Gender Differences in STEM Persistence after Graduation
Autor/in:
Delaney, Judith; Devereux, Paul J.
Quelle: economica, 89 (2022) 356, S 862–883
Inhalt: Much attention is focused on finding ways to encourage females to study STEM in school and college but what actually happens once women complete a STEM degree? We use the UK Quarterly Labour Force Survey to trace out gender differences in STEM persistence over the career. We find a continuous process whereby women are more likely to exit STEM than men. Among holders of STEM undergraduate degrees, women are more likely to obtain a non- STEM master's degree. Then, after entering the labour market, there is a gradual outflow of females during the first 15 years post-graduation so that females are about 20 percentage points less likely to work in STEM compared to their male counterparts. Conditional on leaving STEM, we find that females are more likely to enter the education and health sectors while males are more likely to enter the more lucrative business sector and that this can partly explain the gender pay gap for STEM graduates. Overall, our results suggest that policies that aim to increase the proportion of females studying STEM in school and college may have less effect than expected due to the lower attachment of females to STEM after graduation. Such policies may need to be augmented with efforts to tackle the greater propensity of females to exit STEM throughout the career.
CEWS Kategorie:Arbeitswelt und Arbeitsmarkt, Naturwissenschaft und Technik, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Geschlechterverhältnis
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
The Gender Wage Gap among Ph.D. Holders: Evidence from Italy
Autor/in:
Alfano, Vincenzo; Cicatiello, Lorenzo; Gaeta, Giuseppe Lucio; Pinto, Mauro
Quelle: The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy, 21 (2021) 3, S 1107–1148
Inhalt: This paper contributes to the literature on the gender wage gap by empirically analyzing those workers who hold the highest possible educational qualification, i.e., a Ph.D. The analysis relies on recent Italian cross-sectional data collected through a survey on the employment conditions of Ph.D. holders. The Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition analysis and quantile decomposition analysis are carried out, and the selection of Ph.D. holders into employment and STEM/non-STEM fields of specialization is taken into account. Findings suggest that a gender gap in hourly wages exists among Ph.D. holders, with sizeable differences by sector of employment and field of specialization.
Schlagwörter:gender pay gap; Italien; Italy; Phd; Post-doc; science as a profession; STEM; wissenschaftliche Karriere
CEWS Kategorie:Arbeitswelt und Arbeitsmarkt, Naturwissenschaft und Technik, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Wissenschaft als Beruf
Herausgeber/in:
D’Ignazio, Catherine; Klein, Lauren F.
Quelle: Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press (<Strong> ideas series), 2020.
Inhalt: "We have seen through many examples that data science and artificial intelligence can reinforce structural inequalities like sexism and racism. Data is power, and that power is distributed unequally. This book offers a vision for a feminist data science that can challenge power and work towards justice. This book takes a stand against a world that benefits some (including the authors, two white women) at the expense of others. It seeks to provide concrete steps for data scientists seeking to learn how feminism can help them work towards justice, and for feminists seeking to learn how their own work can carry over to the growing field of data science. It is addressed to professionals in all fields where data-driven decisions are being made, as well as to communities that want to better understand the data that surrounds them. It is written for everyone who seeks to better understand the charts and statistics that they encounter in their day-to-day lives, and for everyone who seeks to better communicate the significance of such charts and statistics to others. This is an example-driven book written with a broad audience of scholars, students, and practitioners in mind. It offers a way of thinking about data, both their uses and their limits, that is informed by direct experience, by a commitment to action, and by the ideas associated with intersectional feminist thought"--
Herausgeber/in:
Choroszewicz, Marta; Adams, Tracey L.
Quelle: Routledge, 2019.
Inhalt: The literature on gender and professions shows that professional careers continue to be impacted by gender – albeit with important differences among professions and countries. Much less researched is the issue of the significance of gender and age-cohort or generation to professional work.
Gender, Age and Inequality in the Professions explores men’s and women’s experiences of professional work and careers through an intersectional lens by focusing on the intersection of gender and age. The chapters explore different professions – including Medicine, Nursing, Law, Academia, Information Technology and Engineering – in different Western countries, in the present and over time. Through original research, and critical re-analysis of existing research, each of the chapters explores the significance of gender and age-cohort or generation to professional work, with particular attention to professionals just entering professional careers, those building professional careers, and comparisons of men and women in professions across generational cohorts.
The book contributes to literature on inequalities in the professions by demonstrating the ways in which gender and age converge to confer privilege and produce disadvantage, and the ways in which gender inequality is reproduced, and disrupted, through the activities of professionals on the job. The book constitutes a departure point for future research in terms of theoretical perspectives and empirical findings on how gendered and age-related processes are produced and reproduced in particular organisational, professional and socio-cultural contexts. To enhance generational understanding, relationships and collaboration in educational institutions, organisations and professions, the book ends with a section on policy recommendations for educators, professionals, professional organisations as well as policy- and decision-makers. This book will also appeal to students and researchers in the fields of Sociology, Gender Studies, Organisational and Management Studies, Law, Medicine, Engineering and Information Technology as well as related disciplines.
Schlagwörter:Diskriminierung; Diskriminierung am Arbeitsplatz; early career; Fachkraft; Finnland; gender and age; Gender Studies; Geschlechterungleichheit; IngenieurIn; Ingenieurwissenschaft; Intersektionalität; law; medicine; Medizinerin; Nachwuchswissenschaftlerin; organizational and management studies; Rechtswissenschaft; Schweiz; sociology; USA
CEWS Kategorie:Arbeitswelt und Arbeitsmarkt, Naturwissenschaft und Technik, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Geschlechterverhältnis
Dokumenttyp:Sammelwerk
Gender differences and bias in open source : Pull request acceptance of women versus men
Inhalt: Biases against women in the workplace have been documented in a variety of studies. This paper presents a large scale study on gender bias, where we compare acceptance rates of contributions from men versus women in an open source software community. Surprisingly, our results show that women’s contributions tend to be accepted more often than men’s. However, for contributors who are outsiders to a project and their gender is identifiable, men’s acceptance rates are higher. Our results suggest that although women on GitHub may be more competent overall, bias against them exists nonetheless.
Schlagwörter:acceptance; biases against women; competence; gender stereotypes; Women In Science
CEWS Kategorie:Arbeitswelt und Arbeitsmarkt, Naturwissenschaft und Technik, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Doing gender/ doing profession in Finnish working life
Titelübersetzung:Doing gender/ doing profession im finnischen Arbeitsleben
Autor/in:
Roininen, Ella
Quelle: St. Gallen, 2008. VIII, 284 S.
Inhalt: "Societal inequalities are by and large based on economic inequalities. Economic inequalities are based on ordering people in hierarchies, where some categories of people have easier access to the world's economic and other resources, and others are restricted in this access. The gender system, including the gendered organisation of work, is one foundation for such inequalities and touches all of our lives. This study contributes to the feminist understanding of gender's operation in society by examining how gender differences are created in Finnish working life. Employment markets in Finland are persistently gendered: the public sector work of care and education is numerically over-dominated by women, and the private sector work in technology and production by men. This leads to a number of labour market inequalities, such as significant wage differences. The study examines how Finnish ICT engineers, acting in an extremely male-dominated field, and Finnish primary school teachers, acting in an extremely female-dominated field, discursively construct gender and professionalism as related to their work contexts. Twelve different interpretative repertoires are identified; each repertoire works via different rhetorical constructions and/or relationships between subject and object to give meanings to professional practices, so that some function to retain gendered practices in the professions, while others hold the potential to challenge them. The study concludes by suggesting ways in which the findings can help us understand how gendered structures are also created or challenged in other gender-biased professions in Finland. While studying gendered working life, the researcher takes advantage of different critical and feminist writing practices, and by so doing, explores her own identity as a feminist writer-researcher." (author's abstract)
Sociological factors influencing the organizational justice perceptions of women in information technology
Autor/in:
Parzinger, Monica J.; Lemons, Mary A.
Quelle: Journal of women and minorities in science and engineering, Vol. 7 (2001) No. 1, S. 133-144
Inhalt: "There is a tremendous shortage of information technology (IT) talent in the United States today. Reports suggest that the demand for such talent will continue to increase. Despite the need for qualified personnel, women are underrepresented in this field. Those entering the profession often leave. This article discusses possible sociological factors influencing the number of women entering a career in information technology and their advancements to management positions. The relationship of these variables with perceptions of organizational justice in career advancement is considered. Members of Systers, an on-line forum for women in technology, were surveyed and the results are presented." (author's abstract)
CEWS Kategorie:Arbeitswelt und Arbeitsmarkt, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Naturwissenschaft und Technik
Dokumenttyp:Monographie
Technopatria als Basis für Demotechnika und Technotopia? : oder: Die Auswirkungen der neuen Technologien auf Frauenarbeitsplätze
Titelübersetzung:Technopatria as basis for demotechnica and technotopia? : or: The impacts of new technologies on working places for women
Autor/in:
Schlüter, Anne
Quelle: Die Mitarbeit : Zeitschrift zur Gesellschafts- und Kulturpolitik, Jg. 33 (1984) H. 4, S. 340-351
Inhalt: Die Autorin untersucht, anhand neuerer Studien und Artikel, welche Wirkungen neue Technologien auf Frauenarbeitsplätze hatten und haben werden. Referiert werden die Technikwirkungen für acht Berufsbereiche auf Frauen und Männer. Es wird besonders auf die Teleheimarbeit eingegangen und den daraus resultierenden Problemen. Zum Abschluß werden die Positionen der Gewerkschaften, der SPD-Frauen und der autonomen Frauenbewegung zu den neuen Technologien dargestellt. (RN)
Schlagwörter:Arbeitsplatz; technische Entwicklung; Heimarbeit; Gewerkschaft; Frauenbewegung; SPD
CEWS Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Naturwissenschaft und Technik, Arbeitswelt und Arbeitsmarkt