Marriage, norm orientation and leaving the parental home: Turkish immigrant and native families in Germany
Autor/in:
Windzio, Michael; Aybek, Can M.
Quelle: Comparative Population Studies - Zeitschrift für Bevölkerungswissenschaft, 40 (2015) 2, S 105-130
Inhalt: "This article investigates differences between native Germans and Turkish immigrants in the timing of leaving their parental homes in Germany. By using event history models, it is shown that leaving the parental home is closely linked to the intervening life-event of marriage, particularly among Turkish women. Moreover, there are interaction effects of religious norm orientation with gender which differ between native Germans and Turkish immigrants. In contrast to Turkish immigrants, the linkage of marriage and leaving home became much weaker over birth-cohorts with time in the group of German women. Finally, analyses of sequence patterns also show remarkable differences between native Germans and Turkish immigrants in the process of leaving home. Religious norm orientation turns out to be less important in the Turkish group than in the native German group." (author's abstract)
Schlagwörter:Deutscher; German; Türke; Turk; Migrant; migrant; Eltern-Kind-Beziehung; parent-child relationship; Ehe; marriage; Familie; family; Familiengründung; family formation; gender-specific factors; religiöse Faktoren; religious factors; Wertorientierung; value-orientation; Federal Republic of Germany
SSOAR Kategorie:Familiensoziologie, Sexualsoziologie, Bevölkerung
Affection and conflict in Intergenerational relationships of women in sixteen areas in Asia, Africa, Europe, and America
Titelübersetzung:Zuneigung und Konflikt in intergenerationalen Verhältnissen von Frauen in 16 Jahren in Asien, Afrika, Europa und Ame
Autor/in:
Nauck, Bernhard
Quelle: Comparative Population Studies - Zeitschrift für Bevölkerungswissenschaft, 39 (2014) 4, S 647-678
Inhalt: "Studies of intergenerational solidarity in affluent societies suggest that relationships between generations consist simultaneously of both emotional closeness and conflicts. This analysis extends the standard model of intergenerational relationships, which until now has been applied only to countries with bilineal kinship systems, to culturally and economically diverse areas with varying kinship systems. Latent class analysis was applied to measure affection and conflict in the ongoing relationships of young and middle-aged women with their mothers (7,522 relationship pairs) and fathers (5,338 relationship pairs). The empirical analysis was based on standardised oral interviews with mothers from areas in China, Indonesia, North and South India, South Africa, Palestine, Israel, Turkey, Russia, Estonia, Poland, East and West Germany, France, Jamaica, and the United States (n=8,756). The best fitting model of relationship differences consisted of four latent classes: 'amicable' (45 percent), 'detached' (28 percent), 'ambivalent' (22 percent), and 'disharmonious' (5 percent). Based on a cross-culturally largely invariant measurement model, results revealed significantly different distributions for fathers and mothers and across areas. Multinomial three-level regression analysis was used to analyse the complex cross-level interdependence of area effects, individual characteristics, and the respective relationship on class membership. In patrilineal societies, relationships of women with their biological parents are more likely to be ambivalent, less likely to be detached, and very likely to become disharmonious in case of spatial proximity. In affluent societies, the relationships are less likely to be disharmonious and most likely to be harmonious. Whereas the frequency of contact decreases the likelihood of detached or disharmonious relationships in affluent societies, functional exchange with the parents increases the likelihood of disharmonious relationships." (author's abstract)
Schlagwörter:affectivity; Europe; Intergenerational relations; Asia; North America; Konflikt; Affektivität; conflict; Africa; woman; Europa; Eltern-Kind-Beziehung; Nordamerika; Asien; parent-child relationship; Generationenverhältnis; Afrika
The economic lifecycle by gender - results combining monetary and time use estimates
Titelübersetzung:Das Wirtschaftsleben nach Geschlecht: Kombination von Geld- und Zeitverwendungsschätzungen
Autor/in:
Kluge, Fanny A.
Quelle: Comparative Population Studies - Zeitschrift für Bevölkerungswissenschaft, 39 (2014) 4, S 707-726
Inhalt: "In recent decades, we have witnessed profound changes in family size and structure. While marriage rates and the number of children have declined in most industrialized countries, female labor force participation rates have risen significantly. However, while the working hours and wages of women have increased, we continue to observe huge discrepancies in market production by gender. This picture changes if we take unpaid household production, consumption, and caring into account. We find that, after applying this inclusive approach, the female lifecyle resembles male consumption, income, and transfer patterns. These findings have strong implications for future demographic change, as they suggest that the explicit policy aim of increasing female labor force participation could place constraints on the currently observed division of labor in the market and in the household." (author's abstract)
Schlagwörter:gender-specific factors; Lebenslauf; life career; Arbeit; labor
SSOAR Kategorie:Wirtschaftssoziologie, Bevölkerung
Quelle: Zeitschrift für Familienforschung, 26 (2014) 3, S 331-346
Inhalt: "In der Forschungsliteratur wird häufig ein negativer Zusammenhang zwischen einem frühen Zeitpunkt der ersten Geburt und dem Wohlbefinden im späteren Leben beobachtet. Die Effekte der späten Elternschaft werden durch eine Mischung aus unterschiedlichen sozialen und physiologischen Mechanismen sowie durch Selektionsprozesse für den Zeitpunkt der ersten Geburt bewirkt. Dieser Artikel erweitert bisherige Befunde durch Anwendung des Propensity Score Matching zur Schätzung der Effekte des Timings der ersten Elternschaft auf die Lebenszufriedenheit unter der Kontrolle beobachteter Selektivität. Durch eine Sensitivitätsanalyse mittels Rosenbaum Bounds werden Hinweise auf verbleibende unbeobachtete Selektivität gegeben. Die Analyse auf Basis der Daten des Sozio-oekonomischen Panels (GSOEP) zeigt, dass der Zeitpunkt der ersten Geburt keinen Einfluss auf das spätere Wohlbefinden von Frauen und Männer hat. Im Falle des naiven Schätzers sind die negativen Effekte früher Geburten und die positiven Effekte später Geburten für Frauen auf Selektionsprozesse zurückzuführen." (Autorenreferat)
Inhalt: "A large body of literature has documented a negative association between early childbearing and well-being in later life. The effects of late parenthood are mixed, due to different social and physiological mechanisms as well as selection processes for the timing of first birth. This article extends the literature by employing propensity score matching to estimate effects of birth timing on life satisfaction net of observed selectivity. A sensitivity analysis using Rosenbaum bounds provides hints on remaining unobserved selectivity. The analysis of data from the German Socio-Economic Panel shows that the timing of first birth has no effect on well-being in later life both for women and men. In the case of the naïve estimator, the negative effects of early births and positive effects of late births for women are caused by selection processes." (author's abstract)
Schlagwörter:Elternschaft; Geburt; well-being; birth; age; Wohlbefinden; parenthood; Lebensalter; Mutterschaft; motherhood; Lebenszufriedenheit; satisfaction with life
SSOAR Kategorie:Familiensoziologie, Sexualsoziologie, Bevölkerung
The effects of the first birth timing on women's wages: A longitudinal analysis based on the German Socio-Economic Panel
Titelübersetzung:Die Einkommensseffekte des Zeitpunkts der ersten Geburt: Eine Längsschnittanalyse auf Basis des Sozio-ökonomischen Panels
Autor/in:
Putz, Tobias; Engelhardt, Henriette
Quelle: Zeitschrift für Familienforschung, 26 (2014) 3, S 302-330
Inhalt: "Während der Effekt einer Geburt auf das Einkommen unter dem Stichwort 'motherhood wage gap' bereits eingehend untersucht wurde, existieren bisher nur vereinzelt Arbeiten, die die Effekte des Zeitpunkts dieses Ereignisses analysieren. Die große Mehrheit bestehender Befunde basiert darüber hinaus auf amerikanischen Daten. Untersuchungen, die andere Datenquellen nutzen, wie zum Beispiel Studien auf Basis deutscher Daten, fehlen bisher fast vollständig. Der vorliegende Beitrag versucht diese Lücke zu schließen. Im Mittelpunkt steht dabei die Untersuchung des kausalen Effekts des Geburtszeitpunkts auf das Einkommen im weiteren Lebenslauf (bis zum 45. Lebensjahr). Die Schätzungen von Fixed-Effects-Panel-Modellen mit Längsschnittdaten des Sozio-oekonomischen Panels (SOEP) deuten darauf hin, dass die negativen Einkommenseffekte, die durch die Geburt des ersten Kindes entstehen, vor allem für solche Frauen beobachtet werden können, die ihr Kind zu einem relativ späten Zeitpunkt zur Welt bringen. Die negativen Effekte des Geburtstimings zeigen sich insbesondere für niedrig- und mittelgebildete Frauen sowie für verheiratete Frauen und verlieren für frühe Mütter mit dem Abstand vom Geburtsereignis an Einfluss. Darüber hinaus nehmen die negativen Effekte einer Geburt für späte Mütter mit der Länge der kindesbedingten Erwerbsunterbrechung zu. Im Gegensatz zur vorliegenden Literatur deuten die Befunde damit auf negative Einkommenseffekte durch eine späte Mutterschaft hin, so dass in Anlehnung an die bereits bekannte 'motherhood wage gap' eher von einer 'late motherhood wage gap' gesprochen werden kann." (Autorenreferat)
Inhalt: "While the wage effects of a birth, the so-called 'motherhood wage gap', have already been analyzed in more detail, studies exploring the timing of this life event still tend to be rare. Moreover, the large majority of existing evidence on this topic is based on data from the United States. Research using other data sources, for example research based on German data, is almost completely missing. By focusing on the causal effects of the timing of the first birth on women's wages in their subsequent life time (up to age 45), this paper seeks to contribute to this research gap. Based on longitudinal data of the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP), estimated fixed-effects panel models indicate that the negative wage effects of a first birth can primarily be observed for those women, who bear their first child relatively late. Furthermore, the estimated models provide evidence that the negative wage effects related to late motherhood can especially be observed for women with a low and intermediate level of education as well as for women who were married at first birth. Moreover, it seems that only young mothers experience an increase in their wages as the time since the first birth elapses. At last, yet for late mothers only, the negative effects of childbirth increase with the length of the work interruption around first birth. Overall, in contrast to the existing literature, these results indicate negative wage effects of a delayed first birth. Thus, according to the well-established 'motherhood wage gap', these results can be considered as indication for a 'late motherhood wage gap'." (author's abstract)
Effects of age at first birth on health of mothers aged 45 to 56
Titelübersetzung:Effekte des Alters der Mutter bei Erstgeburt auf ihre Gesundheit im Alter zwischen 45 und 56
Autor/in:
Schlücker, Friederike U.; Blumenfelder, Raphaela A.
Quelle: Zeitschrift für Familienforschung, 26 (2014) 3, S 347-371
Inhalt: "Anhand der Daten des Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) für 13 europäische Länder wird der Zusammenhang zwischen dem Alter der Mutter bei Erstgeburt und ihrer Gesundheit im Alter von 45 bis 56 Jahren untersucht. Im Vergleich zu Müttern, die ihr erstes Kind im mittleren Alter bekommen haben, zeigen sich signifikant höhere Erkrankungsrisiken unter jungen Erstgebärenden. In einem ersten Schritt wird gezeigt, dass dieser Effekt auch unter Berücksichtigung von Selektionseffekten, welche das Alter bei Erstgeburt bestimmen, weitgehend bestehen bleibt. Anschließend wird untersucht, ob sich der biosoziale Ansatz, der den negativen Effekt früher Geburten auf die spätere Gesundheit anhand geringerer sozialer und ökonomischer Ressourcen im Lebensverlauf von jungen Müttern erklärt, bestätigt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen jedoch, dass sich ein junges Alter bei Erstgeburt auch unter Berücksichtigung von gesundheitsrelevanten Ressourcen im Lebensverlauf negativ auf die Gesundheit auswirkt. Mögliche Erklärungen liegen in der Operationalisierung der gesundheitsrelevanten Ressourcen und in unbeobachteten Effekten. Aufgrund von Datenbeschränkungen konnten Indikatoren zur Bildungs- und Berufshistorie und zur sozialen Unterstützung, die vom Alter bei Erstgeburt abhängig sein können und die spätere Gesundheit beeinflussen, nicht berücksichtigt werden. Die Ergebnisse zeigen Mechanismen kumulativer sozialer Ungleichheit auf, wenn benachteiligte Frauen jünger Mütter werden und dadurch ihre Gesundheitsrisiken zusätzlich verstärkt werden." (Autorenreferat)
Inhalt: "Employing the data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) for 13 European countries, we analyse the relationship between mother's age at first birth and her health at age 45 to 56. Compared to mothers who gave birth at middle age, we found a significantly higher risk of illness among young first-time mothers. In a first step, we show that this effect largely remains after controlling for selection effects which determine age at first birth. Next, we examine whether the biosocial view could be confirmed. This approach explains the negative effect of early births on later health through a lack of social and economic resources during young mothers' life course. Thus, fewer resources are expected to affect health outcomes. However, the results indicate that the negative effect of young age at first birth remains even after controlling for health-related resources throughout the life course. The operationalisation of health-related resources as well as unobserved effects might be regarded as possible explanations for this. Due to data restrictions, indicators for educational history, job history and social support, that are all likely to depend on age at first birth and also affect later health, could not be taken into account. The results identify mechanisms of cumulative social inequality when disadvantaged women become mothers at younger age and thereby further increase their risk of disease." (author's abstract)
The influence of popular beliefs about childbirth on fertility patterns in mid-twentieth-century Netherlands
Titelübersetzung:Der Volksglauben über Geburten als Einflussfaktor auf Fruchtbarkeitsmuster in den Niederlanden Mitte des 20. Jahrhunderts
Autor/in:
Bras, Hilde
Quelle: Historical Social Research, 39 (2014) 1, S 76-103
Inhalt: "Ever since the Princeton European Fertility Project on the decline of fertility, the question of how (changes in) cultural beliefs have influenced the historical fertility transition has been in the forefront of historical demographic research. Previous research has however mostly assessed the influence of religious denomination and has not examined the impact of wider beliefs or 'cultural life scripts'. On the basis of a folklore questionnaire, this article examines the occurrence, content, and geographical patterning of popular beliefs about childbearing in relation to fertility patterns in 1.022 rural Dutch communities during the nineteen forties. Beliefs in isolation and churching of women existed in almost half of all communities, particularly among Catholic populations, while fear of enchantment of infants was still alive in about a fifth of all municipalities. To be sure, such popular beliefs were rapidly vanishing and remnants were still found in isolated and strongly religious areas. A multivariate analysis shows that in communities where beliefs in churching and witchcraft still existed, birth rates were significantly higher. The study shows the salience of including popular beliefs in studies of fertility behavior and fertility decline. Moreover, it extends the concept of cultural life scripts beyond that of age norms to include prescriptions on social contexts, conducts, and practices surrounding important life passages." (author's abstract)
Schlagwörter:20. Jahrhundert; Netherlands; Geburtenrückgang; fertility; Katholik; birth; reproductive behavior; determinants; kulturelle Faktoren; declining birth rate; faith; Fruchtbarkeit; Glaube; cultural factors; Roman Catholic; generatives Verhalten; Ritual; Aberglaube; ritual; woman; Geburt; superstition; Religion; religion; gender-specific factors; Determinanten; twentieth century; Niederlande; cultural life script; popular beliefs
SSOAR Kategorie:Religionssoziologie, Sozialgeschichte, historische Sozialforschung, Bevölkerung
Life scripts and life realities: women in nineteenth-century Nijmegen
Titelübersetzung:Lebensskript und Lebenswirklichkeit: Frauen im Nimwegen des 19. Jahrhunderts
Autor/in:
Engelen, Theo
Quelle: Historical Social Research, 39 (2014) 1, S 104-112
Inhalt: "On average, more than one fifth of the 19th century Nijmegen brides were pregnant at the date of marriage. In a society where extramarital sexuality was explicitly forbidden, and where the success of marriage restriction depended on following that rule, this finding is remarkable. Obviously, the cultural life script that allowed sexuality only within marriage was not a script all inhabitants lived up to. A remarkable secondary finding is that the protestant population had a much higher proportion of bridal pregnancies than the Roman Catholic population, although both the Protestant and the Roman Catholic clergy strongly opposed sexual activities, unless within marriage. Therefore, when bridal pregnancy among Protestant couples was twice as high as among Catholics, this points either at a stricter control by the Catholic clergy, or at more deviance among Protestant youngsters. In any case, when studying cultural life scripts on sexuality, it is always important to note that it can be countered by human agency." (author's abstract)
Schlagwörter:Netherlands; 19. Jahrhundert; Protestant; Ehe; cultural factors; marriage; Roman Catholic; Katholik; Schwangerschaft; kulturelle Faktoren; sexuality; pregnancy; Protestant; Sexualität; woman; Lebensbedingungen; living conditions; nineteenth century; Niederlande; cultural life script; bridal pregnancy; extramarital sexuality
SSOAR Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Sozialgeschichte, historische Sozialforschung, Bevölkerung