Quelle: The Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Gender and Sexuality Studies. Malden, MA, 2016
Inhalt: The dual labor market theory is one of the primary explanations for the gender differences in earnings. It shows that gender inequality and stereotypes lead to employment of men and women in different segments of the labor market characterized by various incomes. This theory is based on the hypothesis that such markets are divided into segments, which are divided by different rules of conduct for workers and employers. Differences also include production conditions, terms of employment, productivity of employees, and the characteristics of the workers' jobs. This labor division is related to employee characteristics such as gender, age, and race that define their work environment and lifestyle.
Schlagwörter:employment; gender division of labor; labor; labour market; work
SSOAR Kategorie:Arbeitsmarktforschung, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Quelle: Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung gGmbH; Berlin (Discussion Papers / Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung, P 2014-007), 2014. 59 S
Inhalt: Begünstigt freiwilliges Engagement die Integration von Wiedereinsteigerinnen in das Erwerbsleben? In Wissenschaft und Politik wird vermehrt diskutiert, wie Frauen, besonders nach familienbedingten Erwerbsunterbrechungen, schneller in den Arbeitsmarkt integriert werden können. Aus politischer Sicht wird das freiwillige Engagement als ein Instrument betrachtet, das Frauen beim Wiedereinstieg in das Erwerbsleben helfen kann. Doch welche Potentiale bietet freiwilliges Engagement für den Wiedereinstieg nicht erwerbstätiger Frauen in den Arbeitsmarkt tatsächlich? Ist es berechtigt den Wiedereinsteigerinnen Hoffnung zu machen und das auf altruistischen Gedanken beruhende und am Gemeinwohl orientierte freiwillige Engagement für den Arbeitsmarkt zu instrumentalisieren? Der vorliegende Text geht im Rahmen des vom Bundesministerium für Familien, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend geförderten Projektes "Berufsrückkehrerinnen: Die Potentiale nicht erwerbstätiger Frauen für den Arbeitsmarkt" dieser Frage nach und bewertet systematisch die schlechte Datenlage zum Thema. (Autorenreferat)
Schlagwörter:bürgerschaftliches Engagement; citizens' involvement; Freiwilligkeit; voluntariness; Federal Republic of Germany; Arbeitsmarkt; labor market; woman; Berufstätigkeit; gainful occupation
SSOAR Kategorie:Arbeitsmarktforschung, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Opportunities, Constraints, and Constrained Opportunities - A Study on Mothers' Working Time Patterns in 22 European Countries
Autor/in:
Salin, Milla
Quelle: Population Research Institute Väestöliitto; Helsinki (Finnish Yearbook of Population Research, Supplement, 49), 2014. 190 S
Inhalt: The aim of this study was to analyze mothers' working time patters across 22 European countries. The focu was on three questions: how much mothers prefer to work, how much they actually work, and to what degree their preferred and actual working times are (in)consistent with each other. The focus was on cross-national differences in mothers’ working time patterns, comparison of mothers' working times to that of childless women and fathers, as well as on individual- and country-level factors that explain the variation between them. In the theoretical background, the departure point was an integrative theoretical approach where the assumption is that there are various kinds of explanations for the differences in mothers’ working time patterns - namely structural, cultural and institutional -, and that these factors are laid in two levels: individual- and country-levels. Data were extracted from the European Social Survey (ESS) 2010 / 2011. The results showed that mothers' working time patterns, both preferred and actual working times, varied across European countries. Four clusters were formed to illustrate the differences. In the full-time pattern, full-time work was the most important form of work, leaving all other working time forms marginal. The full-time pattern was perceived in terms of preferred working times in Bulgaria and Portugal. In polarised pattern countries, full-time work was also important, but it was accompanied by a large share of mothers not working at all. In the case of preferred working times, many Eastern and Southern European countries followed it whereas in terms of actual working times it included all Eastern and Southern European countries as well as Finland. The combination pattern was characterised by the importance of long part-time hours and full-time work. It was the preferred working time pattern in the Nordic countries, France, Slovenia, and Spain, but Belgium, Denmark, France, Norway, and Sweden followed it in terms of actual working times. The fourth cluster that described mothers’ working times was called the part-time pattern, and it was illustrated by the prevalence of short and long part-time work. In the case of preferred working times, it was followed in Belgium, Germany, Ireland, the Netherlands and Switzerland. Besides Belgium, the part-time pattern was followed in the same countries in terms of actual working times. The consistency between preferred and actual working times was rather strong in a majority of countries. However, six countries fell under different working time patterns when preferred and actual working times were compared. Comparison of working mothers’, childless women’s, and fathers’ working times showed that differences between these groups were surprisingly small. It was only in part-time pattern countries that working mothers worked significantly shorter hours than working childless women and fathers. Results therefore revealed that when mothers’ working times are under study, an important question regarding the population examined is whether it consists of all mothers or only working mothers. Results moreover supported the use of the integrative theoretical approach when studying mothers’ working time patterns. Results indicate that mothers’ working time patterns in all countries are shaped by various opportunities and constraints, which are comprised of structural, cultural, institutional, and individual-level factors.
Schlagwörter:gender relations; Arbeitszeitwunsch; demographic factors; Familienpolitik; gender role; kulturelle Faktoren; desired working hours; Familie-Beruf; work-family balance; Geschlechtsrolle; Europa; labor force participation; soziale Faktoren; comparative research; family policy; vergleichende Forschung; Mutterschaft; motherhood; labor market; Arbeitszeit; Arbeitsmarkt; cultural factors; Erwerbsbeteiligung; Europe; Geschlechterverhältnis; working hours; demographische Faktoren; social factors
SSOAR Kategorie:Arbeitsmarktforschung, Familienpolitik, Jugendpolitik, Altenpolitik, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Familiensoziologie, Sexualsoziologie
Teilhabe von Aufstocker/innen: die Gleichzeitigkeit von Erwerbstätigkeit und SGB II
Autor/in:
Graf, Julia
Quelle: Marburg, 2013. 273 S
Inhalt: Die Doktorarbeit rückt die Frage ins Zentrum wie sich die Teilhabemöglichkeiten von Aufstocker/innen, d.h. Erwerbstätigen die ´Hartz IV´ beziehen, darstellen. Normativer Fokus ist, dass eine Demokratie gleichberechtigte Teilhabe aller Gesellschaftsmitglieder gewährleisten sollte. Der verwendete Begriff von Teilhabe leitet sich dabei aus der Demokratietheorie Nancy Frasers ab und nimmt deshalb insbesondere Fragen von Verteilung, von Anerkennung und von Repräsentation in den Blick. Anhand von Interviews mit Aufstocker/innen und der Auswertung des Panels Arbeitsmarkt und Soziale Sicherung werden die Teilhabemöglichkeiten von Aufstocker/innen beleuchtet. Dabei zeigt sich, dass diese 1,3 Millionen Personen (Januar 2013) in Bezug auf Teilhabemöglichkeiten sowohl einige Gemeinsamkeiten aufweisen, als sich die Lage Einzelner auch unter anderem nach Geschlecht, Haushaltszusammensetzung und Erwerbstätigkeitstyp unterscheidet. In manchen Bereichen des Arbeitsmarktes (wie dem Reinigungswesen oder bei Minijobs), ist beispielsweise bis zu einem Fünftel aller Beschäftigten in dieser Situation. So zeigen sich in Bezug auf die Aufstocker/inen viele allgemeine Entwicklungen des Arbeitsmarktes wie Möglichkeiten zum Drücken von Löhnen nach unten, Niedriglöhne, Dominanz von Minijobs, Problematiken feminisierter Beschäftigungsformen oder auch die Armutsproblematik von Familien mit Kindern.
Schlagwörter:Hartz-Reform; Hartz-Reform; Arbeitsmarktpolitik; labor market policy; Sozialpolitik; social policy; Prekarisierung; precariousness; Geschlechterforschung; gender studies; Leiharbeit; temporary work; geringfügige Beschäftigung; minimal employment; allein erziehender Elternteil; single parent; Demokratie; democracy; Partizipation; participation; soziale Sicherung; social security; Leistungsbezug; receipt of benefits; Hinzuverdienst; additional income; Gerechtigkeit; justice; Ungleichheit; inequality; Geschlechterverhältnis; gender relations; soziale Anerkennung; social recognition; Armut; poverty; Erwerbstätigkeit; gainful employment; Federal Republic of Germany; Aufstocker; Minijobs; Nancy Fraser
SSOAR Kategorie:Arbeitsmarktforschung, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, soziale Sicherung, soziale Probleme, Arbeitsmarktpolitik
Attempt for Explanation of Declining Labor Force Participation of Women in Turkey through Test of Under-Participation Trap Hypothesis, Applied on Microfinance Survey Data
Autor/in:
Hes, Tomáš; Neradová, Alena; Srnec, Karel
Quelle: International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences, (2013) 7, S 76-85
Inhalt: Labor markets of Turkey are characterized by low female labor force participation when compared with the OECD, neighbour states and EU averages. Besides, the female labor force participation exhibits an unexplained and suprising declining trend in the last decades. The paper attemps to illuminate the phenomenon searching for contingencies in data presented by working women in a microfinance clientele survey in suburban Ankara, especially focusing on status and family related interrelationships that could provide explanation for the low relative number of working women in labor markets of Turkey, testing the Under-participation trap hypothesis
Schlagwörter:Türkei; Turkey; woman; Erwerbsbeteiligung; labor force participation; soziale Faktoren; social factors; demographische Faktoren; demographic factors; Mikrofinanzierung; microfinance; Microcredit; TGMP; Under Participation Trap
SSOAR Kategorie:Arbeitsmarktforschung, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Branchenspezifische Verdienstunterschiede zwischen Männern und Frauen
Autor/in:
Pristl, Karl
Quelle: Statistisches Monatsheft Baden-Württemberg, (2012) 9, S 24-29
Schlagwörter:Mann; man; woman; Federal Republic of Germany; Baden-Württemberg; Baden-Württemberg; Beschäftigungssituation; employment situation; Frauenanteil; proportion of women; Unternehmensgröße; size of enterprise; Einkommen; income; Wirtschaftszweig; branch of the economy; Einkommensunterschied; difference in income
SSOAR Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Arbeitsmarktforschung
Polish "handymen" in Germany: an example for the neglected "male" side of commodified reproductive work?
Autor/in:
Palenga-Möllenbeck, Ewa
Quelle: Universität Bielefeld, Fak. für Soziologie, Centre on Migration, Citizenship and Development (COMCAD); Bielefeld (COMCAD Working Papers, 109), 2012. 10 S
Schlagwörter:labor migration; role distribution; Betreuung; Pole; Pole; Hausarbeit; Rollenverteilung; role image; housework; Migrant; Arbeitsmigration; Federal Republic of Germany; social inequality; man; Rollenbild; labor market; Arbeitsmarkt; gender; care; migrant; Gender; child care; Mann; Kinderbetreuung; gender-specific factors; soziale Ungleichheit
SSOAR Kategorie:Arbeitsmarktforschung, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Migration
The Effect of Gender and Ethnicity and their Intersection on Work Satisfaction and Earnings in Estonia, 1993-2008
Autor/in:
Hansson, Leeni; Aavik, Kadri
Quelle: Studies of Transition States and Societies, 4 (2012) 2, S 3-19
Inhalt: "This article examines trends in the labour market position, defined in terms of three dimensions - earnings, perceived job security and overall job satisfaction - among four population groups in Estonia - Estonian men and women and Russian-speaking men and women. We explore how the labour market position of these groups changed between 1993 and 2008. We used data from 1993 and 2008, collected in the population survey Work, Family and Leisure, designed by the Institute of International and Social Studies at Tallinn University. We carried out a two-step analysis: first, we conducted descriptive analysis to explore changes in the labour market situation of men and women of two ethnic groups in the period of 1993-2008; and second, we used models of multivariate analysis of variances to examine how gender, ethnicity and occupational status as well as the intersection of these variables are related to earnings, job security and job satisfaction. We found that Estonian men have emerged as the most successful group in the labour market, while the labour market position of Russian-speaking women is the most disadvantaged compared to other groups in terms of earnings, job security and job satisfaction. We suggest that these labour market inequalities could be increasing, and that the interaction of gender and ethnicity might become increasingly important in shaping labour market outcomes." (author's abstract)
Schlagwörter:Arbeitsmarkt; labor market; Estland; Estonia; Einkommen; income; Arbeitszufriedenheit; work satisfaction; gender-specific factors; Mann; man; woman; Ethnizität; ethnicity; Stellung im Beruf; occupational status; soziale Ungleichheit; social inequality; Intersektionalität; intersectionality; postsozialistisches Land; post-socialist country
SSOAR Kategorie:Arbeitsmarktforschung, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
