The Two-Part Gender Revolution, Women's Second Shift and Changing Cohort Fertility
Autor/in:
Frejka, Tomas; Goldscheider, Frances; Lappegård, Trude
Quelle: Comparative Population Studies - Zeitschrift für Bevölkerungswissenschaft, 43 (2018) , S 99-130
Details
Inhalt: The two parts of the gender revolution have been evolving side by side at least since the 1960s. The first part, women's entry into the public sphere, proceeded faster than the second part, men’s entry into the private sphere. Consequently, many employed mothers have carried a greater burden of paid and unpaid family support than fathers throughout the second half of the 20th century. This constituted women's "second shift," depressing fertility. A central focus of this paper is to establish second shift trends during the second half of the 20th century and their effects on fertility. Our analyses are based on data on cohort fertility, male and female labor force participation, and male and female domestic hours worked from 11 countries in Northern Europe, Western/central Europe, Southern Europe, and North America between 1960/70 and 2000/2014. We find that the gender revolution had not generated a turnaround, i.e. an increase in cohort fertility, by the end of the 20th century. Nevertheless, wherever the gender revolution has made progress in reducing women’s second shift, cohort fertility declined the least; where the second shift is large and/or has not been reduced, cohort fertility has declined the most.
Schlagwörter:20. Jahrhundert; Italy; Netherlands; birth trend; fertility; Gleichstellung; Arbeitsteilung; Sweden; Familienpolitik; gender role; Familie-Beruf; Italien; Federal Republic of Germany; work-family balance; Kanada; Geschlechtsrolle; Norway; Geburtenentwicklung; labor force participation; Norwegen; Finnland; family policy; United States of America; Fruchtbarkeit; Erwerbsbeteiligung; Schweden; France; division of labor; Spanien; USA; Großbritannien; Finland; woman; Frankreich; Great Britain; Spain; affirmative action; gender-specific factors; Canada; twentieth century; Niederlande; two-part gender revolution; transformation of male breadwinner family model; women in public sphere; men in private sphere; women's second shift
SSOAR Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Bevölkerung
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
The Same Fertility Ideals as in the Country of Origin? A Study of the Personal Ideal Family Size among Immigrant Women in Italy
Autor/in:
Mussino, Eleonora; Ortensi, Livia Elisa
Quelle: Comparative Population Studies - Zeitschrift für Bevölkerungswissenschaft, 43 (2018) , S 243-274
Details
Inhalt: The role of the personal ideal family size for international migrants has rarely been studied in the current debate on fertility and migration in the European context. It is not known to which extent the reduction of fertility observed among immigrants who settle in a country where fertility is lower than in their country of origin is the result of a change in fertility norms among those immigrants. The study of migrants' ideals family size has the potential to shed light on fertility norms without the interference of economic conditions and migration-related disruptive phenomena. Due to the complexity of its migration context, Italy is an interesting destination country for studying changes in migrants' ideal family sizes. This paper uses data from the survey of the Italian National Institute of Statistics (ISTAT) on immigrant families conducted in 2011-12. We compare the personal ideal family size of women of reproductive age with the prevalent norm in their country of origin, applying a multinomial logistic regression analysis. Results show that the country of origin has an important role in the determination of immigrants’ ideal family sizes. Women from countries where large families are the ideal are more likely to show a lower personal ideal family size compared to their non-migrant co-nationals, while women from countries where two children are considered ideal mostly share the same norm. The occurrence of fertility preferences expressed in a non-numeric form (e.g. "Up to God") changes between women with different countries of origin. This study confirms that conformity with the ideal of the country of origin is more likely among women who migrated as adults. At the same time, the number of years spent in the destination country is not significantly associated with a shift away from the norms prevalent in the country of origin. Finally, female empowerment and gender equity show their effects mainly on the reduction of non-numeric responses.
Schlagwörter:Migrant; migrant; woman; Italien; Italy; Fruchtbarkeit; fertility; Kinderzahl; number of children; generatives Verhalten; reproductive behavior; Familiengröße; family size; Norm; standard; Tradition; tradition; Herkunftsland; country of origin; Geschlechtsrolle; gender role; Gleichberechtigung; equality of rights; sozioökonomische Faktoren; socioeconomic factors; Ideal number of children; Fertility; Migrants; Italy; Gender Norms
SSOAR Kategorie:Bevölkerung, Familiensoziologie, Sexualsoziologie, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Angriff auf die Demokratie: die Macht des Autoritären und die Gefährdung demokratischer Geschlechterverhältnisse; eine Einleitung
Autor/in:
Wilde, Gabriele; Meyer, Birgit
Quelle: Femina Politica - Zeitschrift für feministische Politikwissenschaft, 27 (2018) 1, S 9-21
Details
Schlagwörter:Demokratie; democracy; politische Rechte; political right; Populismus; populism; Gleichheit; equality; Wertorientierung; value-orientation; Exklusion; exclusion; Diskriminierung; discrimination; Geschlechterverhältnis; gender relations; Geschlechtsrolle; gender role
SSOAR Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, politische Willensbildung, politische Soziologie, politische Kultur
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
The Same Fertility Ideals as in the Country of Origin? A Study of the Personal Ideal Family Size among Immigrant Women in Italy
Autor/in:
Mussino, Eleonora; Ortensi, Livia Elisa
Quelle: Comparative Population Studies - Zeitschrift für Bevölkerungswissenschaft, 43 (2018) , S 243-274
Details
Inhalt: The role of the personal ideal family size for international migrants has rarely been studied in the current debate on fertility and migration in the European context. It is not known to which extent the reduction of fertility observed among immigrants who settle in a country where fertility is lower than in their country of origin is the result of a change in fertility norms among those immigrants. The study of migrants' ideals family size has the potential to shed light on fertility norms without the interference of economic conditions and migration-related disruptive phenomena. Due to the complexity of its migration context, Italy is an interesting destination country for studying changes in migrants' ideal family sizes. This paper uses data from the survey of the Italian National Institute of Statistics (ISTAT) on immigrant families conducted in 2011-12. We compare the personal ideal family size of women of reproductive age with the prevalent norm in their country of origin, applying a multinomial logistic regression analysis. Results show that the country of origin has an important role in the determination of immigrants’ ideal family sizes. Women from countries where large families are the ideal are more likely to show a lower personal ideal family size compared to their non-migrant co-nationals, while women from countries where two children are considered ideal mostly share the same norm. The occurrence of fertility preferences expressed in a non-numeric form (e.g. "Up to God") changes between women with different countries of origin. This study confirms that conformity with the ideal of the country of origin is more likely among women who migrated as adults. At the same time, the number of years spent in the destination country is not significantly associated with a shift away from the norms prevalent in the country of origin. Finally, female empowerment and gender equity show their effects mainly on the reduction of non-numeric responses.
Schlagwörter:Italy; fertility; reproductive behavior; number of children; gender role; Migrant; Italien; sozioökonomische Faktoren; Geschlechtsrolle; Gleichberechtigung; country of origin; family size; Kinderzahl; Fruchtbarkeit; Tradition; Familiengröße; generatives Verhalten; Norm; migrant; Herkunftsland; standard; equality of rights; socioeconomic factors; woman; tradition; Ideal number of children; Fertility; Migrants; Italy; Gender Norms
SSOAR Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Familiensoziologie, Sexualsoziologie, Bevölkerung
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Navigating between two cultures: immigrants' gender attitudes toward working women
Autor/in:
Pessin, Léa; Arpino, Bruno
Quelle: Demographic Research, 38 (2018) , S 967-1016
Details
Inhalt: Background: Gender attitudes toward women’s employment are of particular importance because they positively influence gender-equal outcomes in the labor market. Our understanding of the mechanisms that promote egalitarian gender attitudes among immigrants, however, remains limited. Objective: By studying first- and second-generation immigrants from multiple origins and living in different countries, this article seeks to explain under what conditions the prevalent cultural attitudes toward gender roles at the origin and destination influence immigrants' gender attitudes. We address three main research questions. First, does the country-of-origin gender ideology influence immigrants' views toward working women? Second, does the country-of-destination gender ideology influence immigrants' views toward working women? And third, are these relationships moderated by (1) the immigrant generation; (2) the age at arrival in the country of destination; (3) the length of residence at the destination? Methods: Using data from the European Social Survey, we model immigrants' gender attitudes toward working women by using linear cross-classified models to account for clustering into the country of origin and destination. Results: The results highlight the importance of the context of early socialization in shaping immigrants' gender attitudes. First-generation immigrants, and more specifically adult migrants, hold gender attitudes that reflect more strongly the country of origin’s gender culture. In contrast, the positive association between gender ideology at destination and immigrants' gender attitudes is stronger among second-generation immigrants and child migrants. Contribution: We add to the literature on gender ideology formation by analyzing the influence of gender ideology at the origin and destination levels on the gender attitudes of immigrants from 96 countries of origin and residing across 32 countries of destination.
Schlagwörter:women's employment; Wertorientierung; first generation; gender role; erste Generation; value-orientation; kulturelle Faktoren; Migrant; Sozialisation; Geschlechtsrolle; socialization; country of origin; second generation; Einwanderung; berufstätige Frau; cultural factors; attitude; migrant; Herkunftsland; working woman; gender-specific factors; immigration; Frauenerwerbstätigkeit; Einstellung; zweite Generation; cross-classified model; European Social Survey; European Values Study; female labor force participation; gender attitudes; World Values Survey
SSOAR Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Education, marriage, and professionalization: the modern Qatari woman's dilemma
Titelübersetzung:Bildung, Ehe und Arbeit: das Dilemma moderner katarischer Frauen
Autor/in:
Rajakumar, Mohanalakshmi; Bengali, Mariam; Shahzad, Rumsha; Kane, Tanya
Quelle: GENDER - Zeitschrift für Geschlecht, Kultur und Gesellschaft, 9 (2017) 1, S 82-98
Details
Inhalt: "Anhand zweier Datensätze von Interviews, die mit katarischen Studentinnen und Professorinnen durchgeführt wurden, werden die Hindernisse auf dem Weg hin zu einer geschlechterinklusiven Erwerbsbeteiligung untersucht. Der erste Datensatz ist das Ergebnis eines Projekts, das die Disparitäten zwischen Bildungsabschluss und Erwerbsbeteiligung unter katarischen Frauen untersucht. 274 junge Frauen im Alter von 17 bis 25 Jahren wurden mit dem Ziel befragt, einige der Gründe nachzuzeichnen, warum katarische Frauen nicht ins Berufsleben treten. Der zweite Datensatz bündelt die Ergebnisse von 350 Fokusgruppendiskussionen und Interviews mit Studentinnen. Hier wurde die Auswirkung von deren höherer Bildung auf deren Heiratsfähigkeit untersucht. Ihre Bildung hat - im Vergleich zu den Generationen ihrer Mütter und Großmütter - zu einer Erhöhung des Heiratsalters geführt, aber die sozialen Erwartungen an Frauen, die Rolle der Ehefrau und Mutter zu erfüllen, führen weiterhin dazu, dass eine Heirat die Arbeit einer Frau außerhalb des Hauses einschränken kann." (Autorenreferat)
Inhalt: "We offer observations about the obstacles to promoting a gender-inclusive labor force based on two sets of data on female Qatari students and professionals. Data set 1 is the result of a project pertaining to the disparity between education and employment among Qatari women. We surveyed 274 young women between the ages of 17 and 25 with the aim of understanding some of the reasons why Qatari women were not entering the workforce. Data set 2 derives from 350 focus groups and interviews with female students to assess the effect their tertiary education had on their marriageability. While education has delayed the age of marriage when this generation of women is compared with that of their mothers and grandmothers, the social expectations of becoming a wife and ensuing motherhood mean that marriage can restrict a woman's working outside the home." (author's abstract)
Schlagwörter:Katar; Qatar; Persischer Golf; Persian Gulf; woman; soziale Norm; social norm; gender-specific factors; Geschlechterverhältnis; gender relations; Erwerbsbeteiligung; labor force participation; Bildungsniveau; level of education; Heirat; wedding; Ehe; marriage; Geschlechtsrolle; gender role; Familie-Beruf; work-family balance
SSOAR Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Auf der Suche nach dem wahren Selbst: Feminismus, Schönheit und Kosmetikindustrie in der Bundesrepublik seit den 1970er-Jahren
Autor/in:
Poiger, Uta G.
Quelle: Zeithistorische Forschungen / Studies in Contemporary History, 14 (2017) 2, S 286-310
Details
Schlagwörter:Industriebetrieb; Schönheit; gender; Körperbild; industrial enterprise; Selbstbild; self-image; Gender; beauty; gender role; body image; Federal Republic of Germany; cosmetics; Geschlechtsrolle; Feminismus; feminism; Kosmetik; Alltag; Geschlecht; Gender Studies; Körper; Konsum; Mentalität; Soziales; Unternehmen; Wirtschaft
SSOAR Kategorie:allgemeine Geschichte, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
"Involvierte" Väter zwischen Beruf und Familie: zur Re/Produktion von Männlichkeiten in paarinternen Aushandlungen
Titelübersetzung:Involved fathers between work and family life: re/production of masculinity in negotiations within couples
Autor/in:
Peukert, Almut
Quelle: Zeitschrift für Familienforschung, 29 (2017) 1, S 90-113
Details
Inhalt: "Ausgehend von der in der Männlichkeitsforschung diskutierten These, 'involvierte' Väterlichkeit stehe im Widerspruch zum Leitbild erwerbszentrierter hegemonialer Männlichkeit, werden im vorliegenden Beitrag Kontinuitäten und Wandel in der Relationierung von Erwerbs- und Familienarbeit bei Vätern untersucht. Mit dem interaktionstheoretischen Ansatz zu 'un/doing masculinity' liegt der Fokus auf der Her- und Darstellung von Geschlechterdifferenzen sowie der hierarchisierenden Abgrenzung zu Weiblichkeiten und nicht-hegemonialer Männlichkeiten im Paarkontext. Anhand von 27 qualitativen Paar- und Einzelinterviews werden - entlang der Dimensionen Berufs-/Karrierekonzept, finanzielle Versorgung der Familie und Elternzeitarrangement - drei Re/Produktionsformen erwerbszentrierter hegemonialer Männlichkeit rekonstruiert und diskutiert. Im Ergebnis zeigt sich, dass die Re/Produktion von Männlichkeiten in paarinternen Aushandlungen zu Erwerbs- und Familienarbeit fragil, herausgefordert oder episodisch ausgesetzt wird. Dies impliziert, dass auch die Aushandlungen auf der Paarebene zur Relationierung von Erwerbs- und Familienarbeit, neben wohlfahrtsstaatlichen Rahmungen und Arbeitsorganisationen, signifikante un/gleichheitsrelevante Folgen haben." (Autorenreferat)
Inhalt: "Starting from the hypothesis discussed in research on masculinities and fathering that 'involved' fathering is incompatible with hegemonic masculinity, this paper examines continuity and change in interrelating work and family life by German fathers. Within the sociological frame of interaction theory on un/doing masculinity I focused on the production and presentation of gender differences and the hierarchizing demarcation against femininity and non-hegemonic masculinities within the couple. Based on 27 qualitative couples' and individual interviews, three forms of re/production of masculinity were constructed and discussed along the dimensions of vocational/career concepts, financial care of the family, and parental leave arrangements within the couple. The results show that the re/production of masculinities within negotiations of the couples regarding paid and family work are fragile, challenged, or episodically undone. This implies that in addition to welfare state policies and work organizations, the negotiations within the couple about their division of paid and unpaid work have significant consequences for the un/equality between the parents." (author's abstract)
Schlagwörter:Vaterschaft; fatherhood; Geschlechtsrolle; gender role; Vater; father; Familie-Beruf; work-family balance; Erwerbsarbeit; gainful work; Familienarbeit; family work; Arbeitsteilung; division of labor; gender-specific factors; Männlichkeit; masculinity; Leitbild; example; Karriere; career; Dual Career Couple; dual career couple; Federal Republic of Germany; Väterforschung; Hegemoniale Männlichkeit; Aushandlungen; Paar
SSOAR Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Familiensoziologie, Sexualsoziologie
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Teilzeitväter? Deutschland, Schweden, Irland und die Niederlande im Vergleich
Titelübersetzung:Working part-time? A comparison of part-time employment among fathers in Germany, Sweden, Ireland and the Netherlands
Autor/in:
Hipp, Lena; Molitor, Friederike; Leschke, Janine; Bekker, Sonja
Quelle: Zeitschrift für Familienforschung, 29 (2017) 1, S 32-48
Details
Inhalt: "In der aktuellen Debatte um eine verbesserte Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf geht es zunehmend auch um kürzere Arbeitszeiten von Vätern. Trotz eines leichten Anstiegs teilzeitarbeitender Männer in den letzten Jahren hat sich die sozialwissenschaftliche Forschung bislang vornehmlich mit Teilzeitarbeit von Frauen beschäftigt. Erkenntnisse darüber, unter welchen Bedingungen Männer, insbesondere Väter, Teilzeit arbeiten, gibt es kaum. Unsere Studie will zur Schließung dieser Forschungslücke mittels einer Analyse von Individualdaten der Europäischen Arbeitskräfteerhebung (EU AKE) für Deutschland, Schweden, Irland und die Niederlande aus dem Jahr 2014 beitragen. Wir können zeigen, dass Väter, die gleiche oder geringere Verdienstmöglichkeiten als ihre Partnerinnen haben, in keinem der Länder mit einer höheren Wahrscheinlichkeit Teilzeit arbeiten als Väter mit höheren Verdienstmöglichkeiten. Ungeachtet beruflicher Statusunterschiede innerhalb der Paarbeziehung arbeiten Väter mit drei oder mehr Kindern in Deutschland und Irland eher in Teilzeit; außerdem arbeiten verheiratete Väter in beiden Ländern seltener in Teilzeit als unverheiratete. Während in den Niederlanden Väter mit geringeren Verdienstmöglichkeiten als ihre Partnerinnen häufiger in Teilzeit arbeiten, wenn ein kleines Kind zu versorgen ist, arbeiten diese Väter in Irland seltener in Teilzeit." (Autorenreferat)
Inhalt: "In the current discussions on combining work and family life, the idea of shorter working hours for fathers is becoming ever more popular. Although the proportion of part-time working men has somewhat increased in the last few years, parttime employment has been largely studied for women and mothers. Much less is known about men’s, and particularly fathers’, part-time employment. This study seeks to fill this gap by analysing part-time work among fathers in Germany, Sweden, Ireland, and the Netherlands using data from the European Labour Force Survey (LFS) from the year 2014. We show that fathers' lower earning capacity within couples is not associated with a higher probability of working part-time in any of the four countries. Irrespective of the occupational status differences within couples, fathers in Germany and Ireland with three or more children are more likely to work part-time than fathers with fewer children; moreover, in both countries, married fathers are less likely to work part-time than unmarried fathers. While fathers of small children in the Netherlands are more likely to work part-time if they have a lower occupational status than their female partners, these fathers are less likely to work part-time in Ireland." (author's abstract)
Schlagwörter:Vaterschaft; fatherhood; Familie-Beruf; work-family balance; Teilzeitarbeit; part-time work; Arbeitszeitflexibilität; working time flexibility; Einkommensverhältnisse; income situation; Geschlechtsrolle; gender role; Familienpolitik; family policy; Federal Republic of Germany; Niederlande; Netherlands; Irland; Ireland; Schweden; Sweden; internationaler Vergleich; international comparison
SSOAR Kategorie:Familiensoziologie, Sexualsoziologie, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
"Die Zeit kommt nicht wieder": Elterngeldnutzung erwerbstätiger Väter in Bayern
Titelübersetzung:"Time that never returns": working fathers taking parental leave benefits in Bavaria
Autor/in:
Peltz, Kathrin; Streckenbach, Luisa Antonie; Müller, Dagmar; Possinger, Johanna; Thiessen, Barbara
Quelle: Zeitschrift für Familienforschung, 29 (2017) 1, S 114-135
Details
Inhalt: "Das Elterngeld erfreut sich bei Vätern zunehmender Beliebtheit. Am Beispiel Bayerns - einem Bundesland, in dem die Nutzung der 'Vätermonate' besonders hoch ist und gleichzeitig regional variiert - wird mithilfe eines multimethodischen Designs untersucht, welche Bedeutung die Erwerbsarbeit für den Elterngeldbezug von Vätern hat. Auf der Grundlage aggregierter Regionaldaten wird zunächst mittels linearer Regression analysiert, welche Kontextfaktoren die Väterbeteiligung auf Kreisebene beeinflussen. Dabei zeigt sich, dass vor allem eine geringe Arbeitslosigkeit, das Arbeitsplatzangebot für hoch qualifizierte Beschäftigte und eine ausgewogene Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen und Männern mit einer höheren Väterbeteiligung am Elterngeld einhergehen. Zudem werden auf Grundlage problemzentrierter Interviews mit Vätern und Paaren individuelle Begründungen für den Elterngeldbezug des Vaters rekonstruiert. Neben finanziellen Erwägungen bestimmt eine emotionale Verwobenheit mit der Erwerbsarbeit die Elterngeld-Entscheidung. Insgesamt zeigt sich, wie bedeutsam die Erwerbsarbeit und das Einkommen beider Elternteile für die Elterngeldentscheidung sind, auch wenn das hohe bayerische Einkommensniveau nicht ausschlaggebend für die hohe Nutzung der Partnermonate ist." (Autorenreferat)
Inhalt: "The popularity of the 'Elterngeld' - the current parental allowance legislation in Germany - is considerably growing among fathers. By means of a multiple-method research approach, the influence of employment on paternity leave is investigated through the example of Bavaria - a federal state that has a particularly high rate of fathers taking parental leave. Contextual factors that might influence fathers' involvement at the district level are investigated based on aggregated regional data using linear regression. It shows that a low rate of unemployment, job opportunities for highly qualified workers and an equitable balance in the participation of women and men in working life correlate with a higher rate of paternity leave. Individual rationales for taking parental leave are reconstructed on the basis of problem-focused interviews with Bavarian fathers and couples during paternity leave. The analysis revealed that, besides financial considerations, the emotional attachment to working life is of great importance for the decision of fathers taking parental leave. Even though the high income level in Bavaria is not - differently than previously assumed - crucial for the extensive use of 'father months', the findings confirm the overall importance of employment and the income level of both parents for the fathers’ decision on taking parental leave." (author's abstract)
Schlagwörter:Vaterschaft; fatherhood; Erwerbstätigkeit; gainful employment; Familie-Beruf; work-family balance; Elterngeld; family allowance; Elternurlaub; parental leave; regionale Faktoren; regional factors; sozioökonomische Faktoren; socioeconomic factors; regionaler Unterschied; regional difference; Geschlechtsrolle; gender role; Bayern; Bavaria; Federal Republic of Germany
SSOAR Kategorie:Familiensoziologie, Sexualsoziologie, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz