Mixed-Mode Surveys

Mixing survey modes for data collection can have positive effects on response rates, sample balance, and survey costs. However, data collected in multiple modes may also suffer from mode measurement effects. In this Survey Guideline, we give an overview of empirical evidence related to the benefits and drawbacks of using multiple modes for data collection and outline some recommendations for the implementation of mixed-mode surveys. Finally, we provide a brief outlook on the perspectives of mixed-mode surveys in the survey landscape.