Gender differences in higher education from a life course perspective : Transitions and social inequality between enrolment and first post-doc position
Autor/in:
Lörz, Markus; Mühleck, Kai
Quelle: High Educ (Higher Education), 77 (2019) 3, S 381–402
Inhalt: In the last decades, a vast number of post-industrialised economies have experienced a growing participation of women in higher education. However, men and women still differ with regard to their subsequent academic careers and labour market prospects. While several studies have disentangled the cumulative process of gender inequalities along the path to higher education, few studies cover two or more subsequent transitions in the academic career following graduation from upper-secondary education. We have investigated gender differences at five educational stages between graduation from upper-secondary education and the first post-doc position. To explain gender differences, we have integrated arguments of individual decision-making and educational, familial and work context conditions. This life course perspective leads us to propose several hypotheses on why the academic careers of men and women would differ in terms of transitions to the next education stage and graduation. We test our hypotheses using a longitudinal dataset which covers a large part of individual educational and academic careers of a cohort of students, beginning at the age of 20 years and extending up to the age of 40 years. Our results show that gender differences are more pronounced at the beginning of the academic career and tend to fade out at later stages. In particular, gender differences occur most strongly at transitions to the next educational stage rather than being caused by different graduation rates. These differences can be explained only to a very minor extent by performance. Separated analysis shows that men and women differ in their reasons to start or stop an academic career, with family circumstances in particular having different consequences.
Eine Analyse der Personalentwicklung in der Anästhesiologie unter besonderer Berücksichtigung von Gender-Aspekten
Autor/in:
van den Bussche, H.; Scherer, M.; Zöllner, C.; Kubitz, J. C.
Quelle: Der Anaesthesist, 68 (2019) 6, S 353–360
Inhalt: Skills shortage of nursing staff and physicians is a "hot topic" in health politics. For the future recruitment of medical staff in anesthesiology, an analysis of the staff development during the last decades considering gender aspects seems to be important. Therefore, the authors conducted a comparative analysis of data from the "Statistisches Bundesamt" (Fachserie 12 Reihe 7.3.1 and Fachserie 12 Reihe 6.1.1.) from 1994 until 2015. The analysis compared the development of anesthesiological staff (physicians) with the overall development of medical staff (physicians) in respect of the number of residents, consultants and department chairs. There are two major differences between the development of medical staff in anesthesiology and the overall development of medical staff: (1) in anesthesiology there is a high percentage of consultants without management tasks, (2) though the percentage of female colleagues is increasing both in anesthesiology and overall, the percentage of female colleagues in management or chair positions is lower in anesthesiology compared to the other disciplines, altogether. Anesthesiology is a discipline in which both the number of tasks and personnel have risen over the last two decades. The comparatively huge increase in the number of residents and consultants without management tasks suggests that the number of tasks in daily routine has substantially increased for anesthesiologists. The comparatively low percentage of female colleagues in chair positions should give an impulse to improve the compatibility of family and working live both for clinical and scientific careers.
Family-friendly academic conferences : A missing link to fix the “leaky pipeline”?
Autor/in:
Bos, Angela L.; Sweet-Cushman, Jennie; Schneider, Monica C.
Quelle: Politics, Groups, and Identities, 7 (2019) 3, S 748–758
Inhalt: Traveling to academic conferences to present research and network is essential for scholars to achieve success in the academy. Scholars with family obligations face barriers to participating in conferences, partly because most regional and national conferences are not organized to be family-friendly. While balancing travel to academic conferences with family responsibilities is a challenge faced by all academics, this burden can be especially high for women. As such, improving the family-friendly features of conferences could be one way to patch the “leaky pipeline” of young female scholars leaving the academy, and facilitate the movement of female faculty through the ranks from Assistant to Associate to Full Professor. We identify these barriers to conference attendance and how they might contribute to the leaky pipeline and share innovations from family-friendly small conferences that minimize these burdens. We also review what the major political science association conferences are doing to be family-friendly, and offer details about further recommended changes. Finally, we highlight one exemplary institutional policy and examples from other disciplines. Our conclusion is that there are many simple and affordable ways to make political science conferences more family-friendly and that these changes are necessary to creating an inclusive discipline.
Schlagwörter:academy; conferences; Frauen in der Wissenschaft; Gender; Mutterschaft; parenting; political science discipline
CEWS Kategorie:Wissenschaft als Beruf, Vereinbarkeit Familie-Beruf
Parenting on the Path to the Professoriate : A Focus on Graduate Student Mothers
Autor/in:
Kulp, Amanda M.
Quelle: Res High Educ (Research in Higher Education), 19 (2019) 3, 105 S
Inhalt: This study presents new findings on tenure-track job outcomes for mothers who parented children during graduate school. Using NSF Survey of Earned Doctorates (2000–2005) and Survey of Doctorate Recipients data (2000–2013), I explore how PhD mothers’ accumulation of career-related resources in graduate school influences their likelihood of attaining tenure-track jobs.
Inhalt: The transitional phase in the Twenty first century epoch has marked the most challenging stage of human lives. Employment and life style patterns are gradually transforming with the advent and influence of globalization, modernization, and urban ways of living and enhanced competition from the other nations. The role of women is very challenging due to the higher level of expectations; they have to gratify to make their living in the male dominating society. Women have to perform multiple roles and are expected to make proper balance between their personal as well as professional lives. In order to meet their personal, professional and social needs, they have to struggle with numerous gauntlets in the complex environment. The conflict in their job role and family role is one of the biggest challenges in the present era. Hence, the study aims at providing the insight to the conceptual framework of work-life balance, its significance in the lives of working women as well as various measures to ensure the certainty of balance in their lives.
Schlagwörter:Frauen in der Wissenschaft; Frauenrolle; Globalisierung; Lifestyle; Modernisierung; work-life balance
CEWS Kategorie:Wissenschaft als Beruf, Vereinbarkeit Familie-Beruf
Zwischen "Exzellenz" und Existenz : Wissenschaftskarriere, Arbeits- und Geschlechterarrangements in Deutschland und Österreich
Autor/in:
Binner, Kristina; Weber, Lena
Quelle: GENDER (GENDER – Zeitschrift für Geschlecht, Kultur und Gesellschaft), 11 (2019) 1-2019, S 31–46
Inhalt: In der Gesellschaft wie auch in der Wissenschaft haben einige Veränderungen in Richtung Geschlechtergleichstellung stattgefunden. In den letzten Jahren werden wissenschaftliche Karrieren in Deutschland und Österreich jedoch nach ‚Exzellenzkriterien‘ und dem Leitbild der ‚unternehmerischen Hochschule‘ reorganisiert und Karrierepfade prekarisiert. Dieser Beitrag untersucht länderübergreifend, ob sich dadurch Geschlechterarrangements erneut ungleich gestalten. Dazu wird mit der Perspektive der alltäglichen und biografischen Arbeitsarrangements der Zusammenhang zwischen wissenschaftlichen Karrieren und Geschlecht analysiert. Im Fokus stehen die subjektiven Wahrnehmungen von Alltagsorganisation und biografischen Entscheidungen von NachwuchswissenschaftlerInnen, die in zwei qualitativen Interviewstudien befragt wurden. Es wird auf der Subjektebene gezeigt, wie in Zeiten ‚exzellenter‘ Spitzenforschung Geschlechterungleichheiten in Alltag und Biografie erzeugt werden.
Quelle: Gender Work Organ (Gender, Work & Organization), 26 (2019) 4, S 448–462
Inhalt: This article examines the rise in precarious academic employment in Ireland as an outcome of the higher education restructuring following OECD (Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development), government initiatives and post‐crisis austerity. Presenting the narratives of academic women at different career stages, we claim that a focus on care sheds new light on the debate on precarity. A more complete understanding of precarity should take account not only of the contractual security but also affective relational security in the lives of employees. The intersectionality of paid work and care work lives was a dominant theme in our interviews among academic women. In a globalized academic market, premised on the care‐free masculinized ideals of competitive performance, 24/7 work and geographical mobility, women who opt out of these norms, suffer labour‐led contractual precarity and are over‐represented in part‐time and fixed‐term positions. Women who comply with these organizational commands need to peripheralize their relational lives and experience care‐led affective precarity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
How Job Sharing Can Lead to More Women Achieving Senior Leadership Roles in Higher Education : A UK Study
Autor/in:
Watton, Emma; Stables, Sarah; Kempster, Steve
Quelle: Soc. Sci. (Social Sciences), 8 (2019) 7, 209 S
Inhalt: This article explores the opportunity that job sharing offers as a way of encouraging more women into senior management roles in the higher education sector. There is a scarcity of female leadership representation in the higher education context, in particular a lack of female leadership pipeline. The article examines the underlying influences that limit the representation of women in leadership roles. To address these contextual limitations the process of job sharing is offered as a possible solution for harnessing the skills and talents of women in leadership positions in higher education and enabling the development of a leadership pipeline. To illustrate how such job sharing could occur the article provides a detailed vignette of a job share between two senior women leaders within a single UK university context and the positive impact this had on the organisation, the individuals and their leadership development. This article seeks to make a contribution by exploring how leadership job sharing can occur and sets out some recommendations for the adoption, negotiation and establishment of job share structures in the future.
Schlagwörter:co-constructed autoethnography; job sharing; Leadership; women in higher education
CEWS Kategorie:Wissenschaft als Beruf, Vereinbarkeit Familie-Beruf
Verwandtschaftsverhältnisse – Geschlechterverhältnisse im 21. Jahrhundert
Autor/in:
Zimmermann, Okka
Quelle: GENDER (GENDER – Zeitschrift für Geschlecht, Kultur und Gesellschaft), 11 (2019) 2-2019, S 121–137
Inhalt: In der Geschlechterforschung wird angeregt über den Zusammenhang von Feminismus, Neoliberalismus, demografischer Wende in der Familienpolitik und der sich verändernden Rolle von Müttern debattiert. Dieser Beitrag zielt darauf ab, die Art und das Ausmaß der Rezeption öffentlicher Diskurse um Vereinbarkeit herauszuarbeiten. Hiernach werden insbesondere hochqualifizierte Frauen durch wirkmächtige Leitbilder darauf verpflichtet, Karriere und Mutterschaft selbstständig zu vereinbaren, während die Kritik am asymmetrischen Geschlechterverhältnis weitgehend verstummt. In diesem Beitrag wird auf der empirischen Basis qualitativer Interviews analysiert, ob und wie sich der ‚kritische‘ oder ‚neoliberale‘ Vereinbarkeitsdiskurs in der Alltagskommunikation und in Vereinbarkeitsstrategien berufstätiger Mütter niederschlägt. Als zentrales Ergebnis ist festzustellen, dass diese sich weitgehend als ‚Familienmanagerinnen‘ sehen, die durch gute Planung, Struktur und Organisation Vereinbarkeit selbst herstellen. Der neoliberale mediale Vereinbarkeitsdiskurs wurde von ihnen damit weitestgehend übernommen und in Vereinbarkeitsstrategien umgesetzt, die durch individuelle Lösungen gekennzeichnet sind.