Inhalt: "To examine how an author's gender influences his or her research output, the authors analyzed (not simply scored) more than 900 published articles in nine leading scientific journals in the field of evolutionary ecology. Women were strongly underrepresented in all countries, but this bias is decreasing. Men and women differed significantly in their fields of research, with women preferentially conducting projects on behavior rather than evolution or ecology. Most aspects of the structure of published articles and the level of conceptual generality were unaffected by an author's gender. Because discriminatory practices by reviewers and editors can be manifested in attributes of the articles that survive the review process, the latter result suggests a lack of gender-based discrimination during the review process. Gender differences in research output presumably reflect a complex array of genetic and social influences; a clearer understanding of these causal factors may help identify (and thus reduce) gender-based discrimination." (author's abstract)

Schlagwörter:Diskriminierung; Chancengleichheit; internationaler Vergleich; Ökologie; Wissenschaftlerin; Geschlechterforschung

CEWS Kategorie:Wissenschaft als Beruf, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung

Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz

Inhalt: "This study investigated gender differences in job satisfaction following the first term of a cooperative education program in engineering. Using data from a survey of freshmen, this study tested hypotheses about gender differences in the co-op job experience and the correlates of co-op job satisfaction. Gender-based predictive models of job satisfaction are presented. In general, the correlates of co-op job satisfaction are the same as those identified in past studies of job satisfaction. The level of co-op job satisfaction is the same for men and women, even though women do face some disadvantages. Social influences are important to both men and women, but there are gender differences in the specific predictors." (author's abstract)|

Schlagwörter:Geschlechterforschung; Ingenieurin; Geschlechterverhältnis; Evaluation; Zufriedenheit; Hochschulbildung

CEWS Kategorie:Naturwissenschaft und Technik, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung

Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz

Inhalt: "The field of engineering has been one of the most difficult for women to enter. Even with an increase in the proportion of women in the engineering workforce from 0.3% before the 1970s to 9.5% in 1999, women are still seriously underrepresented. This article examines the history of women in engineering in the United States during World War II. Women were actively recruited as engineering aides by the federal government, which saw them as a temporary substitute for men who were in the military. Yet this crisis did not break down the barriers to and prejudices against women in engineering, nor did it give them a real opportunity to become professional engineers equal to men. After the war, calls for a return to normalcy were used to reestablish social norms, which kept women at home and reserved desirable places in the workforce, including in engineering, for men." (author's abstract)|

Schlagwörter:USA; Ingenieurwissenschaft; Geschlechterforschung; historische Sozialforschung; Ingenieurin; Zweiter Weltkrieg; Geschlechtsrolle; Nordamerika

CEWS Kategorie:Naturwissenschaft und Technik, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung

Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz

Inhalt: "Despite near numeric parity in graduate schools, women and men in science and mathematics may not perceive the same opportunities for career success. Instead, female doctoral students' career ambitions may often be influenced by perceptions of irreconcilable conflicts between personal and academic goals. This article reports the results of a career goals survey of math and science doctoral students at the University of California, Davis. Fewer women than men began their doctoral programs seeking academic research careers. Of those who initially favored academic research, twice as many women as men downgraded these ambitions during graduate school. Women were more likely to feel geographically constrained by family ties and to express concern about balancing work and family, long work hours, and tenure clock inflexibility. These results partially explain why the percentage of women in academic applicant pools is often well below the number of Ph.D. recipients. The current barriers to gender equity thus cannot be completely ameliorated by increasing the number of women in the pipeline or by altered hiring practices, but changes must be undertaken to make academic research careers more flexible, family friendly, and attractive to women." (author's abstract)

Schlagwörter:Promotion; USA; Karriere; Mathematik; Naturwissenschaft; Geschlechterverhältnis; Familie-Beruf; Nordamerika; Karriereplanung

CEWS Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Naturwissenschaft und Technik

Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz

Inhalt: "Sport participation is increasingly seen as a resource with considerable physical, social, and academic benefits. As a new millennium begins with girls more visible in sport, an important question is whether all girls reap these benefits. Although general academic benefits of sport have been shown, the authors' earlier work showed that experience in the male sport domain benefits young women in the elite (often male) science curriculum. Competition, self-esteem, and other individual resources gained through sport are potential sources of success in the similarly competitive male realm of science. In this research, the authors used critical feminist theory to guide their examination of racial and ethnic variations in the relation between sport participation and science experiences for young women. Data from the nationally representative National Education Longitudinal Study were used to explore the impact of sport participation in the 8th and 10th grades on 10th grade science achievement (measured by science grades and standardized test scores) and course taking for African American, Hispanic, and White women. The findings revealed that sport participation has some positive consequences for the science experiences of each of the groups of women. It also has some negative consequences, although the positive consequences outnumber the negative consequences for Hispanic and White, but not African American, women. Sport in 10th grade, especially competitive varsity sport, is most likely to have positive consequences. The findings revealed that each of the groups experiences different routes to success in science, and sport participation is present at some level in each of these routes. A consideration of multiple areas of science experience is important for understanding the connections between race and ethnicity, sport, and science for young women. Unique sociocultural contexts are used to attempt to understand these findings, and implications are discussed." (author's abstract)

Schlagwörter:Sport; USA; Sportler; kulturelle Faktoren; soziokulturelle Faktoren; ethnische Gruppe; Nordamerika

CEWS Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Studium und Studierende

Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz

Inhalt: "Many different programs have been designed to increase girls' interest in and exposure to science, mathematics, engineering, and technology (SMET). Two of these programs are discussed and contrasted in the dimensions of length, level of science content, pedagogical approach, degree of self- vs. parent-selected participants, and amount of communitybuilding content. Two different evaluation tools were used. For one program, a modified version of the University of Pittsburgh's undergraduate engineering attitude assessment survey was used. Program participants' responses were compared to those from a fifth grade, mixed-sex science class. The only gender difference found was in the area of parental encouragement. The girls in the special class were more encouraged to participate in SMET areas. For the second program, a new age-appropriate tool developed specifically for these types of programs was used, and the tool itself was evaluated. The results indicate that the new tool has construct validity. On the basis of these preliminary results, a long-term plan for the continued development of the assessment tool is outlined." (author's abstract)

Schlagwörter:USA; Studienwahl; Studium; Mädchen; Technik; Naturwissenschaft; Mathematik; Ingenieurwissenschaft; Schülerin; Förderungsprogramm; Beurteilung; Nordamerika

CEWS Kategorie:Naturwissenschaft und Technik, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung

Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz

Inhalt: "In this study, gender differences in graduate students' perspectives on the culture of science were examined in two graduate departments (biology and chemistry) at a large research university. Data from a survey questionnaire from 170 students and interviews with 32 of them indicated that the culture of science as experienced by the participants of this study was characterized by competition, a narrow focus, and a belief in objectivity. These perspectives were particularly common among the female students, who also perceived a role conflict between a successful career in science and having a family. The study shows that although women have greater access to careers in science, the culture of the scientific enterprise continues to be based on the masculine ideals of 17th-century England." (author's abstract)

Schlagwörter:Studentin; Student; Familie-Beruf; Wissenschaftsbetrieb; USA; Biologie; Chemie; Nordamerika

CEWS Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Studium und Studierende

Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz

Inhalt: "This article examines the extent to which challenges in the workplace may cause female project managers to be in a significantly small minority. A survey of members of the Australian Institute of Project Management in Queensland is described. This compares the experiences and observations of both men and women on various issues related to technical and gender aspects in project management workplaces. The results show that although female project managers experience many problems, male project managers also experience most of the same problems. Likewise, there are also few differences between more and less experience, the level of management, and types of industries. The differences that do occur involve discrimination against women in general, differences in project management styles, and support from other project managers." (author's abstract)

Schlagwörter:Forschungsprojekt; Führungsposition; Australien; Geschlechterforschung; Pazifischer Raum; Quantität

CEWS Kategorie:Arbeitswelt und Arbeitsmarkt, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung

Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz

Inhalt: "Given indirect indications in sex role and soda! psychology research that mathematical-deductive reasoning may negatively relate to social acuity, Study 1 investigated whether mathematicians were less attributionally complex than nonmathematicians. Study 1 administered the Attributional Complexity Scale, a measure of social acuity, to female and male faculty members and graduate students in four Midwestern schools. Atlrihutional complexity (AC) is the ability and motivation to give complex explanations for behavior. Study 1 found a significant interaction between field and gender. Only among women did mathematicians score lower on AC. In addition, an established gender difference in AC (that women score higher than men) was present only among nonmathematicians. Studies 2 and 3 offered some preliminary support for the possibility that it is generally female students who score tow on AC who aspire to he mathematicians and for the underlying view that female students' perceived similarity to mathematicians can influence their vocational choices." (author's abstract)|

Schlagwörter:Mathematik; Gender; Psychologie; Geschlechtsrolle; Studentin; Student

CEWS Kategorie:Naturwissenschaft und Technik, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung

Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz

Inhalt: "In this essay, the authors examine the crosscutting themes of this special issue as they pertain to policy, research, and evaluation of women and science. Past and current research, theory, frameworks, and programs are discussed in the context of challenges and innovations for methods and policy. The authors assert that the crossroads for gender equity studies lies at the intersection of science and society and argue for the need to build a base of cumulative knowledge for policy and practice." (author's abstract)

Schlagwörter:Naturwissenschaft; Evaluation; Geschlechterforschung; Gleichstellung; Frauenpolitik; USA; Nordamerika

CEWS Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Naturwissenschaft und Technik

Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz