The Exploitation of Academic Work : Women in Teaching at Swedish Universities
Autor/in:
Angervall, Petra; Beach, Dennis
Quelle: High Educ Policy (Higher Education Policy), 31 (2018) 1, S 1–17
Details
Inhalt: This study concerns some of the implications of the increasing commodification of the higher education sector. It tries to highlight how higher education institutions have developed in the late 2000s through the reform path that was introduced to transform programmes and employees into marketable products. New forms of governance that change institutional contexts and concrete practices accompany this change. Based on interviews with a group of female academic lecturers and teachers, we look in particular at how the work structure is organized and practised at Swedish universities. The results illustrate a greater division of labour and a fragmentation of academic work that can be explained by recent developments. More specifically, it appears as if female academics in teaching-intensive departments do work that serves the interests of others (often men), foremost in areas and practices such as research.
Schlagwörter:Arbeitsteilung; division of labor; Gender; Geschlecht; Geschlechterverhältnis; Governance; Lehre; Schweden; teaching; wissenschaftliche Arbeit
CEWS Kategorie:Europa und Internationales, Hochschulen, Geschlechterverhältnis
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Gendered images of international research collaboration
Autor/in:
Zippel, Kathrin S.
Quelle: Gender, Work & Organization, 4 (2018) 1, 139 S
Details
Inhalt: Joan Acker's theory on gendered organizations offers important tools for understanding subtler forms of inequalities and gendered practices in the workplace. According to Acker, invisible mechanisms in organizations such as the symbolic and material/structural aspects of organizations reproduce gendered inequalities. My application of Acker's theory demonstrates how imagery itself assigns value to collaborative practices in gender stereotypical ways. In an institutional context that devalues international research collaboration among faculty, gendered images of exploiter, patronizing helper, partner, or friend ultimately serve to construct glass fences - obstacles to international collaborative engagement - particularly for women. The reflection and potential recreation of gendered inequalities among academics simultaneously reconstructs inequalities between the U.S. and abroad, as institutional reward structures attach gendered symbolic and material values that (re)shape (international) collaborations themselves. Together, these processes construct the gendered organization of global science and academia.
Schlagwörter:Forschungskooperation; gendered organizations; Geschlechterungleichheit; Internationale Kooperation; Internationalisierung; Organisation; Organisationstheorie; Ungleichheit; USA
CEWS Kategorie:Europa und Internationales, Netzwerke und Organisationen, Wissenschaft als Beruf, Geschlechterverhältnis
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Family configurations and arrangements in the transnational mobility of early-career academics : Does gender make twice the difference?
Autor/in:
Toader, Alina; Dahinden, Janine
Quelle: MIGRATION LETTERS, 15 (2018) 1, S 67–84
Details
Inhalt: Previous studies have pointed out the highly gendered character of academia in general and international mobility in particular: women academics are confronted with a ‘glass ceiling’, and they are less geographically mobile than men, mainly as a result of family obligations. This paper examines whether gender plays twice a role in how women and men consider family arrangements in regard to a long-term post-PhD period of transnational mobility. Using data from an online survey and face-to-face interviews at the Universities of Cambridge and Zurich, we focus first on family configurations when academics decide to become mobile, then on how the family arrangements evolve while abroad. We show that the transnational mobility of academics has become more complex and varied than the ‘classical model’ of mobile academic men and non-mobile or ‘tied mover’ women. While having a child continues to impact gender roles, institutional characteristics in the context of mobility also play a role that needs to be further analysed.
Schlagwörter:Familie; Familienernährer-Modell; Geschlechterarrangement; Geschlechterunterschied; internationale akademische Mobilität; Mobilität; Schweiz; Wissenschaftler; Wissenschaftlerin
CEWS Kategorie:Europa und Internationales, Wissenschaft als Beruf, Geschlechterverhältnis
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Gender Segregation on Campuses: A Cross-Time Comparison of the Academic Pipeline in Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan
Autor/in:
Peng, Yen-Wen; Kawano, Ginko; Lee, Eunkyoung; Tsai, Li-Ling; Takarabe, Kae; Yokoyama, Miwa; Ohtsubo, Hisako; Ogawa, Mariko
Quelle: International Journal of Gender, Science and Technology, 9 (2017) 1
Details
Inhalt: Women’s participation in s cience has been a major concern among Western feminists since the 1970s. Numerous European countries have collaborat ed to publish She Figures once every three years , which collects and compares the basic education and employment statistics for women in science and technology. However, such cross-country comparison is still rare in Asia. In this research , we collected statistics on the composition of students and faculty members in higher education in Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan from 2004 to 2014 . Then we compared the patterns of gender segregation between European Union (EU) and the East Asia (EA) regions, followed by the comparison among the three EA countries. 0 0 1 218 1246 NSYSU 10 2 1462 14.0 Normal 0 10 pt 0 2 false false false EN-US ZH-TW X-NONE ([{£¥‘“‵〈《「『【〔〝︵︷︹︻︽︿﹁﹃﹙﹛﹝({ !),.:;?]}¢·–—’”•‥…‧′╴、。〉》」』】〕〞︰︱︳︴︶︸︺︼︾﹀﹂﹄﹏﹐﹑﹒﹔﹕﹖﹗﹚﹜﹞!),.:;?]|}、 /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:表格內文; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Cambria; mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;} We documented that gender participation in science in the three EA countries has basically follow ed the patterns of the EU nations in terms of decreasing vertical segregation and stabilizing horizontal segregation. However the degree of segregation in EA is higher than that in EU-28, particularly in E ngineering. Among the three EA countries, moreover, it is evident that South Korea has made better progress than the other two in the past decade in terms of women’s participation in science, particularly at the Master’s D egree level. Yet the increase of women ’s participation does not necessarily eliminat e gender segregation in science as both sexes still follow the car e/ technology division trend in their disciplinary choice s , which merit s more attention.
Schlagwörter:Asien; EU; Geschlecht; Hochschule; horizontale Segregation; Naturwissenschaften; Segregation; Statistik; Unterrepräsentanz; Vertikale Segregation; Wissenschaft
CEWS Kategorie:Europa und Internationales, Hochschulen, Geschlechterverhältnis
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Individualized sex equality in transforming Finnish academia
Autor/in:
Lätti, Johanna
Quelle: European Educational Research Journal, 16 (2017) 2-3, S 258–276
Details
Inhalt: This article examines the equality agenda in the context of Finnish university reform in the 21st century. In Finland, the academic regime went through an organizational transformation after the Universities Act in 2009. However, little attention has been paid to the questions of sex or equality. Since the policy influences on equality in education and work are increasingly transnational, this article also observes the role of gender mainstreaming in universities’ equality agenda. The appearance of sex equality is analysed through a variety of documentary materials. The findings indicate the balance between higher educational demands and tightening requirements on equality promotion. Equality work, as a part of human resources, is seen through legislation and provides common good and market advantages. The aims seek to ensure similar treatment between individuals and case-specific anti-discrimination, separating spheres of academic work and private life. The focus is on subjective rights on economic rewards and career opportunities. Yet, confused by the abstract principle of gender mainstreaming, the individually oriented view diverges from the traditional Nordic equality model. The study suggests an evaluation of key concepts and assumptions of equality politics in higher education institutions.
Individualized sex equality in transforming Finnish academia. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317118864_Individualized_sex_equality_in_transforming_Finnish_academia [accessed Jul 7, 2017].
Schlagwörter:Finnland; Gender Mainstreaming; Geschlecht; Gleichstellung; Gleichstellungsarbeit; Gleichstellungspolitik; Hochschule; human resource management; Organisation; Organisationsentwicklung; Personalentwicklung; Skandinavien
CEWS Kategorie:Europa und Internationales, Hochschulen, Geschlechterverhältnis, Gleichstellungspolitik
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Gender Differences in Publication Productivity Among Academic Scientists and Engineers in the U.S. and China : Similarities and Differences
Autor/in:
Tao, Yu; Hong, Wei; Ma, Ying
Quelle: Minerva, 55 (2017) 4, S 459–484
Details
Inhalt: Gender differences in science and engineering (S&E) have been studied in various countries. Most of these studies find that women are underrepresented in the S&E workforce and publish less than their male peers. The factors that contribute to gender differences in experience and performance in S&E careers can vary from one country to another, yet they remain underexplored. This paper is among the first to systematically compare gender differences in the publication productivity of academic scientists and engineers with doctoral degrees in the U.S. and China. Findings from negative binomial regressions show that women publish less than their male counterparts in science but not in engineering in the U.S. In China, women do not differ from men in publication productivity in science but publish more than their male counterparts in engineering. In addition, we find that some background variables affect men’s and women’s publication productivity differently. The findings are analyzed in the context of the different cultures of the two fields (science vs. engineering) and of the two countries (the U.S. and China). Limitations and policy implications are also discussed.
Schlagwörter:China; Gender; Geschlecht; Geschlechterunterschied; Ingenieurwissenschaften; Internationaler Vergleich; Karriere; Naturwissenschaften; Produktivität; Publikation; Publikationsverhalten; USA
CEWS Kategorie:Europa und Internationales, Wissenschaft als Beruf, Geschlechterverhältnis
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Should I stay or should I go? : The effects of precariousness on the gendered career aspirations of postdocs in Switzerland
Autor/in:
Bataille, Pierre; Le Feuvre, Nicky; Kradolfer Morales, Sabine
Quelle: European Educational Research Journal, 16 (2017) 2-3, S 313–331
Details
Inhalt: The assumption that men are more likely to undertake and succeed in an academic career, because the requirements of professional success in this occupation are compatible with normative gender assumptions, particularly that of fulfilling a ‘male breadwinner’ or main household earner role, implying reduced domestic and care commitments, is discussed. It is suggested that Switzerland offers a particularly interesting case for this study, because of the combination of the specific structure of academic careers, the characteristics of the non-academic labour market and the dominant gender regime. It is shown that, in this particular context, the aspirations of postdocs to remain in academic employment or to look for non-academic jobs are directly related to their position within the domestic division of labour and to their personal and family circumstances. However, this does not necessarily lead to a clear-cut divide between work-committed men, who ‘succeed’ (and hence stay), and care-committed women who ‘fail’ to climb up the academic career ladder (and hence leave). The results suggest that the situation is more complex and requires a subtle distinction between different ideal-types of post-doctoral experiences that do not always cut neatly across gender lines.
Schlagwörter:Ausstieg; Care; Gender; gender regime; leaky pipeline; Nachwuchsforschende; Post-doc; prekäre Beschäftigung; Schweiz; Vereinbarkeit; Wissenschaftskarriere
CEWS Kategorie:Europa und Internationales, Vereinbarkeit Familie-Beruf, Wissenschaft als Beruf, Geschlechterverhältnis
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
‘Publish or perish’ : Family life and academic research productivity
Autor/in:
Callaghan, Chris W.
Quelle: SA j. hum. resour. manag. (SA Journal of Human Resource Management), 15 (2017) 2, 307 S
Details
Inhalt: Research purpose: The influence of work-to-family and family-to-work spillovers is well documented in the human resources literature. However, little is known of the relationships between the pressures faced by academics to publish and the potential family life consequences of being a highly productive academic.
Research design, approach and method: This research sought to investigate these relationships within the context of a large South African university by testing associations between family life variables such as marriage and dependent children against measures of the following specific types of research publication: (1) South African Department of Higher Education and Training–accredited journal publications; (2) Thompson Reuters Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) and ProQuest’s International Bibliography of the Social Sciences (IBSS)– indexed journal article publications; (3) conference proceedings publications; (4) conference paper presentations; (5) book chapter publications; (6) book publications; and (7) gross research productivity, reflecting a volume or quantity measure of research publication.
Main findings: ISI and/or IBSS journal article publication is found to be negatively associated with dependent children, but only for male academics, and to be negatively associated with female gender over and above the effect of family life variables in testing.
Practical/managerial implications: Human resources managers in universities need to be cognisant of the specific pressures faced by staff that are required to produce ever more research publications, in order to help them achieve work–life balance.
Contribution: In a global context of increasing pressures for research publication, and for higher and higher numbers of publications, it is necessary to identify the potential costs involved for high-volume–producing academics, particularly in terms of family versus work.
Keywords: research productivity; family-work life balance
Schlagwörter:Familie; Forschungsproduktivität; Publikation; South Africa; Südafrika; Vereinbarkeit; work-life balance
CEWS Kategorie:Europa und Internationales, Vereinbarkeit Familie-Beruf, Geschlechterverhältnis
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Work–life interferences in the early stages of academic careers : The case of precarious researchers in Italy
Autor/in:
Bozzon, Rossella; Murgia, Annalisa; Poggio, Barbara; Rapetti, Elisa
Quelle: European Educational Research Journal, 16 (2017) 2-3, S 332–351
Details
Inhalt: This paper addresses the topic of work–life interferences in academic contexts. More specifically, it focuses on early career researchers in the Italian university system. The total availability required from those who work in the research sector is leading to significant transformations of the temporalities of work, especially among the new generation of researchers, whose condition is characterized by a higher degree of instability and uncertainty. Which are the experiences of the early career researchers in an academic context constituted by a growing competition for permanent positions and, as a consequence, by a greatly increased pressure? Which are the main gender differences? In what elements do Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics disciplines differ from Social Sciences and Humanities? The collected narratives reveal how the ongoing process of precarization is affecting both the everyday working activities and the private and family lives of early career researchers, with important consequences also on their future prospects.
Schlagwörter:academia; Geschlechterunterschied; Hochschule; Italien; Nachwuchsforschende; prekäre Beschäftigung; Prekarisierung; Wissenschaftskarriere; work-life balance
CEWS Kategorie:Europa und Internationales, Vereinbarkeit Familie-Beruf, Wissenschaft als Beruf, Geschlechterverhältnis
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
How do you take time? : Work–life balance policies versus neoliberal, social and cultural incentive mechanisms in Icelandic higher education
Autor/in:
Smidt, Thomas Brorsen; Pétursdóttir, Gyða Margrét; Einarsdóttir, Þorgerður
Quelle: European Educational Research Journal, 16 (2017) 2-3, S 123–140
Details
Inhalt: It is suggested that the realization of work–life balance policies at the University of Iceland is compromised by an emphasis on neoliberal notions of growth and performance measurements in the form of new public management strategies. This is sustained by overt and covert incentive mechanisms, which in turn create a range of different gendered implications for academic staff. The results from semi-structured interviews suggest that while this tension field affects all academic staff, it is generally less favourable to women than to men. If women were granted time for the sake of family obligations, they risked a setback in their academic career due to decreased research activity. Women tended to view academic flexibility as an opportunity to engage in domestic responsibilities more so than men; and male interviewees tended to view the prioritization of family as a choice, while women tended to view it as a condition.
Schlagwörter:Gender; Geschlechterunterschied; Gleichstellungsmaßnahmen; incentive mechanisms; Island; neoliberal university; neoliberalism; new public management; Vereinbarkeit; wissenschaftliches Personal; work-life balance
CEWS Kategorie:Europa und Internationales, Vereinbarkeit Familie-Beruf, Wissenschaft als Beruf, Geschlechterverhältnis
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz