What Helps and What Hinders? Exploring the Role of Workplace Characteristics for Parental Leave Use and Its Career Consequences
Autor/in:
Samtleben, Claire; Bringmann, Julia; Bünning, Mareike; Hipp, Lena
Quelle: Social Sciences, 8 (2019) 10, S 1-30
Inhalt: The division of parental leave among couples today is still unequal - even in countries with progressive leave schemes. Given the gendered nature of the workplace, we examine how organizational characteristics relate to fathers' uptake and length of parental leave as well as to the perceived career consequences of leave uptake among those fathers who took leave. In our mixed methods study, we draw on unique quantitative and qualitative data on different-sex couples with young children in Germany (2015). We find that the fear of professional repercussions and the lack of a replacement at work inhibit fathers both from taking leave in general and, for those who take leave, from taking it for more than two months. Interestingly, however, the majority of fathers who took leave did not think that their leave negatively affected their professional advancement. This positive evaluation was independent of the length of leave. We compared fathers' perceived leave consequences to those of mothers, who tended to have a more negative view of the impact of taking leave on their careers. Both fathers and mothers were more likely to report negative career consequences if they worked in organizations that promoted a strong ideal worker norm, that is, where employees thought that they were expected to prioritize paid work over their private life.
Schlagwörter:Arbeitsplatz; job; gender-specific factors; Elternurlaub; parental leave; Inanspruchnahme; recourse; Auswirkung; impact; beruflicher Aufstieg; career advancement; soziale Ungleichheit; social inequality; Organisationskultur; organizational culture; Familie-Beruf; work-family balance; Federal Republic of Germany; gender equality; ideal worker norm; mixed methods; workplace culture
Empowering women through digital skills in Argentina: a tale of two stories
Titelübersetzung:Stärkung von Frauen durch digitale Kompetenzen in Argentinien: eine Erzählung aus zwei Perspektiven
Autor/in:
Martinez Demarco, Solange
Quelle: TATuP - Zeitschrift für Technikfolgenabschätzung in Theorie und Praxis / Journal for Technology Assessment in Theory and Practice, 28 (2019) 2, S 23-28
Inhalt: "Promoting gender equality is smart development policy," says the World Bank. In line with this narrative, many companies have promoted gender equality in terms of bridging the gender digital divide. In Argentina, a growing number of grassroots initiatives sponsored by corporations have emerged and provide training in digital and soft skills as well as entrepreneurship and leadership opportunities. Without denying the efforts, importance, and value of the work of these groups, this paper studies some of the contradictions inherent to the increasing power that corporations have in the discourse and practice of reducing the gender digital gap. My argument is that these projects contribute to reinforcing current economic, social, and geographical divides, to discriminating against gender non-conforming people, and to further limiting government intervention in this area.
Schlagwörter:Argentinien; Argentina; Digitale Spaltung; digital divide; gender-specific factors; Gleichstellung; affirmative action; Empowerment; empowerment; woman; Entwicklungspolitik; development policy; Lateinamerika; Latin America; smart economics
SSOAR Kategorie:Wissenschaftssoziologie, Wissenschaftsforschung, Technikforschung, Techniksoziologie, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Using cultural and structural indicators to explain measurement noninvariance in gender role attitudes with multilevel structural equation modeling
Autor/in:
Seddig, Daniel; Lomazzi, Vera
Quelle: Social Science Research, (2019) 84
Inhalt: The current study explores the reasons for noninvariance of the measurements of gender role attitudes across countries. While previous studies have shown that noninvariance is a problem for comparative research and pointed out methods to alleviate the risks of drawing invalid conclusions, none has so far tried to explain why measurements of gender role attitudes are nonequivalent. Therefore, we use multilevel structural equation modeling to exploring measurement invariance and explain its absence. We use data assessing peoples' views on the specialization of roles by gender and the consequences of female employment on family's well-being from the International Social Survey Programme. We can replicate the findings from prior research indicating that scalar measurement invariance across countries is absent. Furthermore, we use two country-level variables to explain the noninvariance of particular items. The cultural value embeddedness explains noninvariance to a considerable degree while the Gender Inequality Index from the United Nations Development Programme does not. Therefore, we conclude that issues of comparability of gender role attitudes are related mainly to cultural rather than structural differences between countries.
Schlagwörter:Geschlechtsrolle; gender role; Einstellung; attitude; Messung; measurement; vergleichende Forschung; comparative research; Umfrageforschung; survey research; Datengewinnung; data capture; Datenqualität; data quality; Wertorientierung; value-orientation; kulturelle Faktoren; cultural factors; soziale Ungleichheit; social inequality; gender-specific factors; measurement noninvariance; multilevel structural equation modeling; cultural values; gender inequality; ISSP
SSOAR Kategorie:Erhebungstechniken und Analysetechniken der Sozialwissenschaften, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Against the Grain? Assessing Graduate Labour Market Trends in Germany Through a Task-Based Indicator of Graduate Jobs
Autor/in:
Henseke, Golo
Quelle: Social Indicators Research, 141 (2019) 2, S 809-840
Inhalt: Applying work by Green and Henseke (in IZA J Labor Policy 5(1):14, 2016a), this study examines changes in the German graduate labour market in the twenty-first century. To do so, it deploys a new statistically derived indicator of graduate jobs, based on job skill requirements obtained from worker-reported task data in the German Employment Surveys 2006 and 2012. As in previous work, the resulting classifier explains differences in graduate labour market outcomes better than existing methods and can be applied in a range of contexts where intelligence on graduate destinations is desired. It is supplied in the appendix of this study. Despite the expansion of higher educational attainment between 1999 and 2012, my analysis indicates a rising excess demand for graduate labour. Following key findings emerge: Graduate skills are required beyond the narrow range of professions. Work tasks associated with cognitive skills use are key determinants of higher education requirements on the job. The proportion of graduates in the age bracket 25-34 has risen among men from 14.7 to 18.9% and from 13.3 to 22.5% among women between 1999 and 2012. Young women have become the group with greatest level of higher education in the labour market. The growing supply of graduate labour in the age bracket 25-34 was surpassed by the expansion of employment in graduate jobs. The employment share of graduate jobs shifted by 17 percentage points to almost 30% among young women and by 11 percentage points to 28% among young men. Among young female graduates, the incidence of underemployment fell to 22% between 1999 and 2012; roughly comparable to the level among males at the same ages. Prime aged female graduates, however, experience above average rates of underemployment. A sharp rise of the pay premium associated with higher education among men contrasts with stagnating wage differentials among women. The pay penalty associated with underemployment has not changed statistically significantly.
Schlagwörter:Federal Republic of Germany; Arbeitsmarkt; labor market; Akademikerberuf; academic career; Qualifikationsanforderungen; qualification requirements; Indikator; indicator; Arbeitskräftenachfrage; labor demand; Absolvent; graduate; university; gender-specific factors; Unterbeschäftigung; underemployment; Lohnunterschied; wage difference; graduate jobs; wage dispersion; BIBB/BAuA Employment Survey (1998/1999, 2005/2006 and 2011/2012); National Educational Panel Study (NEPS); German sample of the EU Labour Force Survey (EU-LFS) 1999-2013
SSOAR Kategorie:Arbeitsmarktforschung, Bildungswesen tertiärer Bereich
Titelübersetzung:Gender, Generation, and Intersectionality
Autor/in:
Windheuser, Jeannette
Quelle: Diskurs Kindheits- und Jugendforschung / Discourse. Journal of Childhood and Adolescence Research, 14 (2019) 2, S 141-154
Inhalt: Der Beitrag untersucht ein der Intersektionalitätsforschung vorgelagertes Problem. Aus differenzfeministischer und erziehungswissenschaftlicher Theorieperspektive wird nach der phänomenspezifischen Form von Geschlecht und Generation gefragt. Auf dieser Grundlage werden zwei zentrale Prämissen der Intersektionalitätsforschung hinsichtlich einer darin wirksamen symbolischen Ordnung untersucht, die durch ihr Verhältnis zur Natur herausfordert.
Schlagwörter:Intersektionalität; intersectionality; gender-specific factors; Generation; generation; gender; soziale Ungleichheit; social inequality; geschlechtliche und generationale Differenz; Natur; Angewiesenheit; difference of gender and generation; nature; dependency
Gesundheitsberufe sind weiblich: Warum gute Arbeitsbedingungen bessere Lebensbedingungen für Frauen schaffen
Autor/in:
Wochner, Romana
Quelle: Gute Arbeit in Gesundheits- und Sozialberufen?!. Wien (Sozialpolitik in Diskussion), 2019, S 28-31
Inhalt: Frauen sind häufig in einem Sektor tätig, der durch persönliche Dienstleistungen gekennzeichnet ist. Im Vergleich zu anderen Berufsfeldern sind solche Jobs schlechter bezahlt. Das bestätigt sich auch im Bereich der Gesundheitsberufe: Frauen stellen die eklatante Mehrheit der Beschäftigten. Dieses Tätigkeitsfeld ist für seine schwierigen Arbeitsbedingungen bekannt: Personalmangel, niedrige Löhne und mangelnde Vereinbarkeit mit dem Privatleben prägen den Berufsalltag. Vielfach übernehmen Frauen neben der beruflichen Tätigkeit zusätzlich einen hohen Anteil der Haus- und Familienarbeit. Der Beitrag zeigt, inwiefern gute Arbeitsbedingungen in den Gesundheitsberufen zugleich die Lebensbedingungen von Frauen verbessern: Pflegepolitik ist Frauenpolitik. Eine Verbesserung der Rahmenbedingungen für die Gesundheitsberufe ist das Gebot der Stunde. Die wichtige berufliche Tätigkeit muss angemessen entlohnt werden und Entlastung durch bessere Arbeitsbedingungen finden.
Schlagwörter:women's employment; family work; wage; Familienarbeit; health occupations; Gesundheitsberuf; Hausarbeit; housework; Familie-Beruf; work-family balance; woman; Lebensbedingungen; working conditions; living conditions; Arbeitsbedingungen; gender-specific factors; Frauenerwerbstätigkeit; Lohn
SSOAR Kategorie:Industrie- und Betriebssoziologie, Arbeitssoziologie, industrielle Beziehungen, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Masculinities in Peacekeeping: Limits and transformations of UNSCR 1325 in the South African National Defence Force
Autor/in:
Fröhlich, Marieke
Quelle: Hessische Stiftung Friedens- und Konfliktforschung; Frankfurt am Main (PRIF Reports, 7), 2019. 31 S
Inhalt: This report takes a closer look by investigating the ways that UNSCR 1325 has been conceptualized and put into practice in the South African National Defence Force. South Africa is deploying a relatively high proportion of female peacekeepers, but shortcomings of UNSCR 1325, specifically related to gender essentialisms, have affected discourses within the armed forces. While this has led to contradictions and contestations concerning sameness and difference among male and female peacekeepers, the study also reveals a critical engagement with military peacekeeper masculinities, pointing towards a surpassing of the limited premise of UNSCR 1325.
Schlagwörter:Friedenssicherung; peacekeeping; Männlichkeit; masculinity; UNO-Sicherheitsrat; UN Security Council; Republik Südafrika; Republic of South Africa; woman; gender-specific factors; Friedenstruppe; peacekeeping troops; Militär; military
SSOAR Kategorie:Friedens- und Konfliktforschung, Sicherheitspolitik, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
To whom it may concern? Gründungsförderung und Gleichstellung an Schweizer Fachhochschulen
Titelübersetzung:To whom it may concern? Spin-off promotion and gender equality at Swiss universities of applied sciences
Autor/in:
Liebig, Brigitte; Schneider, Noemi
Quelle: GENDER - Zeitschrift für Geschlecht, Kultur und Gesellschaft, 11 (2019) 3, S 100-115
Inhalt: Im Zuge der Reformen des Hochschulwesens gewinnt die Förderung von wissenschaftsbasierten Gründungen an Bedeutung. Erste Erhebungen zur Schweiz zeigen jedoch, dass Akademikerinnen deutlich seltener ausgründen als Akademiker. Das als "Leaky Pipeline" bezeichnete Phänomen ist auch im Bereich von Gründungsaktivitäten an Schweizer Fachhochschulen deutlich erkennbar. Anschließend an Perspektiven der Gender- und Hochschulforschung beleuchtet der Beitrag zentrale Voraussetzungen für Gründungsaktivitäten von Frauen an Schweizer Fachhochschulen. Empirische Grundlage bilden eine schriftliche Umfrage aus den Jahren 2017/18 an öffentlich-rechtlichen Fachhochschulen der Schweiz sowie Interviews mit Gleichstellungsbeauftragten und Gründungszentren dieser Hochschulen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen nicht nur, dass Wissenschaftlerinnen kaum als Zielgruppen der Gründungsförderung an Fachhochschulen erkannt werden, sondern dass auch kaum spezifische Unterstützungsmaßnahmen für Frauen existieren. Dabei ist das Bewusstsein für den Gender Gap im Bereich Gründen bis jetzt gering - dies gilt gleichermaßen für Gründungsverantwortliche wie für Gleichstellungs- und Diversitätsbeauftragte der Hochschulen.
Quelle: International Journal on Digital Libraries, 20 (2019) 3, S 231-239
Inhalt: In this paper, we analyze a major part of the research output of the Networked Knowledge Organization Systems (NKOS) community in the period 2000-2016 from a network analytical perspective. We focus on the papers presented at the European and US NKOS workshops and in addition four special issues on NKOS in the last 16 years. For this purpose, we have generated an open dataset, the "NKOS bibliography" which covers the bibliographic information of the research output. We analyze the co-authorship network of this community which results in 123 papers with a sum of 256 distinct authors. We use standard network analytic measures such as degree, betweenness and closeness centrality to describe the co-authorship network of the NKOS dataset. First, we investigate global properties of the network over time. Second, we analyze the centrality of the authors in the NKOS network. Lastly, we investigate gender differences in collaboration behavior in this community. Our results show that apart from differences in centrality measures of the scholars, they have higher tendency to collaborate with those in the same institution or the same geographic proximity. We also find that homophily is higher among women in this community. Apart from small differences in closeness and clustering among men and women, we do not find any significant dissimilarities with respect to other centralities.
The Fourth Wave of Feminism and the Lack of Social Realism in Cyberspace
Autor/in:
Shiva, Negar; Nosrat Kharazmi, Zohreh
Quelle: Journal of Cyberspace Studies, 3 (2019) 2, S 129-146
Inhalt: Recent years have witnessed a surge in research on the impact of the cyberspace on social movements. The feminist movement has built a vocal platform online which attempts to underscore sexual violence against women. Scholars have begun to suspect that the internet has ushered in a new wave, the fourth wave of feminism. The fourth wave’s main feature is its reliance on social media. The accessibility, reach of a widespread audience, low costs and user-friendly environment have encouraged women to use social media to speak out against various forms of sexual violence directed against women. It is also assumed that going forward; the movement will also tackle issues such as the gender pay gap, neoliberal policies, maternity leave, and cultural sexism. Moreover, the internet-based movement is striving to bring to the fore the topic of intersectionality, that is, the intersection of oppressive institutions, and the attempt to rectify the failings of past waves by representing those oppressed by multiple institutions such as sexism, classism, and racism. This commentary provides an overview of the emerging academic literature on the fourth wave of feminism and critically reflects the lack of social realism in its existing form of knowledge production.
Schlagwörter:Feminismus; feminism; Internet; Internet; Soziale Medien; social media; soziale Bewegung; social movement; Realismus; realism; Wissensproduktion; knowledge production; gender-specific factors; fourth wave of feminism; realism; Cyberspace