cultural and institutional -, and that these factors are laid in two levels: individual- and country-levels. Data were extracted from the European Social Survey (ESS) 2010 / 2011. The results showed that mothers' working time patterns, both preferred and actual working times, varied across European countries. Four clusters were formed to illustrate the differences. In the full-time pattern, full-time work was the most important form of work, leaving all other working time forms marginal. The full-time pattern was perceived in terms of preferred working times in Bulgaria and Portugal. In polarised pattern countries, full-time work was also important, but it was accompanied by a large share of mothers not working at all. In the case of preferred working times, many Eastern and Southern European countries followed it whereas in terms of actual working times it included all Eastern and Southern European countries as well as Finland. The combination pattern was characterised by the importance of long part-time hours and full-time work. It was the preferred working time pattern in the Nordic countries, France, Slovenia, and Spain, but Belgium, Denmark, France, Norway, and Sweden followed it in terms of actual working times. The fourth cluster that described mothers’ working times was called the part-time pattern, and it was illustrated by the prevalence of short and long part-time work. In the case of preferred working times, it was followed in Belgium, Germany, Ireland, the Netherlands and Switzerland. Besides Belgium, the part-time pattern was followed in the same countries in terms of actual working times. The consistency between preferred and actual working times was rather strong in a majority of countries. However, six countries fell under different working time patterns when preferred and actual working times were compared. Comparison of working mothers’, childless women’s, and fathers’ working times showed that differences between these groups were surprisingly small. It was only in part-time pattern countries that working mothers worked significantly shorter hours than working childless women and fathers. Results therefore revealed that when mothers’ working times are under study, an important question regarding the population examined is whether it consists of all mothers or only working mothers. Results moreover supported the use of the integrative theoretical approach when studying mothers’ working time patterns. Results indicate that mothers’ working time patterns in all countries are shaped by various opportunities and constraints, which are comprised of structural, cultural, institutional, and individual-level factors.
Schlagwörter:gender relations; Arbeitszeitwunsch; demographic factors; Familienpolitik; gender role; kulturelle Faktoren; desired working hours; Familie-Beruf; work-family balance; Geschlechtsrolle; Europa; labor force participation; soziale Faktoren; comparative research; family policy; vergleichende Forschung; Mutterschaft; motherhood; labor market; Arbeitszeit; Arbeitsmarkt; cultural factors; Erwerbsbeteiligung; Europe; Geschlechterverhältnis; working hours; demographische Faktoren; social factors
SSOAR Kategorie:Arbeitsmarktforschung, Familienpolitik, Jugendpolitik, Altenpolitik, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Familiensoziologie, Sexualsoziologie
Dokumenttyp:Hochschulschrift
Employed or inactive? Cross-national differences in coding parental leave beneficiaries in European labour force survey data
Titelübersetzung:Beschäftigt oder nicht aktiv? Internationale Unterschiede beim Codieren von Elterngeldbeziehern in europäischen Umfrage-Daten zum Arbeitspotenzial
Autor/in:
Mikucka, Malgorzata; Valentova, Marie
Quelle: Survey Research Methods, 7 (2013) 3, S 169-179
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"In survey research the parental leave beneficiaries are usually coded as either employed or inactive. An exception is the European Labor Force Survey (EU-LFS), which includes parental leave among other forms of being employed but temporarily not working. This paper explores classification of parental leave takers in EU-LFS. The authors show that classification rules differ cross-nationally: in some countries parental leave takers are considered inactive, in others - employed but temporarily not working. In particular in the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary and Slovakia the EU-LFS data classify the beneficiaries as inactive. The authors estimate the number of mothers on parental leave in these countries and show that EU-LFS employment rates of women aged 18-40 are biased downwards 2-7 percentage points; for mothers of children aged 0-2 the bias reaches 12-45 percentage points. Their study shows the limited comparability of EU-LFS employment rates and warns about possible bias in cross-national studies." (author's abstract)
Schlagwörter:parental leave; classification; Elternurlaub; Erwerbsbeteiligung; internationaler Vergleich; Klassifikation; labor force participation; international comparison; Mutterschaftsurlaub; error; maternity leave; Fehler
SSOAR Kategorie:Arbeitsmarktforschung, Erhebungstechniken und Analysetechniken der Sozialwissenschaften
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Attempt for Explanation of Declining Labor Force Participation of Women in Turkey through Test of Under-Participation Trap Hypothesis, Applied on Microfinance Survey Data
Autor/in:
Hes, Tomáš; Neradová, Alena; Srnec, Karel
Quelle: International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences, (2013) 7, S 76-85
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Labor markets of Turkey are characterized by low female labor force participation when compared with the OECD, neighbour states and EU averages. Besides, the female labor force participation exhibits an unexplained and suprising declining trend in the last decades. The paper attemps to illuminate the phenomenon searching for contingencies in data presented by working women in a microfinance clientele survey in suburban Ankara, especially focusing on status and family related interrelationships that could provide explanation for the low relative number of working women in labor markets of Turkey, testing the Under-participation trap hypothesis
Schlagwörter:Türkei; Turkey; woman; Erwerbsbeteiligung; labor force participation; soziale Faktoren; social factors; demographische Faktoren; demographic factors; Mikrofinanzierung; microfinance; Microcredit; TGMP; Under Participation Trap
SSOAR Kategorie:Arbeitsmarktforschung, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Rezension: Jutta Allmendinger, 2010: Verschenkte Potenziale? Lebensläufe nicht erwerbstätiger
Frauen
Autor/in:
Knüttel, Katharina
Quelle: GENDER - Zeitschrift für Geschlecht, Kultur und Gesellschaft, 4 (2012) 3, S 163-166
Detailansicht
Schlagwörter:Familie-Beruf; work-family balance; woman; Erwerbsbeteiligung; labor force participation; Lebenslauf; life career; Federal Republic of Germany
SSOAR Kategorie:Arbeitsmarktforschung, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Familiensoziologie, Sexualsoziologie
Dokumenttyp:Rezension