Respondents' sense of national / European identity
People differ in what they think it means to be (NATIONALITY). In your view, among the following, what do you think are the most important characteristics to be (NATIONALITY)?
And in terms of being European, among the following, what do you think are the most important characteristics?
- To be christian
- To share (NATIONALITY) / European cultural traditions
- To be born in (COUNTRY) / Europe
- To have at least one (NATIONALITY) / European parents
- To feel (NATIONALITY) / European
- [UNI-LANGUAGE COUNTRIES:] To master (COUNTRY LANGUAGE) [MULTI-LANGUAGE COUNTRIES:] To master one of the official languages of (OUR COUNTRY) / any European language, in addition to your own language
- To exercise citizen rights, for example voting in (OUR COUNTRY) / ... for example voting in the European Elections
- To have been brought up in (OUR COUNTRY) / ... in a European Country
- Being active in any association or organization in (OUR COUNTRY) / ... involving other EU citizens
| ZA Study Number | Eurobarometer | Fieldwork Month | Fieldwork Year | Question Number | Variable Name (1) |
| 4973 | 71.3 | 6-7 | 2009 | QE2 / QE3 | |
| 5233 | 73.3 | 3-4 | 2010 | QB1 | |
The European identity can be composed of several elements. In your opinion, which of the following are the most important elements that go to make up the European identity?
- History / (73.3:) Common history
- Geography
- Democratic values / (starting with 77.4:) The values of democracy and freedom
- (73.3 only:) A high level of social protection
- Culture / (73.3:) Common culture
- (73.3 only:) Common religious heritage
- The single currency, the euro
- The European anthem / (73.3:) Symbols: flag, hymn, motto "unity in diversity"
- The European flag / (73.3:) Symbols: flag, hymn, motto "unity in diversity"
- The EU motto: "Unity in diversity" / (73.3:) Symbols: flag, hymn, motto "unity in diversity"
- The success of the European economy (not in 73.3)
| ZA Study Number | Eurobarometer | Fieldwork Month | Fieldwork Year | Question Number | Variable Name (1) |
| 4819 | 70.1 | 10-11 | 2008 | QD21 | |
| 4973 | 71.3 | 6-7 | 2009 | QE1 | |
| 5233 | 73.3 | 3-4 | 2010 | QB2 | |
| 5612 | 77.3 | 5 | 2012 | QD7 | |
| 5613 | 77.4 | 6 | 2012 | QP9 | |
| 5875 | 79.5 | 6 | 2013 | QP28 | |
| 5933 | 82.4 | 11-12 | 2014 | QP11 | |
| 6596 | 84.1 | 9 | 2015 | QP16 | |
In your opinion, among the following issues, which are those that most create a feeling of community among European Union citizens?
- History
- Religion
- Values
- Geography
- Languages
- Legislation (EB 80.1 ff.: Laws; EB82.3 ff.: The rule of law)
- Sports
- Inventions, Science and Technology
- Economy
- Health care, education, pensions
- Solidarity with poorer regions
- Culture
- Other
- None, such a feeling does not exist (SPONTANEOUS)
- None (SPONTANEOUS)
ZA Study Number | Eurobarometer | Fieldwork Month | Fieldwork Year | Question Number | Variable Name (1) |
| 4819 | 67.2 | 10-11 | 2008 | QA40 | |
| 5233 | 77.3 | 3-4 | 2010 | QD9 | |
| 5689 | 79.3 | 5 | 2013 | QD8 | |
| 5876 | 80.1 | 11 | 2013 | QD9 | |
| 5928 | 81.4 | 5-6 | 2014 | QD6 | |
| 5932 | 82.3 | 11 | 2014 | QD6 | |
| 5998 | 83.3 | 5 | 2015 | QD4 | |
| 6643 | 84.3 | 11 | 2015 | QD6 | |
| 6788 | 86.2 | 11 | 2016 | QD5 | |
| 6863 | 87.3 | 5 | 2017 | QD6 | |
| 6928 | 88.3 | 11 | 2017 | QD5 | |
| 6963 | 89.1 | 3 | 2018 | QD5 | |
| 7489 | 90.3 | 11 | 2018 | QD5 | |
| 7576 | 91.5 | 6-7 | 2019 | QD5 | |
| 7601 | 92.3 | 11-12 | 2019 | QC4 | |
| 7649 | 93.1 | 7-8 | 2020 | QC4 | |
| 7780 | 94.3 | 2-3 | 2021 | QC4 | |
| 7783 | 95.3 | 6-7 | 2021 | QC4 | |
| 7848 | 96.3 | 1-2 | 2022 | QC4 | |
| 7902 | 97.5 | 6-7 | 2022 | QD4 | |
| 7953 | 98.2 | 1-2 | 2023 | QD4 | |
| 7997 | 99.4 | 5-´6 | 2023 | QD4 |
(1) Please note that the variable names refer to the final ICPSR/ZA codebook editions, if available.