Respondents' sense of national / European identity

People differ in what they think it means to be (NATIONALITY). In your view, among the following, what do you think are the most important characteristics to be (NATIONALITY)?

And in terms of being European, among the following, what do you think are the most important characteristics?

To be christian
To share (NATIONALITY) / European cultural traditions
To be born in (COUNTRY) / Europe
To have at least one (NATIONALITY) / European parents
To feel (NATIONALITY) / European
[UNI-LANGUAGE COUNTRIES:] To master (COUNTRY LANGUAGE) [MULTI-LANGUAGE COUNTRIES:] To master one of the official languages of (OUR COUNTRY) / any European language, in addition to your own language
To exercise citizen rights, for example voting in (OUR COUNTRY) / ... for example voting in the European Elections
To have been brought up in (OUR COUNTRY) / ... in a European Country
Being active in any association or organization in (OUR COUNTRY) / ... involving other EU citizens

ZA Study Number	Eurobarometer	Fieldwork Month	Fieldwork Year	Question Number	Variable Name (1)
4973	71.3	6-7	2009	QE2 / QE3
5233	73.3	3-4	2010	QB1

The European identity can be composed of several elements. In your opinion, which of the following are the most important elements that go to make up the European identity?

History / (73.3:) Common history
Geography
Democratic values / (starting with 77.4:) The values of democracy and freedom
(73.3 only:) A high level of social protection
Culture / (73.3:) Common culture
(73.3 only:) Common religious heritage
The single currency, the euro
The European anthem / (73.3:) Symbols: flag, hymn, motto "unity in diversity"
The European flag / (73.3:) Symbols: flag, hymn, motto "unity in diversity"
The EU motto: "Unity in diversity" / (73.3:) Symbols: flag, hymn, motto "unity in diversity"
The success of the European economy (not in 73.3)

ZA Study Number	Eurobarometer	Fieldwork Month	Fieldwork Year	Question Number	Variable Name (1)
4819	70.1	10-11	2008	QD21
4973	71.3	6-7	2009	QE1
5233	73.3	3-4	2010	QB2
5612	77.3	5	2012	QD7
5613	77.4	6	2012	QP9
5875	79.5	6	2013	QP28
5933	82.4	11-12	2014	QP11
6596	84.1	9	2015	QP16

In your opinion, among the following issues, which are those that most create a feeling of community among European Union citizens?

History
Religion
Values
Geography
Languages
Legislation (EB 80.1 ff.: Laws; EB82.3 ff.: The rule of law)
Sports
Inventions, Science and Technology
Economy
Health care, education, pensions
Solidarity with poorer regions
Culture
Other
None, such a feeling does not exist (SPONTANEOUS)
None (SPONTANEOUS)

ZA Study Number	Eurobarometer	Fieldwork Month	Fieldwork Year	Question Number	Variable Name (1)
4819	67.2	10-11	2008	QA40
5233	77.3	3-4	2010	QD9
5689	79.3	5	2013	QD8
5876	80.1	11	2013	QD9
5928	81.4	5-6	2014	QD6
5932	82.3	11	2014	QD6
5998	83.3	5	2015	QD4
6643	84.3	11	2015	QD6
6788	86.2	11	2016	QD5
6863	87.3	5	2017	QD6
6928	88.3	11	2017	QD5
6963	89.1	3	2018	QD5
7489	90.3	11	2018	QD5
7576	91.5	6-7	2019	QD5
7601	92.3	11-12	2019	QC4
7649	93.1	7-8	2020	QC4
7780	94.3	2-3	2021	QC4
7783	95.3	6-7	2021	QC4
7848	96.3	1-2	2022	QC4
7902	97.5	6-7	2022	QD4
7953	98.2	1-2	2023	QD4
7997	99.4	5-´6	2023	QD4
8779	100.2	10-11	2023	QC4

(1) Please note that the variable names refer to the final ICPSR/ZA codebook editions, if available.