Attracting women into male-dominated trades: Views of young women in Australia
Autor/in:
Struthers, Karen; Strachan, Glenda
Quelle: International journal for research in vocational education and training, 6 (2019) 1, S 1-19
Details
Inhalt: Context: The persistent low female participation in male-dominated trades is not attracting a high level of public attention and policy action. There are determined, yet adhoc actions by advocates in response to evidence that economic benefits will be derived for industry and women through increased female participation in the male-dominated trades. Occupational segregation of the trades remains resistant to change.
Methods: To better understand the barriers limiting female participation in the male-dominated trades from the perspective of young women, this PhD study features interviews with female secondary students, complemented by interviews with industry stakeholders and a quantitative analysis of VET and trade participation data. The three primary research questions are: 1) What is the extent of gender segregation in vocational education and training (VET) and typically male-dominated trades in Australia, and how does this compare internationally? 2) Why do very few female students choose male-dominated trades as their job pathway? 3) What can be done, particularly in the education and training sectors, to increase female interest in, and take-up of, the male-dominated trades?
Findings: The results of this research showed that the composition of trade-qualified females in male-dominated trades is persistently low at 2-3%. The views of young women affirmed the evidence showing system-wide barriers limit female interest in these trades. Most influential is that gender stereotypes of work are set by Year 10 and that female enrolment in Maths (a pre-requisite for male-dominated careers) is low; these trades are seen as “jobs for the boys who don’t do academic,” and the fear of intimidation and harassment deters young women. Low enrolment of female students in male-dominated trade courses indicates that this entrenched occupational segregation of the trades will remain resistant to change for some time to come.
Conclusion: The findings indicate that ad hoc responses to overcome gender segregation of the trades is not effective. Influenced by systems theory and a social ecological model (SEM) of change, the researchers promote the need for sustained, nation-wide awareness and action involving VET and school sectors, industry, government and trade unions to attract more women into male-dominated trades.
Schlagwörter:Berufsbildung; vocational education; Berufswahl; occupational choice; gender-specific factors; Geschlechtsrolle; gender role; Frauenberuf; female profession; Männerberuf; male profession; Stereotyp; stereotype; Segregation; segregation; Australien; Australia; Vocational Education and Training, VET; Non-traditional Occupations; Women in Trades
SSOAR Kategorie:Bildungswesen quartärer Bereich, Berufsbildung, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Berufsforschung, Berufssoziologie
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Using cultural and structural indicators to explain measurement noninvariance in gender role attitudes with multilevel structural equation modeling
Autor/in:
Seddig, Daniel; Lomazzi, Vera
Quelle: Social Science Research, (2019) 84
Details
Inhalt: The current study explores the reasons for noninvariance of the measurements of gender role attitudes across countries. While previous studies have shown that noninvariance is a problem for comparative research and pointed out methods to alleviate the risks of drawing invalid conclusions, none has so far tried to explain why measurements of gender role attitudes are nonequivalent. Therefore, we use multilevel structural equation modeling to exploring measurement invariance and explain its absence. We use data assessing peoples' views on the specialization of roles by gender and the consequences of female employment on family's well-being from the International Social Survey Programme. We can replicate the findings from prior research indicating that scalar measurement invariance across countries is absent. Furthermore, we use two country-level variables to explain the noninvariance of particular items. The cultural value embeddedness explains noninvariance to a considerable degree while the Gender Inequality Index from the United Nations Development Programme does not. Therefore, we conclude that issues of comparability of gender role attitudes are related mainly to cultural rather than structural differences between countries.
Schlagwörter:Geschlechtsrolle; gender role; Einstellung; attitude; Messung; measurement; vergleichende Forschung; comparative research; Umfrageforschung; survey research; Datengewinnung; data capture; Datenqualität; data quality; Wertorientierung; value-orientation; kulturelle Faktoren; cultural factors; soziale Ungleichheit; social inequality; gender-specific factors; measurement noninvariance; multilevel structural equation modeling; cultural values; gender inequality; ISSP
SSOAR Kategorie:Erhebungstechniken und Analysetechniken der Sozialwissenschaften, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Caring, Cooking, Cleaning - repräsentative Zeitverwendungsmuster von Eltern in Paarbeziehungen
Titelübersetzung:Caring, cooking, cleaning - representative time use patterns in two-parent households
Autor/in:
Klünder, Nina; Meier-Gräwe, Uta
Quelle: Zeitschrift für Familienforschung, 30 (2018) 1, S 9-28
Details
Inhalt: Vor dem Hintergrund der steigenden Erwerbstätigkeit von Müttern geht dieser Beitrag der Frage nach, wie Eltern in Paarbeziehungen die Haushaltsbereiche Betreuung, Beköstigung sowie Wohnungs- und Wäschereinigung untereinander aufteilen. Dazu werden drei Paartypen mit unterschiedlichem Erwerbsumfang gebildet: Zweiverdiener-Paare, Paare mit weiblichem Zuverdienst sowie Paare mit männlichem Familienernährer. Deren Zeitverwendung für die genannten Tätigkeiten wird mithilfe der repräsentativen Zeitverwendungserhebung 2012/2013 und 2001/2002 sekundäranalytisch untersucht. Die Analyse zeigt, dass vollzeiterwerbstätige Mütter täglich am wenigsten Zeit für die drei genannten Arbeitsbereiche im Haushalt aufwenden, nicht erwerbstätige Mütter hingegen am meisten. Innerhalb einer Dekade - von 2001/2002 bis 2012/2013 - haben alle untersuchten Mütter ihre Zeitverwendung für hauswirtschaftliche Tätigkeitsfelder reduziert, zeitgleich nehmen sich Eltern 2012/2013 deutlich mehr Zeit für Betreuungsaufgaben. Unabhängig des Erwerbsumfangs der Mutter ist die Arbeit des Alltags nach wie vor, besonders werktags, weiblich konnotiert und somit geschlechtsdifferenzierend aufgeteilt. Nur am Wochenende zeigt sich in Paaren mit erwerbstätiger Mutter bei der Betreuung eine annährend egalitäre Arbeitsteilung.
Inhalt: As a result of the increasing labor force participation of mothers, this article questions how twoparent households divide the housework activities of caring, cooking and cleaning. Therefore three types of couples with different labor force participations were formed: Dual-earner couples, couples with additional female income and malebreadwinner couples. The time use for the mentioned activities was examined with a secondary analysis based on the German representative time use surveys of 2012/2013 and 2001/2002. The analysis showed that fulltime mothers spent the lowest amount of time for caring, cooking and cleaning. However, unemployed mothers spent the most time for these activities. Within a decade - from 2001/2002 to 2012/2013 - all mothers have reduced their time spent on household activities. Meanwhile, all parents in 2012/2013 take noticeably more time for child care. Regardless of the mother’s labor force participation, mothers still spent more time for caring, cooking and cleaning, especially on weekdays. Additionally, the everyday housework is divided by gender. Only on weekends, couples with employed mothers shared the care-work almost egalitarian.
Schlagwörter:Zeitverwendung; time budgeting; Elternschaft; parenthood; Erwerbsbeteiligung; labor force participation; Betreuung; care; Hausarbeit; housework; Familienarbeit; family work; Zeitaufwand; time expenditure; Arbeitsteilung; division of labor; gender-specific factors; Erwerbsphase; working life; Mutter; mother; Geschlechtsrolle; gender role; Federal Republic of Germany
SSOAR Kategorie:Familiensoziologie, Sexualsoziologie, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Relative education, parenthood, and couples' division of paid work: evidence from German census data
Titelübersetzung:Relative Bildung, Elternschaft und Aufteilung der Erwerbsarbeit - Belege aus dem deutschen Mikrozensus
Autor/in:
Buschner, Andrea; Adam, Ursula; Schulz, Florian
Quelle: Zeitschrift für Familienforschung, 30 (2018) 1, S 96-119
Details
Inhalt: Educational expansion, the massive increase of women’s labor force participation, and assortative mating have reduced asymmetries in educational achievements and in career resources between women and men in virtually every Western society. This paper provides an analysis of the association between partners' education, parenthood, and spouses' relative labor supply in East and West Germany. Education is considered from two angles: as an indicator for resources on the labor market or as an indicator for gender attitudes. We apply cross-sectional data from the 2011 German Microcensus, comprising 57,366 couple households. For our estimations, we use General Linear Models. Because of high case numbers, we are able to estimate several interaction effects in statistical powerful detail. We find that (1) a woman's share of paid work is higher, the higher she is educated; (2) women with higher education than their male partners realize higher shares of relative employment (in comparison to other women); (3) women rarely realize a share of 50% or higher on average in any educational composition; (4) especially young children have a huge impact on women's labor supply; and (5) women's comparative educational advantages are more important for their share of paid work in West than in East Germany. Neither interpretation of relative education can explain the overall picture of couples’ division of paid work alone. Depending on parenthood, the age of the youngest child in the household, and the regional context, either normative, or economic exchanges between partners seem to drive the association between relative education, and relative labor supply of women. We demonstrate the usefulness of two theoretical approaches of framing education as an explanatory concept.
Schlagwörter:Partnerschaft; partnership; Bildungsniveau; level of education; Erwerbsbeteiligung; labor force participation; Elternschaft; parenthood; gender-specific factors; Geschlechtsrolle; gender role; Frauenerwerbstätigkeit; women's employment; Familie; family; Federal Republic of Germany; alte Bundesländer; old federal states; neue Bundesländer; New Federal States
SSOAR Kategorie:Familiensoziologie, Sexualsoziologie, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
The Two-Part Gender Revolution, Women's Second Shift and Changing Cohort Fertility
Autor/in:
Frejka, Tomas; Goldscheider, Frances; Lappegård, Trude
Quelle: Comparative Population Studies - Zeitschrift für Bevölkerungswissenschaft, 43 (2018) , S 99-130
Details
Inhalt: The two parts of the gender revolution have been evolving side by side at least since the 1960s. The first part, women's entry into the public sphere, proceeded faster than the second part, men’s entry into the private sphere. Consequently, many employed mothers have carried a greater burden of paid and unpaid family support than fathers throughout the second half of the 20th century. This constituted women's "second shift," depressing fertility. A central focus of this paper is to establish second shift trends during the second half of the 20th century and their effects on fertility. Our analyses are based on data on cohort fertility, male and female labor force participation, and male and female domestic hours worked from 11 countries in Northern Europe, Western/central Europe, Southern Europe, and North America between 1960/70 and 2000/2014. We find that the gender revolution had not generated a turnaround, i.e. an increase in cohort fertility, by the end of the 20th century. Nevertheless, wherever the gender revolution has made progress in reducing women’s second shift, cohort fertility declined the least; where the second shift is large and/or has not been reduced, cohort fertility has declined the most.
Schlagwörter:20. Jahrhundert; Italy; Netherlands; birth trend; fertility; Gleichstellung; Arbeitsteilung; Sweden; Familienpolitik; gender role; Familie-Beruf; Italien; Federal Republic of Germany; work-family balance; Kanada; Geschlechtsrolle; Norway; Geburtenentwicklung; labor force participation; Norwegen; Finnland; family policy; United States of America; Fruchtbarkeit; Erwerbsbeteiligung; Schweden; France; division of labor; Spanien; USA; Großbritannien; Finland; woman; Frankreich; Great Britain; Spain; affirmative action; gender-specific factors; Canada; twentieth century; Niederlande; two-part gender revolution; transformation of male breadwinner family model; women in public sphere; men in private sphere; women's second shift
SSOAR Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Bevölkerung
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Gender role changes and their impacts on Syrian women refugees in Berlin in light of the Syrian crisis
Autor/in:
Habib, Nisren
Quelle: Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung gGmbH; Berlin (Discussion Papers / Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung, Forschungsschwerpunkt Migration und Diversität, Abteilung Migration, Integration, Transnationalisierung, SP VI 2018-101), 2018. 33 S
Details
Inhalt: Gender roles of Syrian women started to shift in 2011, in light of the Syrian conflict. This shift was a response to the difficult situations which Syrian women faced inside Syria as well as in the neighboring countries to which they fled in the attempt to find safer living conditions. However, the uncertain situation and the precarious working and living conditions in Syria and the neighboring countries forced many Syrian women and families to flee to Europe, with the highest number to Germany, facing the challenge of a new culture and new social norms. The main purpose of this study is to evaluate if and how the gender roles of Syrian women who fled to Berlin, Germany, have shifted. Using semi-structured interviews conducted in the period July - December 2016, the study illustrates the challenges and opportunities they face, both as women and as refugees, and in how far these affect their gender roles.
Schlagwörter:Syrien; Syria; Flüchtling; refugee; woman; Integration; integration; Geschlechtsrolle; gender role; gender-specific factors; soziale Norm; social norm; politische Partizipation; political participation; Federal Republic of Germany; gender roles changing
SSOAR Kategorie:Migration, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Dokumenttyp:Graue Literatur, Bericht
Navigating between two cultures: immigrants' gender attitudes toward working women
Autor/in:
Pessin, Léa; Arpino, Bruno
Quelle: Demographic Research, 38 (2018) , S 967-1016
Details
Inhalt: Background: Gender attitudes toward women’s employment are of particular importance because they positively influence gender-equal outcomes in the labor market. Our understanding of the mechanisms that promote egalitarian gender attitudes among immigrants, however, remains limited. Objective: By studying first- and second-generation immigrants from multiple origins and living in different countries, this article seeks to explain under what conditions the prevalent cultural attitudes toward gender roles at the origin and destination influence immigrants' gender attitudes. We address three main research questions. First, does the country-of-origin gender ideology influence immigrants' views toward working women? Second, does the country-of-destination gender ideology influence immigrants' views toward working women? And third, are these relationships moderated by (1) the immigrant generation; (2) the age at arrival in the country of destination; (3) the length of residence at the destination? Methods: Using data from the European Social Survey, we model immigrants' gender attitudes toward working women by using linear cross-classified models to account for clustering into the country of origin and destination. Results: The results highlight the importance of the context of early socialization in shaping immigrants' gender attitudes. First-generation immigrants, and more specifically adult migrants, hold gender attitudes that reflect more strongly the country of origin’s gender culture. In contrast, the positive association between gender ideology at destination and immigrants' gender attitudes is stronger among second-generation immigrants and child migrants. Contribution: We add to the literature on gender ideology formation by analyzing the influence of gender ideology at the origin and destination levels on the gender attitudes of immigrants from 96 countries of origin and residing across 32 countries of destination.
Schlagwörter:women's employment; Wertorientierung; first generation; gender role; erste Generation; value-orientation; kulturelle Faktoren; Migrant; Sozialisation; Geschlechtsrolle; socialization; country of origin; second generation; Einwanderung; berufstätige Frau; cultural factors; attitude; migrant; Herkunftsland; working woman; gender-specific factors; immigration; Frauenerwerbstätigkeit; Einstellung; zweite Generation; cross-classified model; European Social Survey; European Values Study; female labor force participation; gender attitudes; World Values Survey
SSOAR Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Berufsbedingte Pendelmobilität, Geschlecht und Stress
Autor/in:
Augustijn, Lara
Quelle: Universität Duisburg-Essen Campus Duisburg, Fak. für Gesellschaftswissenschaften, Institut für Soziologie; Duisburg (Duisburger Beiträge zur soziologischen Forschung, 2/2018), 2018. 32 S
Details
Inhalt: Berufsbedingte Pendelmobilität hat in Deutschland erheblich an Bedeutung gewonnen, insbesondere für weibliche Erwerbstätige. Das Pendeln zwischen Wohn- und Arbeitsort ist jedoch in hohem Maße ambivalent, da Pendelmobilität nicht nur mit vorteilhafteren Arbeitsbedingungen verbunden ist, sondern auch als Stressor wirken kann. Der vorliegende Beitrag widmet sich daher der Frage, ob ein Zusammenhang zwischen berufsbedingter Pendelmobilität und der subjektiven Wahrnehmung von Stress beobachtet werden kann. Zudem wird untersucht, wie das Geschlecht der Pendler auf diesen Zusammenhang wirkt. Analysen auf Basis des deutschen Beziehungs- und Familienpanels (pairfam, Welle 7, 2014/2015) belegen, dass berufsbedingte Pendelmobilität tatsächlich mit einer höheren Stressbelastung bei den Betroffenen einhergeht, allerdings nur bei weiblichen Pendlern. Faktoren wie die Pendeldauer und der Partnerschaftsstatus üben keinen signifikanten Einfluss auf die Wahrnehmung von Stress aus, allerdings trägt das Zusammenleben mit Kindern bei pendelnden Frauen zu einer erhöhten Stressbelastung bei.
Schlagwörter:Pendler; commuter; Mobilität; mobility; Stress; psychophysical stress; Gesundheit; health; gender; gender-specific factors; Geschlechtsrolle; gender role; Frauenerwerbstätigkeit; women's employment; Kind; child
SSOAR Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Arbeitsmarktforschung
Dokumenttyp:Graue Literatur, Bericht
Education, marriage, and professionalization: the modern Qatari woman's dilemma
Titelübersetzung:Bildung, Ehe und Arbeit: das Dilemma moderner katarischer Frauen
Autor/in:
Rajakumar, Mohanalakshmi; Bengali, Mariam; Shahzad, Rumsha; Kane, Tanya
Quelle: GENDER - Zeitschrift für Geschlecht, Kultur und Gesellschaft, 9 (2017) 1, S 82-98
Details
Inhalt: "Anhand zweier Datensätze von Interviews, die mit katarischen Studentinnen und Professorinnen durchgeführt wurden, werden die Hindernisse auf dem Weg hin zu einer geschlechterinklusiven Erwerbsbeteiligung untersucht. Der erste Datensatz ist das Ergebnis eines Projekts, das die Disparitäten zwischen Bildungsabschluss und Erwerbsbeteiligung unter katarischen Frauen untersucht. 274 junge Frauen im Alter von 17 bis 25 Jahren wurden mit dem Ziel befragt, einige der Gründe nachzuzeichnen, warum katarische Frauen nicht ins Berufsleben treten. Der zweite Datensatz bündelt die Ergebnisse von 350 Fokusgruppendiskussionen und Interviews mit Studentinnen. Hier wurde die Auswirkung von deren höherer Bildung auf deren Heiratsfähigkeit untersucht. Ihre Bildung hat - im Vergleich zu den Generationen ihrer Mütter und Großmütter - zu einer Erhöhung des Heiratsalters geführt, aber die sozialen Erwartungen an Frauen, die Rolle der Ehefrau und Mutter zu erfüllen, führen weiterhin dazu, dass eine Heirat die Arbeit einer Frau außerhalb des Hauses einschränken kann." (Autorenreferat)
Inhalt: "We offer observations about the obstacles to promoting a gender-inclusive labor force based on two sets of data on female Qatari students and professionals. Data set 1 is the result of a project pertaining to the disparity between education and employment among Qatari women. We surveyed 274 young women between the ages of 17 and 25 with the aim of understanding some of the reasons why Qatari women were not entering the workforce. Data set 2 derives from 350 focus groups and interviews with female students to assess the effect their tertiary education had on their marriageability. While education has delayed the age of marriage when this generation of women is compared with that of their mothers and grandmothers, the social expectations of becoming a wife and ensuing motherhood mean that marriage can restrict a woman's working outside the home." (author's abstract)
Schlagwörter:Katar; Qatar; Persischer Golf; Persian Gulf; woman; soziale Norm; social norm; gender-specific factors; Geschlechterverhältnis; gender relations; Erwerbsbeteiligung; labor force participation; Bildungsniveau; level of education; Heirat; wedding; Ehe; marriage; Geschlechtsrolle; gender role; Familie-Beruf; work-family balance
SSOAR Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
"Involvierte" Väter zwischen Beruf und Familie: zur Re/Produktion von Männlichkeiten in paarinternen Aushandlungen
Titelübersetzung:Involved fathers between work and family life: re/production of masculinity in negotiations within couples
Autor/in:
Peukert, Almut
Quelle: Zeitschrift für Familienforschung, 29 (2017) 1, S 90-113
Details
Inhalt: "Ausgehend von der in der Männlichkeitsforschung diskutierten These, 'involvierte' Väterlichkeit stehe im Widerspruch zum Leitbild erwerbszentrierter hegemonialer Männlichkeit, werden im vorliegenden Beitrag Kontinuitäten und Wandel in der Relationierung von Erwerbs- und Familienarbeit bei Vätern untersucht. Mit dem interaktionstheoretischen Ansatz zu 'un/doing masculinity' liegt der Fokus auf der Her- und Darstellung von Geschlechterdifferenzen sowie der hierarchisierenden Abgrenzung zu Weiblichkeiten und nicht-hegemonialer Männlichkeiten im Paarkontext. Anhand von 27 qualitativen Paar- und Einzelinterviews werden - entlang der Dimensionen Berufs-/Karrierekonzept, finanzielle Versorgung der Familie und Elternzeitarrangement - drei Re/Produktionsformen erwerbszentrierter hegemonialer Männlichkeit rekonstruiert und diskutiert. Im Ergebnis zeigt sich, dass die Re/Produktion von Männlichkeiten in paarinternen Aushandlungen zu Erwerbs- und Familienarbeit fragil, herausgefordert oder episodisch ausgesetzt wird. Dies impliziert, dass auch die Aushandlungen auf der Paarebene zur Relationierung von Erwerbs- und Familienarbeit, neben wohlfahrtsstaatlichen Rahmungen und Arbeitsorganisationen, signifikante un/gleichheitsrelevante Folgen haben." (Autorenreferat)
Inhalt: "Starting from the hypothesis discussed in research on masculinities and fathering that 'involved' fathering is incompatible with hegemonic masculinity, this paper examines continuity and change in interrelating work and family life by German fathers. Within the sociological frame of interaction theory on un/doing masculinity I focused on the production and presentation of gender differences and the hierarchizing demarcation against femininity and non-hegemonic masculinities within the couple. Based on 27 qualitative couples' and individual interviews, three forms of re/production of masculinity were constructed and discussed along the dimensions of vocational/career concepts, financial care of the family, and parental leave arrangements within the couple. The results show that the re/production of masculinities within negotiations of the couples regarding paid and family work are fragile, challenged, or episodically undone. This implies that in addition to welfare state policies and work organizations, the negotiations within the couple about their division of paid and unpaid work have significant consequences for the un/equality between the parents." (author's abstract)
Schlagwörter:Vaterschaft; fatherhood; Geschlechtsrolle; gender role; Vater; father; Familie-Beruf; work-family balance; Erwerbsarbeit; gainful work; Familienarbeit; family work; Arbeitsteilung; division of labor; gender-specific factors; Männlichkeit; masculinity; Leitbild; example; Karriere; career; Dual Career Couple; dual career couple; Federal Republic of Germany; Väterforschung; Hegemoniale Männlichkeit; Aushandlungen; Paar
SSOAR Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Familiensoziologie, Sexualsoziologie
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz