Global Pandemic and the Veiled Crisis of Care in Turkey: Politics of Social Reproduction and Masculinist Restoration
Titelübersetzung:Globale Pandemie und die verschleierte Krise der Pflege in der Türkei: Politik der sozialen Reproduktion und maskulinistische Restauration
Autor/in:
Akkan, Başak
Quelle: Historical Social Research, 46 (2021) 4, S 31-49
Inhalt: Drawing on feminist debates about social reproduction and care while looking closely at gendered care politics and gender-insensitive containment measures, this article critically explores the politics of care in Turkey in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic. It does so by engaging with the theoretical debate over "social reproduction as a site of crisis" (Fraser 2016, 2017) and provides a contextualised reflection on the contested features of the crisis of care in a highly gendered political setting where a familialist regime defines gender relations. Because such regimes expect women to increase their burden of care in times of crisis, the pandemic’s gender-insensitive containment politics fundamentally strengthened the boundaries between paid and unpaid work. The article explores the combination of gendered vulnerabilities related to increased unpaid care work and degraded conditions experienced by care workers during lockdowns as a manifestation of the crisis of care in Turkey. Besides neoliberal capitalism, as suggested by Fraser, Turkey's rising authoritarian conservatism also characterises the crisis of care, which has implications for gender inequalities. Accordingly, this article invokes the conceptual framework of "masculinist restoration," as suggested by Kandiyoti (2016, 2019) and argues that women’s situatedness as care providers has been losing its positional power as a cultural element of the familialist regime in Turkey. Instead, this situatedness is being enforced as a political project that aims to institutionalise familialism to secure patriarchal domination in a society, which therefore pertains to a veiled crisis of care.
Geschlechterwissen in Gewerkschaften - eine Typologie von Deutungsmustern gewerkschaftlicher Geschlechterpolitik
Titelübersetzung:Gender knowledge in trade unions - typical interpretative patterns of trade union gender politics
Autor/in:
Holland, Judith
Quelle: AIS-Studien, 13 (2020) 2, S 161-173
Inhalt: An der Schnittstelle von Gender Studies, Arbeits- und Organisationssoziologie setzt dieser Beitrag an, indem die gewerkschaftliche Repräsentation von Frauen vergleichend dargestellt und zugleich typische Deutungen im Verständnis gewerkschaftlicher Geschlechterpolitik rekonstruiert werden. Aufbauend auf Angelika Wetterers Typologie von Geschlechterwissen zeigen sich in diesen Deutungsmustern Unterschiede, woran die Geschlechter(un)gleichheit festgemacht wird, welche Relevanz gleichstellungspolitischen Maßnahmen beigemessen wird und welche Rolle sie für die eigene Praxis gewerkschaftlicher Interessenpolitik spielen. Das frauenpolitische, das geschlechtertheoretische und das konservative Deutungsmuster werden vorgestellt und zugleich diskutiert, unter welchen Bedingungen es trotz dieser Unterschiede gelingen kann, Gleichstellungspolitik als organisationsübergreifende Aufgabe zu etablieren. Die empirische Basis bilden qualitative Interviews, die mit Gewerkschaftssekretär*innen der ver.di, der IG BAU sowie der IG Metall durchgeführt wurden.
Falling behind the Rest? China and the Gender Gap Index
Autor/in:
Chen, Binli; He, Hailan
Quelle: Social Inclusion, 8 (2020) 2, S 10-22
Inhalt: China’s rank falling in the Global Gender Gap Index of the World Economic Forum has aroused the domestic scholar’s controversy. Based on the data provided by the Global Gender Gap Report, this article will describe the gender inequality in China by comparing its overall index scores and scores in the fields of economic participation and opportunity, education attainment, health and survival, and political empowerment with other countries, and then examining the reasons for China’s falling in rank through the score changes of sub-dimensions and indicators. Analysis of the data suggests that China has not kept up with the rate of improvement in the overall index, and in the four fields, compared to the original 112 countries, the upper-middle income countries, and the Asian and Pacific countries. Over the 13 years covered by the report, China’s score experienced a rapid improvement from 2006 to 2009 and a decline after 2013. China’s high sex ratio at birth, further expansion of gender inequality in active life expectancy, and an enlarged gender gap in secondary education caused China’s lagging overall score and ranking. In addition, the inclusion of measures such as secondary education enrollment, political empowerment, and other indicators also led to the backward ranking of China to some extent.
Schlagwörter:China; China; Ungleichheit; inequality; gender-specific factors; Geschlechterverhältnis; gender relations; Ostasien; Far East; gender gap
Implications of digital inclusion: digitalization in terms of time Use from a gender perspective
Autor/in:
Arroyo, Lidia
Quelle: Social Inclusion, 8 (2020) 2, S 180-189
Inhalt: The implications of digital technologies for the transformation of gender relations and identities have been discussed since the early days of the internet. Although gender studies have identified clear gender gaps in terms of digital inclusion as well as potentialities for the transformation of women’s subjectivity, there is a lack of empirical evidence of the impact of digitalization in terms of time use from a gender perspective. Public policies have begun to address the digital gender gap, but the incorporation of a gender perspective in digital inclusion programmes which promotes women’s emancipation by challenging the gender division of time through use of the internet has been not incorporated in the digital policies agenda. This article aims to provide empirical evidence of the mutual interrelation between the time allocation and digital inclusion from a gender perspective. It considers how gender inequalities in time use shape women’s experience of digital inclusion and, at the same time, how digital inclusion promotes the reconfiguration of time in women’s everyday lives. Qualitative analysis based on episodic interviews explored the representations and practices of internet use by women in their everyday lives. The sample was made up of 32 women who were digitally included through a lifelong learning programme in Spain and had experienced the effects of the Spanish economic crisis. The article argues that digital inclusion does not automatically lead to a more egalitarian allocation of time use for women, but rather places greater value on women’s free time.
Schlagwörter:Digitalisierung; digitalization; Technologie; technology; Geschlechterverhältnis; gender relations; Ungleichheit; inequality; Internet; Internet; Inklusion; inclusion; Arbeitsteilung; division of labor; Zeit; time; Nutzung; utilization; digital gender gap; digital inclusion; gender division of labour; gender inequalities
The transition to parenthood in the French and German speaking parts of Switzerland
Autor/in:
Zimmermann, Regula; LeGoff, Jean-Marie
Quelle: Social Inclusion, 8 (2020) 4, S 35-45
Inhalt: After the first transition to parenthood, most couples adopt a gendered labor division, where mothers become main caregivers and fathers breadwinners of the family. By comparing two distinct language regions within one country, the present article explores how parents’ gendered labor division comes into existence and what role gendered culture and social policy play. The analysis draws on in-depth interviews with 23 German speaking and 73 French speaking participants from Switzerland. The results reveal that French speaking women and men presume an egalitarian labor division as parents. In German speaking regions, however, participants anticipate that mothers will become the main caregivers and fathers the breadwinners. It is shown that the labor market structure, which is in line with the male breadwinner norm, contributes to men's full-time employment, whereas mothers' labor market insertion is influenced by the acceptance of non-parental childcare and to a lesser extent by the offer of childcare facilities. Further, mothers experience more time conflicts than fathers, and the less mothers’ paid work is accepted, the more they suffer from feelings of guilt when being employed.
Schlagwörter:Schweiz; Switzerland; Familienpolitik; family policy; gender; Ungleichheit; inequality; Geschlechterverhältnis; gender relations; Arbeitsteilung; division of labor; Elternschaft; parenthood
SSOAR Kategorie:Familiensoziologie, Sexualsoziologie, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Quelle: Global Labour Journal, 10 (2019) 2, S 123-141
Inhalt: How do local labour market structures, in tandem with workforce dispositions and attitudes, influence the way multinational companies localise their standardised work and production systems? This article investigates the conflict-ridden factory regime of a lean automotive plant in provincial Russia at which the management was able to secure a relatively high level of consent among its female workers but not among male workers. In order to explain this gendered pattern of worker consent, the plant-internal gender division of labour and two societal factors proved crucial: the gendered segmentation of the local labour market and the workers' cultural dispositions. At the same time, the analysis points to the transformative effect that the company’s work and production system had on the local labour regime. The case study relies on a combination of quantitative survey data and qualitative interviews. It emphasises the need to reconnect the analysis of branch-plant factory regimes to a nuanced understanding of their embeddedness within local labour markets - also in the case of highly standardised work and production systems.
Schlagwörter:Russland; Russia; Fertigung; manufacturing; Lean Management; lean management; Arbeitsmarkt; labor market; regionale Faktoren; regional factors; gender-specific factors; Geschlechterverhältnis; gender relations; Beruf; occupation; soziale Position; social position; Berufszufriedenheit; job satisfaction; Ungleichheit; inequality; Personalpolitik; personnel policy; Arbeitsbeziehungen; labor relations; labour control regime; labour process; lean production
SSOAR Kategorie:Produktion, Fertigung, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Das Politisierungsparadox: Warum der Rechtspopulismus nicht gegen Entpolitisierung und Ungleichheit hilft
Titelübersetzung:Paradoxes of Politicization: Why Right-wing Populism is No Cure For Inequality and Depoliticization
Autor/in:
Dormal, Michel; Mauer, Heike
Quelle: Femina Politica - Zeitschrift für feministische Politikwissenschaft, 27 (2018) 1, S 22-34
Inhalt: Der Beitrag kritisiert die bei linken Autorinnen und Autoren beliebte These, der zufolge der Rechtspopulismus trotz seiner problematischen Züge den politischen Möglichkeitsraum erweitere, indem er einen entpolitisierten Liberalismus überwinde und soziale Ungleichheit wieder auf die Agenda setze. Die im Beitrag vertretene Gegenthese lautet, dass der Rechtspopulismus selbst konstitutiv eine spezifische Form der Entpolitisierung und der Naturalisierung von Ungleichheit darstellt. Eine wichtige Dimension dieser Naturalisierung von Ungleichheit stellen die gesellschaftlichen Geschlechterverhältnisse dar. Die Angriffe auf die Demokratisierung der Geschlechterverhältnisse durch den Rechtspopulismus sind keine zufälligen Verirrungen, die dem Phänomen äußerlich wären. Vielmehr offenbart gerade die antifeministische Obsession, dass es dem Rechtspopulismus nicht darum geht, gesellschaftliche Verhältnisse zu politisieren, sondern darum, sie in autoritärer Weise zu stabilisieren. Um den Doppelcharakter zu fassen, der darin liegt, dass der Populismus zwar quantitativ durchaus für eine Mobilisierung vormals politikverdrossener Milieus sorgt, qualitativ aber maßgeblich die Entpolitisierung des Zusammenlebens betreibt, wird der Begriff des Politisierungsparadoxes eingeführt.
Inhalt: In this article, we criticize the idea put forward by many left-wing theorists, according to which right-wing populism, despite having wrong political ideals, helps to repoliticize inequalities and to bring back class issues onto the political agenda. We argue instead that right-wing populism itself constitutes a specific form of depoliticization and naturalization of social inequalities. To substantiate this claim, the article examines the attacks mounted by right-wing populists against the democratization of gender relations. The obsession of right-wing movements and parties with an antifeminist political agenda clearly reveals that right-wing populism is not working towards a real politicization of inequalities but rather an authoritarian stabilization of social relations.
Schlagwörter:Populismus; populism; politische Rechte; political right; Politisierung; politicization; Ungleichheit; inequality; Demokratie; democracy; Geschlechterverhältnis; gender relations
SSOAR Kategorie:politische Willensbildung, politische Soziologie, politische Kultur, Allgemeines, spezielle Theorien und Schulen, Methoden, Entwicklung und Geschichte der Politikwissenschaft
Das Thema Gender im Rechtspopulismus - empirische Befunde zur Anschlussfähigkeit bei Frauen und Männern
Titelübersetzung:The Topic Gender in Right-wing Populism - Empirical Findings About Support Among Women and Men
Autor/in:
Küpper, Beate
Quelle: Femina Politica - Zeitschrift für feministische Politikwissenschaft, 27 (2018) 1, S 61-75
Inhalt: Die Gleichstellung von Frauen und homosexuellen Personen ist ein guter Seismograph für die generelle Gleichwertigkeit und akzeptierte Vielfältigkeit einer Gesellschaft, eng verknüpft mit anderen Erscheinungsformen von Ungleichwertigkeit wie ethnischem Rassismus, Antisemitismus und der Abwertung von Muslimen. Es ist kein Zufall, dass sich derzeit gerade am Thema Gender die Gemüter erhitzen wie sonst an kaum einem anderen mit Ausnahme vielleicht des Themas Islam. Rechtspopulistische Akteur_innen wissen und nutzen dies zur Emotionalisierung von Debatten und zwar in beide Richtungen: Während einerseits Anstrengungen zur Gleichstellung verhöhnt und diskreditiert werden, wird andererseits der Verweis auf mangelnde Gleichwertigkeit von Frauen und homosexuellen Personen (und übrigens auch der Antisemitismus-Vorwurf) allein unter Muslim_innen genutzt, um Emotionen gegen Muslime weiter zu schüren, die als Feindbild derzeit besonders im Fokus stehen. Der Beitrag berichtet über Befunde aus der repräsentativen Mitte-Studie 2016 der Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung zu rechtspopulistischen Einstellungen in der Bevölkerung mit einem besonderen Blick auf Frauen. Deutlich wird: Während offene Formen der Abwertung in den vergangenen Jahren kontinuierlich rückläufig sind, sind subtilere Formen nach wie vor virulent und es zeigt sich eine deutliche Polarisierung der Einstellungen. Wer rechtspopulistischen Einstellungen zustimmt, neigt auch eher zu traditionell sexistischen, homophoben, rassistischen und klassisch antisemitischen Einstellungen. Hierfür spielen vor allem Gefühle relativer Deprivation und kollektiver Bedrohung eine Rolle, die gezielt von rechtspopulistischen Akteur_innen angeheizt werden. Die Karte der Gleichwertigkeit wird, so die These, dann gespielt, wenn es nützlich erscheint, während gleichzeitig ein reaktionär-konservativer Backlash vorangetrieben wird und zwar keineswegs nur von Männern, sondern auch von Frauen. Dahinter steht der Versuch, 'hinter sich die Tür zu schließen', also die eigene Akzeptanz über die Abwertung anderer zu erhöhen. Den 'wütenden weißen Männern' und ihren Ehefrauen (und vielen anderen) scheint es dabei keineswegs um die Gleichwertigkeit aller zu gehen, sondern um die Absicherung des eigenen, gruppenbasierten Status.
Inhalt: The equality of women and LSBTQ-persons is a good seismograph for the general equality and the acceptance of diversity within a society, as it is strongly connected with other forms of inequalities like ethnic racism, antisemitism and the devaluation of Muslims. It is no surprise that currently the topic gender is particular able to heat up minds like hardly any other topic except for maybe the topic Islam. Right-wing-populist players know and use this to emotionalize debates in both directions: While on the one hand they mock and discredit efforts to reach more equality, on the other hand the reference to deficits of equality of women and homosexual persons (and also to anti-Semitism) pointing solely towards Muslims is used to heat up emotions against Muslims who are currently particulary targeted as enemy image. The paper reports about findings from the "Mitte-Studie 2016" by the Friedrich-Ebert-Foundation on right-wing-populist attitudes in Germany’s population with a particular perspective on women. Results show: While blatant forms of devaluation have decreased continuously during the last years, subtle forms are still virulent as well as there is a clear polarization of attitudes in the population. Those who agree on right-wing attitudes, also tend to traditional sexist, homophobic, racist and classic anti-Semitic attitudes. Here, feelings of relative deprivation and collective threat play an important role that right-wing-populist players heat up strategically. The card of equality is played, when it seems to be useful, while at the same time an unprogressive-conservative backlash is pushed further, not only from men but also from women. This assists the purpose to 'close the door' behind themselves, which means to increase one’s own acceptance through the devaluation of others. The 'angry white men' and their wives (any many others) do not seem to be interested in general equality, but in manifesting their own group-based status position.
Schlagwörter:Gender; gender; Geschlechterverhältnis; gender relations; gender-specific factors; Rollenbild; role image; Populismus; populism; politische Rechte; political right; Ungleichheit; inequality; Diskriminierung; discrimination; Exklusion; exclusion; Sexualität; sexuality; öffentliche Meinung; public opinion; Polarisierung; polarization; Federal Republic of Germany
SSOAR Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, politische Willensbildung, politische Soziologie, politische Kultur
A Discourse on Gender Disparity: A Study on Taluks of Belagavi District
Autor/in:
Manjunatha, N. K.; Hurakadli, S. M.
Quelle: International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development, 1 (2017) 5, S 1126-1131
Inhalt: The modern period witnessed the increased gender disparity reflected in sex-ratio, literacy and education, employment and wage-rates and several other sociocultural and behavioral indicators of empowerment (Nangia, 2005). Gender equality is more than a goal in itself. It is a precondition for meeting the challenges of reducing poverty, promoting sustainable development and building good governance - Kofi Annan (Personal, Archive, Mahanta, & Nayak, 2013). The present paper examines the extent of gender disparity in Belagavi District based on literacy and sex ratio using secondary data. We found that literacy rate in study area was 76.93% in 2001 which is increased to 82.90% in 2011 and sex ratio in the study area was 960 in 2001 which is increased to 973 in 2011. There are wide disparities from rural to urban sex ratio as well as rural to urban literacy rate. The urban sex ratio is higher than rural sex ratio in study area. The rural sex ratio is 970 and urban sex ratio is 979 females per thousand males in the 2011. We found that in Belagavi district, there is reduction in gender disparities from 2001 to 2011 but the reduction rate is very slow.