Blood is Thicker than Water: Family Ties to Political Power Worldwide
Titelübersetzung:Blut ist dicker als Wasser: Familienbindungen und weltweite politische Machtbeziehungen
Autor/in:
Jalalzai, Farida; Rincker, Meg
Quelle: Historical Social Research, 43 (2018) 4, S 54-72
Inhalt: This article analyzes the relevance of family ties for the recruitment of chief executives - presidents or prime ministers - with special emphasis on gender. Based on a cross-national data-set examining political chief executives from 2000-2017 in five world regions (Sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America, Asia, Europe, and North America), we test several hypotheses and present four main results. First, belonging to a political family (BPF), is an advantage to entering national executive positions around the world, for both democracies and non-democracies. Among those with a sizeable number of executives in this period, regions range from 9 percent (Africa) to 13 percent (Latin America and Europe) of executives BPF. Second, executives’ family ties are more powerful (with a previous chief executive) in Asia, Africa, and Latin America and more direct (with an immediate family member) in Asia and Africa. Across the globe, women only made up 6% of chief executives in the time period. Third, females who manage to become chief executives are more often BPF than their male counterparts, particularly in Asia and Latin America. Fourth, regardless of region, family ties nearly always originate from men, not women.
Schlagwörter:Führungskraft; executive; Präsident; president; Ministerpräsident; minister-president; politische Elite; political elite; Rekrutierung; recruitment; politisches System; political system; politische Macht; political power; gender-specific factors; Familie; family; internationaler Vergleich; international comparison; family ties; executive; political recruitment; gender, democracy
SSOAR Kategorie:politische Willensbildung, politische Soziologie, politische Kultur
Quelle: Zeitschrift für Familienforschung, 30 (2018) 1, S 96-119
Inhalt: Educational expansion, the massive increase of women’s labor force participation, and assortative mating have reduced asymmetries in educational achievements and in career resources between women and men in virtually every Western society. This paper provides an analysis of the association between partners' education, parenthood, and spouses' relative labor supply in East and West Germany. Education is considered from two angles: as an indicator for resources on the labor market or as an indicator for gender attitudes. We apply cross-sectional data from the 2011 German Microcensus, comprising 57,366 couple households. For our estimations, we use General Linear Models. Because of high case numbers, we are able to estimate several interaction effects in statistical powerful detail. We find that (1) a woman's share of paid work is higher, the higher she is educated; (2) women with higher education than their male partners realize higher shares of relative employment (in comparison to other women); (3) women rarely realize a share of 50% or higher on average in any educational composition; (4) especially young children have a huge impact on women's labor supply; and (5) women's comparative educational advantages are more important for their share of paid work in West than in East Germany. Neither interpretation of relative education can explain the overall picture of couples’ division of paid work alone. Depending on parenthood, the age of the youngest child in the household, and the regional context, either normative, or economic exchanges between partners seem to drive the association between relative education, and relative labor supply of women. We demonstrate the usefulness of two theoretical approaches of framing education as an explanatory concept.
Schlagwörter:Partnerschaft; partnership; Bildungsniveau; level of education; Erwerbsbeteiligung; labor force participation; Elternschaft; parenthood; gender-specific factors; Geschlechtsrolle; gender role; Frauenerwerbstätigkeit; women's employment; Familie; family; Federal Republic of Germany; alte Bundesländer; old federal states; neue Bundesländer; New Federal States
SSOAR Kategorie:Familiensoziologie, Sexualsoziologie, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
When working isn't enough: Family demographic processes and in-work poverty across the life course in the United States
Autor/in:
Van Winkle, Zachary; Struffolino, Emanuela
Quelle: Demographic Research, 39 (2018) , S 365-380
Inhalt: [Background:] In-work poverty, a phenomenon that engenders social exclusion, is exceptionally high in the United States. The literature on in-work poverty focuses on occupational polarization, human capital, demographic characteristics, and welfare generosity. However, we have no knowledge on the effects of family demographic processes on in-work poverty across individuals' life courses. [Objective:] We estimate the risk of in-work poverty in the United States over the life course as a function of family demographic processes, namely leaving the parental home, union formation and dissolution, and the transition to parenthood. [Methods:] We use data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) and fixed effects regression models with interactions between age and each family demographic process to estimate age-specific associations between these processes and the probability of in-work poverty. [Results:] In-work poverty is a common phenomenon across the life courses of our study cohort: 20% of individuals are at risk of in-work poverty at every age. However, the risk generally decreases for men and increases for women across the life course. Leaving the parental home, entering parenthood, and separation increase, while marriage decreases the risk of in-work poverty. While the associations between marital statuses and in-work poverty are stable over the life course, the associations between parental home leaving and fertility with in-work poverty vary by age. [Contribution:] Our findings demonstrate the importance of family demographic processes over and above traditional stratification factors for the risk of in-work poverty. Associations between family demographic processes and in-work poverty estimated for all age groups may be grossly underestimated.
Schlagwörter:Erwerbsbeteiligung; demographic factors; life career; Armut; Familie; wirtschaftliche Faktoren; Einkommensunterschied; USA; Elternschaft; exclusion; difference in income; family; economic factors; Exklusion; labor force participation; demographische Faktoren; Lebenslauf; gender-specific factors; Ungleichheit; parenthood; inequality; poverty; United States of America; family processes; working poor
SSOAR Kategorie:Familiensoziologie, Sexualsoziologie, Bevölkerung
Quelle: International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences, (2016) 70, S 14-20
Inhalt: Patients' viewpoints are commonly used to assess quality of care in diverse healthcare organizations. This permits managerial decisions to be made based on knowledge rather than conjecture. The purpose of the current study is to investigate quality gap of family health care through measuring differences between clients' perceptions and expectations at Kashan city health centers in Iran.Methodology: A cross-sectional design was applied in 2013. The study sample was composed of 384 women clients of family health services randomly selected from Kashan city health centers. The SERVQUAL questionnaire was used for data collection. Service quality gap was measured by computing the difference between the rating respondents assign to expectations and perceptions statements. For pair wise comparison of the expectations and perceptions the Wilcoxon Signed Rank test was used. Internal consistency of the scale was confirmed with Cronbach's Alpha coefficients (.81 for expectations and .84 for perceptions).Findings: In all dimensions of the services a significant (P<0.001) negative quality gap was observed. The maximum quality gap was in the tangibility (-0.60±0.37) and the minimum one was in the responsiveness (-0.41±0.31) dimension. The findings of the research demonstrated that there was negative gap between clients' expectations and perceptions in all dimensions of the services. Thus, family health care managers should apply improvements in all five dimensions of the services.
Schlagwörter:quality; perception; Iran; Gesundheit; Erwartung; Iran; Management; Wahrnehmung; health care; Familie; Gesundheitsversorgung; expectation; public health services; Qualität; woman; management; family; health; Gesundheitsdienst; Patient; patient
Das Narrativ "natürlicher" Mutterliebe und Mütterlichkeit in Literatur und Film
Titelübersetzung:The narrative of natural motherly love in literature and movies
Autor/in:
Schlicht, Corinna
Quelle: GENDER - Zeitschrift für Geschlecht, Kultur und Gesellschaft, 8 (2016) 1, S 108-123
Inhalt: "Im Sinne einer kulturwissenschaftlichen Emotionsforschung, die Affekte und Gefühle auf ihre kulturellen Repräsentationsformen und Bedingungen hin untersucht, wird in historischer Perspektive gezeigt, wie das Narrativ mütterlicher Fürsorge bis heute das kulturelle Verständnis von der Frau formt. Die Analyse eines filmischen (Stephen Daldry The Hours) und eines literarischen Beispiels (Julia Franck Die Mittagsfrau) stellt zwei Werke in den Mittelpunkt, die jeweils eine Doppelperspektive einnehmen, die der Mutter und die des Kindes. Sie gehören zu der Textgruppe, die ein im Weiblichkeitsdiskurs eher tabuisiertes Feld behandeln, nämlich Mütter zu perspektivieren, die ihre Kinder nicht aufopferungsvoll lieben. Sie sind als kritische Reflexionen biologistischer Vorannahmen über scheinbar ąnatürliche' Mütterlichkeit, mit der innerhalb des kulturell verankerten binären Systems gleichzeitig die "Unnatürlichkeit" männlicher Fürsorge impliziert ist, ebenso zu verstehen wie als Infragestellung eines traditionellen Familienbilds, in dem Väter von der Zuständigkeit für das emotionale Kindeswohl eher ausgeschlossen sind, weil diese als genuin weibliche Aufgabe diskursiviert wird." (Autorenreferat)
Inhalt: "This article demonstrates from a historical perspective and in terms of cultural studies research into emotions, which examines affects and feelings in terms of their forms of cultural representation and cultural conditions, how the narrative of motherly care has shaped the cultural understanding of women up to the present day. An analysis of one cinematic (Stephen Daldry's "The Hours") and one literary (Julia Franck's "Die Mittagsfrau") example puts the focus on two works which both adopt a double perspective, that of the mother as well as of the child. They belong to the group of texts which deal with a tabooed field in the femininity discourse, that is the perspective of those mothers who do not selflessly love their children. They are to be understood as critical reflections of biologistic presuppositions about apparently "natural" motherliness, which at the same time, within the culturally anchored binary system, implies the "unnaturalness" of masculine care. Moreover, they must be understood as calling into question the traditional family image in which fathers tend to be excluded from responsibility for a child's emotional well-being because that is narrated as a genuinely female task." (author's abstract)
Titelübersetzung:O cotidiano da mulher em hemodiálise
Autor/in:
Salimena, Anna Maria de Oliveira; Souza, Marcela Oliveira; Melo, Maria Carmen Simões Cardoso de; Ferreira, Micheli Rezende
Quelle: Revista de Pesquisa: Cuidado é Fundamental Online, 8 (2016) 3, S 4636-4643
Inhalt: Objective: understanding the daily life of a woman undergoing hemodialysis. Method: qualitative study conducted with 9 women by means of interviews in February and March 2013 in the hemodialysis unit of a hospital in Zona da Mata (Minas Gerais), Brazil. Results: the comprehensive analysis unveiled 3 units of meaning: having a chronic kidney disease and facing hemodialysis, hemodialysis and its reactions, the daily life of a woman treated with hemodialysis. Feelings of fear and rejection were noticed. However, religion and family proved to be important for acceptance and hope during treatment. Conclusion: we highlight the importance of the nurse's role in the substitutive renal therapy service. This professional works as an educator, promoting selfcare and assisting the female patients to find new ways to live according to their own limitations.
Schlagwörter:woman; chronische Krankheit; chronic illness; Pflege; caregiving; Familie; family; Religion; religion; Einfluss; influence; Krankheitsverlauf; course of a disease; Lebensbedingungen; living conditions; renal insufficiency; hemodialysis; nursing care
SSOAR Kategorie:Medizinsoziologie, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Paritätsverteilungen nach Geburtsjahrgängen, Lebensformen und Bildung bei besonderer Beachtung von Kinderlosigkeit und Kinderreichtum: eine demografisch-soziologische Analyse
Titelübersetzung:Parity distributions according to birth cohorts, family status and education with special attention given to childlessness and large families: a demographic sociological analysis
Autor/in:
Dorbritz, Jürgen
Quelle: Zeitschrift für Familienforschung, 27 (2015) 3, S 297-321
Inhalt: "In dem vorliegenden Beitrag wird erstens anhand der Daten des Mikrozensus 2012 nach besonderen Fertilitätsmustern in Deutschland gesucht. Einbezogen sind die Merkmale Lebensform, Bildung und die West-Ost-Unterschiede. Eine besondere Fokussierung der Analysen erfolgt auf die Ausprägung von Kinderlosigkeit und Kinderreichtum. Es zeigt sich, dass die genannten Merkmale die durchschnittlichen Kinderzahlen und die Paritätsverteilungen enorm differenzieren. So haben Verheiratete und niedriger Qualifizierte deutlich mehr Kinder geboren. In der Kombination der Merkmale verstärken sich die Kontraste. Verheiratete Frauen ohne beruflichen Abschluss haben durchschnittlich 2,11 Kinder geboren. Dagegen sind es bei den Frauen, die ohne Partner im Haushalt leben und über einen Hochschulabschluss oder eine Promotion verfügen, nur 0,67 Kinder (Geburtsjahrgänge 1964-1968). Der Mikrozensus liefert aufgrund der hohen Fallzahlen exakte Befunde über die Merkmale Kinderlosigkeit und Kinderreichtum. Nicht verfügbar sind Daten, die individuelle Einstellungen abbilden. Daher wurden zweitens auf der Grundlage des Familienleitbildsurveys 2012 des Bundesinstituts für Bevölkerungsforschung weitere Einflussfaktoren auf Kinderlosigkeit und Kinderreichtum unter Einbeziehung von Einstellungsindikatoren untersucht. Ausgangspunkt sind die im Mikrozensus aufgefundenen Differenzierungen. Dabei konnte der Zusammenhang von Ehe und Partnersituationsowie Bildung zu Kinderlosigkeit und Kinderreichtum bestätigt werden. Die Analysen zu den Leitbildern zeigen, dass Familienleitbilder und das generative Verhalten eng miteinander verknüpft sind. Als charakteristisch für Deutschland gilt, dass sich Leitbilder etabliert haben, die Kinderlosigkeit stützen und Kinderreichtum behindern. Kinderlosigkeit ist einerseits gesellschaftlich akzeptiert und hat eine gewisse Attraktivität erlangt (Kinderlose können sich mehr leisten und ein selbstbestimmteres Leben führen). Andererseits wird eine Diskriminierung gegenüber Kinderreichen wahrgenommen. Hier spielt das Leitbild der verantworteten Elternschaft eine wichtige Rolle. Es wird angenommen, dass sich Kindereiche nicht mehr ausreichend genug um das einzelne Kind kümmern können. Es sind insbesondere die Hochqualifizierten, die von einer gesellschaftlichen Stigmatisierung Kinderreicher ausgehen. Signifikante West-Ost-Unterschiede wurden nicht aufgefunden." (Autorenreferat)
Inhalt: "This article initially looks for specific fertility patterns in Germany based on data from the 2012 Microcensus taking the characteristics ‘family status’, ‘education’ and ‘west/east differences’ into account. In particular, the analyses focus on the manifestations of childless couples and large families, revealing that these attributes differentiate the average numbers of children and the parity distributions to a large extent. For example, married persons and those with lower educational levels have far more children. When the attributes are combined, the contrasts intensify. Married women without vocational training had 2.11 children on average. By contrast, women who live without a partner in their household and have a university degree had only 0.67 children (birth cohorts 1964-1968). Because of its high case numbers, the Microcensus provides exact findings about the characteristics of childless couples and large families, but there are no data available that reveal individual attitudes. Therefore, in a second step we analysed additional determinants of childless couples and large families, concentrating on attitudes measured on the basis of the survey on family-related leitbilder conducted by the German Federal Institute for Population Research in 2012. With the differentiations found in the Microcensus serving as starting point, we were able to confirm the correlation of marriage and relationship status as well as education with childlessness or forming a large family, respectively. The analyses based on familyrelated leitbilder show that these are closely related to fertility behaviour. In Germany, typical leitbilder have evolved that encourage childlessness, while at the same time restrain the formation of large families. On the one hand, childlessness is generally accepted by the public at large and has become more attractive (i.e. it is said that childless couples are able to afford more and live a more self-determined life). On the other hand, large families are sometimes perceived as being anti-social. This is closely related to the notion of responsible and accountable parenthood. People assume that parents with many children cannot provide sufficient care for the individual child. Particularly the highly educated respondents assume that a social stigma exists for large families. There are no marked differences between eastern and western Germany." (author's abstract)
Schlagwörter:Geburtenhäufigkeit; fertility rate; Kinderlosigkeit; childlessness; Kinderzahl; number of children; Lebensweise; way of life; Bildungsniveau; level of education; Familie; family; Leitbild; example; generatives Verhalten; reproductive behavior; Geburtenentwicklung; birth trend; neue Bundesländer; New Federal States; alte Bundesländer; old federal states; Ost-West-Vergleich; east-west comparison; Federal Republic of Germany
SSOAR Kategorie:Familiensoziologie, Sexualsoziologie, Bevölkerung
"Es war ein Opfer, welches wir erbrachten ..." - Perspektiven auf Migration in Familien
Titelübersetzung:Family members' perspectives on migration
Autor/in:
Jurt, Luzia; Roulin, Christophe
Quelle: GENDER - Zeitschrift für Geschlecht, Kultur und Gesellschaft, 7 (2015) 1, S 129-144
Inhalt: "Im Kontext von Familie und Migration taucht in Diskursen immer wieder der Begriff des 'Opfers' auf. Dabei existieren unterschiedliche Sichtweisen, ob Migration als Opfer für die Familie gewertet wird oder ob sie Familienmitglieder zu Opfern macht. Diese unterschiedlichen Perspektiven auf den Opferbegriff werden stark durch das Geschlecht und die Rollen in der Familie beeinflusst. Anhand einer empirischen Studie wird aufgezeigt, wie Mütter, Väter und Kinder mit dem Opferbegriff umgehen." (Autorenreferat)
Inhalt: "In the context of family and migration there is a discourse of migration as sacrifice. However, the perspectives of who sacrifices what for the family and who is considered to have been sacrificed are highly divergent and strongly influenced by gender and family roles. Based on empirical research the article shows how mothers, fathers and children position themselves in these discourses of sacrifice." (author's abstract)
Marriage, norm orientation and leaving the parental home: Turkish immigrant and native families in Germany
Autor/in:
Windzio, Michael; Aybek, Can M.
Quelle: Comparative Population Studies - Zeitschrift für Bevölkerungswissenschaft, 40 (2015) 2, S 105-130
Inhalt: "This article investigates differences between native Germans and Turkish immigrants in the timing of leaving their parental homes in Germany. By using event history models, it is shown that leaving the parental home is closely linked to the intervening life-event of marriage, particularly among Turkish women. Moreover, there are interaction effects of religious norm orientation with gender which differ between native Germans and Turkish immigrants. In contrast to Turkish immigrants, the linkage of marriage and leaving home became much weaker over birth-cohorts with time in the group of German women. Finally, analyses of sequence patterns also show remarkable differences between native Germans and Turkish immigrants in the process of leaving home. Religious norm orientation turns out to be less important in the Turkish group than in the native German group." (author's abstract)
Schlagwörter:Deutscher; German; Türke; Turk; Migrant; migrant; Eltern-Kind-Beziehung; parent-child relationship; Ehe; marriage; Familie; family; Familiengründung; family formation; gender-specific factors; religiöse Faktoren; religious factors; Wertorientierung; value-orientation; Federal Republic of Germany
SSOAR Kategorie:Familiensoziologie, Sexualsoziologie, Bevölkerung
Educated girls, absent grooms, and runaway brides: narrating social change in rural Bangladesh
Titelübersetzung:Ausgebildete Mädchen, abwesende Bräutigame und entlaufene Bräute: Erzählungen zu sozialem Wandel im ländlichen Bangladesch
Autor/in:
Fraser Schoen, Roslyn
Quelle: Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 16 (2015) 1, 21 S
Inhalt: "Dieser Beitrag befasst sich mit Legenden als einer Ausdrucksform sozialer Kontrolle über im ländlichen Bangladesch lebende Frauen. Die Legenden fanden sich in Interviews, die ich mit Frauen führte, deren Männer das Dorf wg. Arbeitsmöglichkeiten in größeren Städten oder im Ausland verlassen hatten. Für die Analyse nutzte ich Immersion und offenes Kodieren (Marshall und Rossman 2006), wobei mich die individuellen Erzählungen und die Sinngebungsprozesse aufseiten der Frauen interessierten um nachzuvollziehen, in welcher Weise solche Legenden als signifikante Bestandteile des Alltagsleben wirksam sind (Gubrium und Holstein 2009). Die Erzählungen, die resultierten, entsprechen Goldsteins (2004) Definition einer Legende: Sie sind weder individuelle Geschichten, noch sind sie vollständig jenseits des Individuellen; sie werden im Duktus des 'Ob du es glaubst oder nicht' erzählt, und mit ihrer Erzählung sind nur minimale Risiken für die Erzählenden verbunden. Wie andere Legenden und Sagen dienen die hier Erzählten als Mittel der Stützung sozialer Ordnung in Zeiten sozialen Wandels. Und wie bereits in anderen Untersuchungen (z.B. Coontz 1999; Cooper, Linstroth und Chaitlin 2009; Greene 1991; Madriz 1997) deutlich, fokussieren sie insbesondere Frauen in sozialen Umbruchphasen. Die von mir interviewten Frauen berichteten auch über 'Unglücke' und 'Skandale', die sich dann ereigneten, wenn Frauen sich den Heiratsbräuchen oder der traditionellen Trennung von privaten und öffentlichen Räumen nicht unterwarfen." (Autorenreferat)
Inhalt: "This article explores the folk legend as one articulation of the social control of women in rural Bangladesh. Stories and legends emerged when women were interviewed about the effects of men leaving the village for wage-based jobs in cities and abroad. Interviews were analyzed via immersion, theme generation, and open coding (Marshall und Rossman, 2006) with a focus on women's own narratives and meaning-making, which allowed for these stories to be understood as significant components of people's everyday realities (Gubrium und Holstein, 2009). These stories are consistent with Goldstein's (2004) definition of a legend: they are not personal stories yet they are not completely impersonal (friend-of-a-friend subject), they take on a believe-it-or-not tone, and telling them presents minimal risk to the narrator. Like other folk legends, these stories act as a means to reinforce the social order during a time of social change. As other research has shown (Coontz, 1999; Cooper, Linstroth und Chaitlin, 2009; Greene, 1991; Madriz, 1997), stories as social control mechanisms focus specifically and uniquely on women during times of social change. Respondents discuss 'accidents' and 'scandals' that occur when women do not adhere to marriage customs or the traditional dichotomy of public and domestic spheres." (author's abstract)
Schlagwörter:labor migration; Arbeitsteilung; Bangladesh; ländlicher Raum; Arbeitsmigration; rural area; narrative; Bangladesch; Südasien; Bildungsniveau; Ehe; marriage; division of labor; girl; Familie; Mädchen; social control; Erzählung; woman; sozialer Wandel; traditionelle Kultur; traditional culture; family; Entwicklungsland; South Asia; level of education; soziale Kontrolle; social change; developing country
SSOAR Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Allgemeine Soziologie, Makrosoziologie, spezielle Theorien und Schulen, Entwicklung und Geschichte der Soziologie
