Quelle: Data & Knowledge Engineering, 143 (2023) , 102108 S
Inhalt: Gender inclusion is fundamental to a prosperous society, but inequality and exclusion persist in various sectors of it. One of them is the ICT field, which is still struggling to represent the diversity of those it serves. The lack of diversity and power imbalance in software development affects the produced systems, that, instead of advancing gender inclusion, create new barriers in achieving it. Although considered neutral, software does not equally serve everyone who depends on it, favoring characteristics that are statistically more observed in those that are represented during development. As software development teams are predominantly male, it is not surprising that existing systems favor characteristics that are statistically more observed in men over characteristics observed in other genders. As technologies rapidly evolve and revolutionize the way we live, addressing this problem becomes urgent to ensure that these systems benefit everyone, regardless of their gender. As a first step towards this goal, we performed a systematic mapping study on gender issues in software engineering whose results indicated that gender impacts development and systems, but there are limited approaches for addressing it in Requirements Engineering. This study served as the foundation for proposing a conceptual model for gender-inclusive requirements. Its main objective is to facilitate discussion and analysis of gender and related concepts in the elicitation process to include them in the specification of requirements. In this paper, we extend this work by illustrating the concepts with an example, by presenting a process for using the knowledge of the model and a prototype tool that implements it, and by discussing an evaluation with 31 participants of the conceptual model’s usefulness, difficulty of understanding, strengths and weaknesses, use and recommendation, and finally, its components. The results were positive as both novices and experts in conceptual modeling considered the model useful, provided comprehensive feedback on its strengths but also suggestions for improvement, and most answered positively to the questions about whether they would use and recommend it
Gender Differences in STEM Persistence after Graduation
Autor/in:
Delaney, Judith; Devereux, Paul J.
Quelle: economica, 89 (2022) 356, S 862–883
Inhalt: Much attention is focused on finding ways to encourage females to study STEM in school and college but what actually happens once women complete a STEM degree? We use the UK Quarterly Labour Force Survey to trace out gender differences in STEM persistence over the career. We find a continuous process whereby women are more likely to exit STEM than men. Among holders of STEM undergraduate degrees, women are more likely to obtain a non- STEM master's degree. Then, after entering the labour market, there is a gradual outflow of females during the first 15 years post-graduation so that females are about 20 percentage points less likely to work in STEM compared to their male counterparts. Conditional on leaving STEM, we find that females are more likely to enter the education and health sectors while males are more likely to enter the more lucrative business sector and that this can partly explain the gender pay gap for STEM graduates. Overall, our results suggest that policies that aim to increase the proportion of females studying STEM in school and college may have less effect than expected due to the lower attachment of females to STEM after graduation. Such policies may need to be augmented with efforts to tackle the greater propensity of females to exit STEM throughout the career.
CEWS Kategorie:Arbeitswelt und Arbeitsmarkt, Naturwissenschaft und Technik, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Geschlechterverhältnis
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
The Gender Wage Gap among Ph.D. Holders: Evidence from Italy
Autor/in:
Alfano, Vincenzo; Cicatiello, Lorenzo; Gaeta, Giuseppe Lucio; Pinto, Mauro
Quelle: The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy, 21 (2021) 3, S 1107–1148
Inhalt: This paper contributes to the literature on the gender wage gap by empirically analyzing those workers who hold the highest possible educational qualification, i.e., a Ph.D. The analysis relies on recent Italian cross-sectional data collected through a survey on the employment conditions of Ph.D. holders. The Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition analysis and quantile decomposition analysis are carried out, and the selection of Ph.D. holders into employment and STEM/non-STEM fields of specialization is taken into account. Findings suggest that a gender gap in hourly wages exists among Ph.D. holders, with sizeable differences by sector of employment and field of specialization.
Schlagwörter:gender pay gap; Italien; Italy; Phd; Post-doc; science as a profession; STEM; wissenschaftliche Karriere
CEWS Kategorie:Arbeitswelt und Arbeitsmarkt, Naturwissenschaft und Technik, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Wissenschaft als Beruf
Rezension: Inka Greusing: „Wir haben ja jetzt auch ein paar Damen bei uns“ - Symbolische Grenzziehungen und Heteronormativität in den Ingenieurwissenschaften. Opladen u.a.: Budrich UniPress 2018 - Querelles-net, Jg. 20, Nr. 3 (2019)
Autor/in:
Kaiser, Anelis
Quelle: (2019)
Inhalt: Trotz Bemühungen auf Ebene der Gleichstellung sind Frauen nach wie vor im MINT-Bereich an deutschen Hochschulen unterrepräsentiert. Was mögen die Gründe dafür sein? Mit den Methoden der Sozialwissenschaften untersuchen Wissenschaftler*innen die Ursachen für diese Geschlechter-Disbalance. So auch Inka Greusing in ihrer Dissertationsschrift, in der sie auf verschiedene immanente Strukturen in unseren Köpfen, in unserem Verhalten und in den Studiengängen hinweist. Dadurch wird klar, dass Maßnahmen zur Veränderung der Situation nach wie vor notwendig sind. Die Analyse von Inka Greusing stellt einen sorgfältig ausgearbeiteten Beitrag für das Forschungsfeld Gender Studies in den MINT-Fächern dar.
Guest Editorial: Gender and Masculinities in Careers and Leadership in Higher Education
Autor/in:
Sagebiel, Felizitas; White, Kate
Quelle: International Journal of Gender, Science and Technology, 10 (2018) 1, 6 S
Inhalt: This Special Issue, recognising vertical gender segregation in higher education, combines papers focusing on challenges for women in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) disciplines in career progression and taking on leadership roles.
Schlagwörter:Führungsposition; Geschlecht; Geschlechtersegregation; Karriereentwicklung; Männlichkeit; MINT
CEWS Kategorie:Berufsbiographie und Karriere, Wissenschaft als Beruf, Naturwissenschaft und Technik, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Geschlechterverhältnis
Change and Persistence of Gender Disparities in Academic Careers of Mathematicians and Physicists in Germany
Autor/in:
Langfeldt, Bettina; Mischau, Anina
Quelle: International Journal of Gender, Science and Technology, 10 (2018) 1
Inhalt: This article discusses whether or not gender-related disparities exist within the academic fields of mathematics and physics regarding the application of career knowledge and the experiences of disadvantage in relation to recognition of performance, assessment of professional competencies, and integration into networks. To answer this question, primary data was collected with a structured online survey addressing graduates in both academic fields (n=5,174). The article considers a subsample of respondents working at a university or university of applied sciences (n=1,613). Apart from the gender perspective, other factors potentially influencing the academic careers of mathematicians and physicists, such as being in a certain subject, age cohort or having children, are also considered. Some of the key findings are: a) more gender differences occur in mathematics than in physics; b) the experiences of disadvantage in the workplace constitute a cross-disciplinary phenomenon caused by the gender differentiating academic culture; and c) more female than male academics in both disciplines accept constraints or abandon career goals due to child care. /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Normale Tabelle"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;}
Schlagwörter:academic career; Akademische Karriere; Befragung; career knowledge; Deutschland; Diskriminierung; gender disparities; German higher education system; Geschlechterungleichheit; Hochschule; Hochschulsystem; Karriereplanung; Karriereweg; Leistungsbewertung; mathematics; Mathematik; Netzwerk; physics; Physik; wissenschaftliche Karriere
CEWS Kategorie:Berufsbiographie und Karriere, Wissenschaft als Beruf, Gleichstellungspolitik, Naturwissenschaft und Technik, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Assessing the landscape of US postdoctoral salaries
Autor/in:
Athanasiadou, Rodoniki; Bankston, Adriana; Carlisle, McKenzie; Niziolek, Caroline A.; McDowell, Gary S.
Quelle: Studies in Graduate and Postdoctoral Education, 9 (2018) 2, S 213–242
Inhalt: Purpose - Postdocs make up a significant portion of the biomedical workforce. However, data about the postdoctoral position are generally scarce, and no systematic study of the landscape of individual postdoc salaries in the USA has previously been carried out. The purpose of this study was to assess actual salaries for postdocs using data gathered from US public institutions; determine how these salaries may vary with postdoc title, institutional funding and geographic region; and reflect on which institutional and federal policy measures may have the greatest impact on salaries nationally.
Design/methodology/approach - Freedom of Information Act Requests were submitted to US public universities or university systems containing campuses with at least 300 science, engineering and health postdocs, according to the 2015 National Science Foundation's Survey of Graduate Students and Postdoctorates in Science and Engineering. Salaries and job titles of postdocs as of December 1, 2016, were requested.
Findings - Salaries and job titles for nearly 14,000 postdocs at 52 US institutions around December 1, 2016, were received. Individual postdoc names were also received for approximately 7,000 postdocs, and departmental affiliations were received for 4,000 postdocs. This exploratory study shows evidence of a postdoc gender pay gap, a significant influence of job title on postdoc salary and a complex relationship between salaries and the level of institutional National Institutes of Health/NSF funding.
Originality/value - These results provide insights into the ability of institutions to collate and report out annualized salary data on their postdocs, highlighting difficulties faced in tracking and reporting data on this population by institutional administration. Ultimately, these types of efforts, aimed at increasing transparency regarding the postdoctoral position, may lead to improved support for postdocs at all US institutions and allow greater agency for postdocs making decisions based on financial concerns.
Schlagwörter:Biologie; Biomedical Research; gender pay gap; Geschlechterverhältnis; Post-doc; public universities and colleges; STEM; USA
CEWS Kategorie:Naturwissenschaft und Technik, Hochschulen, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Geschlechterverhältnis
Inhalt: Biases against women in the workplace have been documented in a variety of studies. This paper presents a large scale study on gender bias, where we compare acceptance rates of contributions from men versus women in an open source software community. Surprisingly, our results show that women’s contributions tend to be accepted more often than men’s. However, for contributors who are outsiders to a project and their gender is identifiable, men’s acceptance rates are higher. Our results suggest that although women on GitHub may be more competent overall, bias against them exists nonetheless.
Schlagwörter:acceptance; biases against women; competence; gender stereotypes; Women In Science
CEWS Kategorie:Arbeitswelt und Arbeitsmarkt, Naturwissenschaft und Technik, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Titelübersetzung:The concept of intersectionality in internet research
Autor/in:
Carstensen, Tanja; Winker, Gabriele
Quelle: Medien & Kommunikationswissenschaft, Jg. 60 (2012) H. 1, S. 3-23
Inhalt: "Das Konzept der Intersektionalität entwickelt sich in der Geschlechterforschung zurzeit zu einem neuen Paradigma. Intersektionalität ist der Versuch, die Verwobenheiten und Wechselwirkungen von verschiedenen Ungleichheitskategorien bzw. Herrschaftsverhältnissen zu analysieren. Auch die sozialwissenschaftliche Internetforschung behandelt seit Jahren Fragen der (Re-)Produktion von sozialen Ungleichheiten und Diskriminierungsmechanismen. Allerdings sind die Fragestellungen heterogen. Im vorliegenden Artikel geben wir zunächst einen Überblick über den sozialwissenschaftlichen Forschungsstand zum Verhältnis von Internet und sozialer Ungleichheit. Anschließend stellen wir das Konzept der intersektionalen Mehrebenenanalyse vor. Im Mittelpunkt des Textes steht der Vorschlag für ein Forschungsdesign, anhand dessen intersektionale Ansprüche innerhalb der sozialwissenschaftlichen Internetforschung verwirklicht werden und einige der momentan unverbundenen Forschungsansätze zu Ungleichheit und Internet zusammengeführt werden können." (Autorenreferat)
Inhalt: "In the field of Gender Studies, the concept of intersectionality has risen to a new paradigm. Intersectionality includes the attempt to analyse relations and interactions between inequality and power relations. Similarly, sociological Internet researchers investigate questions relating to the (re-)production of social inequality and discrimination; however, the issues they are dealing with differ from those in Gender Studies. This paper begins by providing an overview over the existing research within sociological research on the Internet and on matters of social inequality. We then proceed by introducing the method of intersectional multi-level analysis. Essentially, we suggest a research design that accounts for the realisation of intersectional claims within sociological Internet research and connects some of the unconnected research on inequality and the Internet." (author's abstract)
'Hegemoniale Männlichkeiten' als narrative Distinktionspraxis im Wissenschaftsspiel : wissenschaftssoziologische Perspektiven auf historische technikwissenschaftliche Erzählungen
Titelübersetzung:'Hegemonic masculinities' as a narrative practice of social distinction in the 'scientific game' : sociology of science perspectives on historical narratives in engineering
Autor/in:
Paulitz, Tanja
Quelle: Österreichische Zeitschrift für Soziologie : Vierteljahresschrift der Österreichischen Gesellschaft für Soziologie, Jg. 37 (2012) H. 1, S. 45-64
Inhalt: "Der Artikel diskutiert theoretisch und methodisch die Analyse narrativer Konstruktionen von Geschlecht aus wissenschaftssoziologischer Perspektive. Er versteht sich als Beitrag zu einer Erweiterung der Diskursforschung durch Impulse aus der Praxistheorie und so zur Untersuchung wissenschaftlicher Narrative als routinisierte 'strategische Fiktionen' im Kontext geschlechtlich codierter Grenzziehungsarbeit (boundary work). Zusätzlich knüpft der Artikel an neuere Debatten zum Konzept 'hegemonialer Männlichkeit' als generatives Prinzip an und interessiert sich für Praktiken, im Zuge derer multiple, komplexe und kontext-spezifische Versionen hegemonialer Männlichkeit entworfen werden, und zwar als Resultat diskursiver Kämpfe und auch als Ergebnis des Wettbewerbs unter Männern. Die empirische Untersuchung von Narrativen rekonstruiert folglich Praktiken der symbolischen Distinktion und Situierung von vergeschlechtlichten Akteuren im sozialen Feld der Wissenschaft. Dies wird am Beispiel der Professionalisierung der modernen Technikwissenschaften im deutschsprachigen Raum in der Zeit von den 1870er Jahren bis zur Jahrhundertwende illustriert. In ihren Schriften entwarfen die Technikwissenschaftler anfangs den 'Maschinenwissenschaftler' als neutralisierte Position wissenschaftlicher Objektivität mit Hilfe eines Fortschrittsnarrativs. Später löste der 'Mann der Tat' das vorherige Konzept ab. Mit Hilfe eines Ursprungsnarrativs wurde nun technische Kompetenz naturalisiert und als besondere Gabe der Geschlechtsnatur des Mannes verstanden. Beide Narrative werden als je spezifische Art und Weise der Herstellung von Männlichkeit gedeutet, mit denen Ingenieure jeweils für eine dominante Position im Wissenschaftsspiel kämpften, nicht nur in Bezug auf Frauen, sondern auch in Bezug auf andere soziale Gruppen von Männern." (Autorenreferat)
Inhalt: "The paper focuses theoretically and methodologically on the analysis of narrative constructions of gender from the perspective of sociology of science. It contributes to discussions about extending discourse analytical perspectives by impulses from theories of social practice. Thus it suggests analyzing scientific narratives as routinized 'strategic fictions' in the context of gendered boundary work. Additionally, it draws on recent discussions on the concept of 'hegemonic masculinity' as a generative principle and asks theoretically about practices in the course of which multiple, complex and context-specific versions of hegemonic masculinity are drafted as the outcome of discursive struggles and also of the competition among men. The empirical analysis thus reconstructs narrative practices of symbolically distinguishing and situating gendered actors in the social field of science. This is illustrated at the example of the professionalization of modern German engineering in the time period from the 1870ies until the turn of the century. In their writings engineering scholars initially composed the 'scientist of machinery' as the symbolically neutralized position of objectivity by following a narrative of progress. Later the engineer as the 'man of action' displaced the former concept by now stressing a narrative of a pre-historical origin of technological man whose competence is a gift of the nature of his sex. Both narratives are interpreted as an, in each case, specific mode of masculinity construction in order to struggle for a dominant position not only with respect to women but also to other social groups of men." (author's abstract)
