Berufsbedingte Pendelmobilität, Geschlecht und Stress
Autor/in:
Augustijn, Lara
Quelle: Universität Duisburg-Essen Campus Duisburg, Fak. für Gesellschaftswissenschaften, Institut für Soziologie; Duisburg (Duisburger Beiträge zur soziologischen Forschung, 2/2018), 2018. 32 S
Details
Inhalt: Berufsbedingte Pendelmobilität hat in Deutschland erheblich an Bedeutung gewonnen, insbesondere für weibliche Erwerbstätige. Das Pendeln zwischen Wohn- und Arbeitsort ist jedoch in hohem Maße ambivalent, da Pendelmobilität nicht nur mit vorteilhafteren Arbeitsbedingungen verbunden ist, sondern auch als Stressor wirken kann. Der vorliegende Beitrag widmet sich daher der Frage, ob ein Zusammenhang zwischen berufsbedingter Pendelmobilität und der subjektiven Wahrnehmung von Stress beobachtet werden kann. Zudem wird untersucht, wie das Geschlecht der Pendler auf diesen Zusammenhang wirkt. Analysen auf Basis des deutschen Beziehungs- und Familienpanels (pairfam, Welle 7, 2014/2015) belegen, dass berufsbedingte Pendelmobilität tatsächlich mit einer höheren Stressbelastung bei den Betroffenen einhergeht, allerdings nur bei weiblichen Pendlern. Faktoren wie die Pendeldauer und der Partnerschaftsstatus üben keinen signifikanten Einfluss auf die Wahrnehmung von Stress aus, allerdings trägt das Zusammenleben mit Kindern bei pendelnden Frauen zu einer erhöhten Stressbelastung bei.
Schlagwörter:Pendler; commuter; Mobilität; mobility; Stress; psychophysical stress; Gesundheit; health; gender; gender-specific factors; Geschlechtsrolle; gender role; Frauenerwerbstätigkeit; women's employment; Kind; child
SSOAR Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Arbeitsmarktforschung
Dokumenttyp:Graue Literatur, Bericht
Institutional change and gender inequalities at labour market entry: a comparison of Estonia, Russia, and East and West Germany
Autor/in:
Kosyakova, Yuliya; Saar, Ellu; Dämmrich, Johanna
Quelle: Studies of Transition States and Societies, 9 (2017) 2, S 17-40
Details
Inhalt: Our study investigates how gender inequalities in job opportunities evolved during communist and post-communist times in former state-socialist countries. Theoretical arguments (mainly based on studies referring to Western countries) led to the expectation of a surge in gender inequalities in these countries after the collapse of communism. Empirically, we explore the gender gap in job authority upon labour market entry by using life-history data from Russia, Estonia, and East Germany, with West Germany serving as a control case. The selection of countries was motivated primarily by the availability of rich life-history data, covering four decades of (post-) state socialism but also by divergences in institutional set-ups in the course of transition from state socialism to a liberalised market economy. Our findings yield four major results. First, accounting for education and the branch of economy, women were not disadvantaged during Soviet times; instead, we have even found evidence of a slight female advantage in Estonia and East Germany. Thus, our findings mirror the communist regime's effectiveness in equalising women's and men's opportunities at work. Second, in the pre-collapse decade, the advantage of women in terms of job authority decreased in East Germany and Estonia, whereas in Russia, women fell behind men. Third, with the Soviet Union collapse, a remarkable female disadvantage emerged in all formerly state socialist countries under scrutiny. In addition, we observe a growing gender gap in West Germany in the same period. The latter result strengthens the conclusion that times of economic liberalisation may go hand-in-hand with increasing gender inequalities.
Schlagwörter:gender relations; institutional change; Übergangsgesellschaft; Russland; Estland; Federal Republic of Germany; post-communist society; Russia; transitional society; institutioneller Wandel; comparative research; deprivation; vergleichende Forschung; inequality; employment office; labor market; Estonia; Arbeitsmarkt; gender; Arbeitsamt; Benachteiligung; postkommunistische Gesellschaft; Geschlechterverhältnis; Ungleichheit; Gender inequality; job authority; labour market entry
SSOAR Kategorie:Arbeitsmarktforschung, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Soziologie von Gesamtgesellschaften
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Determinants of Outsourcing Domestic Labour in Conservative Welfare States
Autor/in:
Shire, Karen A.; Schnell, Rainer; Noack, Marcel
Quelle: Universität Duisburg-Essen Campus Duisburg, Fak. für Gesellschaftswissenschaften, Institut für Soziologie; Duisburg (Duisburger Beiträge zur soziologischen Forschung, 4/2017), 2017. 24 S
Details
Inhalt: Women in conservative welfare states continue to do more unpaid domestic labour than their partners. Many European countries subsidize the outsourcing of routine housework and care labor to market services through tax credits and other measures, with the aim of reducing women's unpaid work. Most research on the determinants of outsourcing replicate gendered exchange-bargaining models, and neglect market factors relevant to explaining the substitution of unpaid labour. The neglect of market factors however, is mainly due to data limitations. Drawing on a new data set in the German Socio-Economic Panel Innovation Study (SOEP-IS) develop models, which include market as well as resource factors in examining the determinants of outsourcing domestic labour. The analyses confirm previous research findings, that households with more resources are more likely to outsource. Thus, the availability of tax credits for household purchases does not seem to encourage households with lower incomes to shift unpaid domestic labour to the market. In contrast to previous research findings based on exchange-bargaining theory, relative resources of women are neither predictors of more or of less outsourcing. Models explaining the gendered division of labour are not necessarily transferable to the study of outsourcing unpaid labour to the market. Previous research in Germany finds that partners revert to traditional gendered divisions of labour when they become parents. We find that the presence of young children increases the probability of outsourcing, suggesting that buying-in services may be a way in which re-traditionalization is averted. Overall, market factors have a strong impact on whether households outsource or not, especially demand for eldercare and the availability of services. Yet most labour available to German households is not supplied by the service sector, but from the black market. The article concludes that future research needs to address the interaction of demand and supply side factors, ideally in cross-national household-level analyses.
Schlagwörter:häusliche Pflege; home care; gender; Migrant; migrant; Outsourcing; outsourcing; Wohlfahrtsstaat; welfare state; Hausarbeit; housework; gender-specific factors; SOEP; SOEP; informal employment, migrant domestic labour
SSOAR Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Arbeitsmarktforschung
Dokumenttyp:Graue Literatur, Bericht
Gender differences in willingness to compete: the role of public observability
Autor/in:
Buser, Thomas; Ranehill, Eva; van Veldhuizen, Roel
Quelle: Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung gGmbH; Berlin (Discussion Papers / Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung, Forschungsschwerpunkt Markt und Entscheidung, Abteilung Verhalten auf Märkten, SP II 2017-203), 2017. 18 S
Details
Inhalt: A recent literature emphasizes the importance of the gender gap in willingness to compete as a partial explanation for gender differences in labor market outcomes. However, whereas experiments investigating willingness to compete typically do so in anonymous environments, real world competitions often have a more public nature, which introduces potential social image concerns. If such image concerns are important, we should expect public observability to further exacerbate the gender gap. We test this prediction using a laboratory experiment that varies whether the decision to compete, and its outcome, is publicly observable. Across four different treatments, however, all treatment effects are close to zero. We conclude that the public observability of decisions and outcomes does not exert a significant impact on male or female willingness to compete, indicating that the role of social image concerns related to competitive decisions may be limited.
Schlagwörter:Arbeitsmarkt; Geschlechtsrolle; gender; image; competitiveness; Experiment; Wettbewerbsfähigkeit; experiment; Image; gender role; labor market; C91; D03; J16; gender differences; social image
SSOAR Kategorie:Arbeitsmarktforschung, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Volkswirtschaftstheorie
Dokumenttyp:Graue Literatur, Bericht
Underrepresentation of women at academic excellence and position of power: role of harassment and glass ceiling
Autor/in:
Yousaf, Rizwana; Schmiede, Rudi
Quelle: Open Journal of Social Sciences, 4 (2016) 2, S 173-185
Details
Inhalt: The study intends to comprehend the underrepresentation of women on positions of power and
academic excellence in academia. The study explained the role of exploitation and harassment,
which might hinder, when women were trying to climb to top hierarchical position. The majority
of women supervised by male heads, sexual harassment could be used as a glass ceiling to hamper
women to reach top hierarchal level. The majority participants were working on lower academic
and administrative hierarchy; they were experiencing harassment throughout the hierarchical
level. Similarly, they considered that harassment could contribute to the underrepresentation of
women at academic excellence and a position of power.
Schlagwörter:women's employment; academic (female); discrimination; Akademikerin; Pakistan; power; university; Diskriminierung; beruflicher Aufstieg; Südasien; deprivation; sexuelle Belästigung; inequality; executive position; career advancement; gender; Stereotyp; Macht; Benachteiligung; Universität; Gender; stereotype; woman; sexual harassment; sociocultural factors; South Asia; soziokulturelle Faktoren; Führungsposition; gender-specific factors; Ungleichheit; Pakistan; Frauenerwerbstätigkeit; Glass Ceiling
CEWS Kategorie:Sexuelle Belästigung und Gewalt
SSOAR Kategorie:Ethnologie, Kulturanthropologie, Ethnosoziologie, Arbeitsmarktforschung, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Polish "handymen" in Germany: an example for the neglected "male" side of commodified reproductive work?
Autor/in:
Palenga-Möllenbeck, Ewa
Quelle: Universität Bielefeld, Fak. für Soziologie, Centre on Migration, Citizenship and Development (COMCAD); Bielefeld (COMCAD Working Papers, 109), 2012. 10 S
Details
Schlagwörter:labor migration; role distribution; Betreuung; Pole; Pole; Hausarbeit; Rollenverteilung; role image; housework; Migrant; Arbeitsmigration; Federal Republic of Germany; social inequality; man; Rollenbild; labor market; Arbeitsmarkt; gender; care; migrant; Gender; child care; Mann; Kinderbetreuung; gender-specific factors; soziale Ungleichheit
SSOAR Kategorie:Arbeitsmarktforschung, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Migration
Dokumenttyp:Graue Literatur, Bericht
Gendering insiders and outsiders: labour market status and preferences for job security
Autor/in:
Emmenegger, Patrick
Quelle: University of Edinburgh, Publication and Dissemination Centre (PUDISCwowe); Edinburgh (Working Papers on the Reconciliation of Work and Welfare in Europe, REC-WP 02/2010), 2010. 36 S
Details
Inhalt: This paper examines the role of gender in the relationship between labour market status and preferences for job security. We hypothesize that the insider/ outsider theory of employment and unemployment suffers from a gender bias. It neither takes the possibility of family-related labour market transitions nor the role of the household situation (division of labour, presence of children, dual-earner households etc.) into account. We adapt the insider/ outsider theory of employment and unemployment by incorporating the, on average, higher number of labour market transitions experienced by women into the model using interaction effects and by conceptualising the household situation as mobility and responsibility effects. Contrary to our expectations, we find no significant effect of gender on preferences for job security, neither in interaction with labour market status nor as an independent effect. In contrast, we observe that individuals living together with their partners and main contributors to the household income consider job security to be particularly important.
Schlagwörter:Arbeitsteilung; Haushaltseinkommen; Familie-Beruf; Work-life-balance; household income; work-family balance; labor force participation; regulation; Familieneinkommen; Arbeitsplatzsicherung; unemployment; labor market; Arbeitsmarkt; gender; Erwerbsbeteiligung; Arbeitslosigkeit; division of labor; Gender; Regulierung; woman; job security; gender-specific factors; family income; work-life-balance; job security regulations; household situation; work-family life balance
SSOAR Kategorie:Arbeitsmarktforschung, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Dokumenttyp:Graue Literatur, Bericht
Wenn Frauen das Geld verdienen: eine empirische Annäherung an das Phänomen der "Familienernährerin"
Autor/in:
Brehmer, Wolfram; Klenner, Christina; Klammer, Ute
Quelle: Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaftliches Institut in der Hans-Böckler-Stiftung; Düsseldorf (WSI-Diskussionspapier, 170), 2010. 56 S
Details
Inhalt: "Die traditionelle Rollenverteilung im Haushalt sieht den Mann als Erbringer des Geldeinkommens, während die Frau unbezahlte Familienarbeit in der Ehe verrichtet und dafür 'im Austausch' einen Teil vom Geldeinkommen des Mannes erhält. Dieses Modell ist in Deutschland auf dem Rückzug. Frauen erwerben zunehmend ein eigenes Einkommen und sichern in wachsender Zahl ihre Lebensgrundlage selbst. Doch es gibt keine eindeutige Entwicklungslinie vom traditionellen männlichen Familienernährermodell (mit nichterwerbstätiger Frau) zum modernisierten männlichen Ernährermodell (mit in Teilzeit beschäftigter Frau) hin zu einem partnerschaftlich-egalitären Modell (mit zwei in ähnlichem Umfang erwerbstätigen Partnern). Dies zeigt das Aufkommen einer Gruppe von Haushalten, in denen die Frau die Hauptbezieherin von Erwerbseinkommen ist. Frauen fungieren in diesen Familien als die Haupteinkommensbezieherin und ernähren somit sich selbst und weitere Familienangehörige. Diese familiäre Situation rückt hier ins Blickfeld. Die vorliegende Studie fragt nach der Verbreitung solcher Haushalte in Deutschland sowie nach den Ursachen entsprechender Konstellationen. Bezüglich der relevanten Einflussfaktoren fragen wir: Welche Bedeutung haben für dies Konstellation erstens veränderte Familien- und Lebensformen, zweitens zunehmende Erwerbsintegration von Frauen, teilweise auch in höheren beruflichen Positionen sowie drittens Umbrüche in der Erwerbssphäre, die zu einer neuen Unsicherheit der Arbeit (auch) für Männer führen? Die Untersuchung analysiert daher Erwerbskonstellationen und Einkommenserwirtschaftung auf der Haushaltsebene." (Textauszug)
Schlagwörter:women's employment; role distribution; gender relations; Gleichstellung; Arbeitsteilung; Arbeit; Haushaltseinkommen; precariat; Rollenverteilung; Familie-Beruf; Federal Republic of Germany; household income; work-family balance; labor; man; Familieneinkommen; labor market; Arbeitsmarkt; gender; division of labor; woman; Mann; Prekariat; Geschlechterverhältnis; Familienform; family structure; affirmative action; family income; Frauenerwerbstätigkeit
SSOAR Kategorie:Arbeitsmarktforschung, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Familiensoziologie, Sexualsoziologie
Dokumenttyp:Graue Literatur, Bericht
Gender Segregated Labour Markets in the Baltics: What are Prevailing - Similarities or Differences?
Autor/in:
Vöörmann, Rein
Quelle: Studies of Transition States and Societies, 1 (2009) 1, S 66-80
Details
Inhalt: "This paper focuses on men and women and the gender segregation of jobs in the Baltic countries. Based
on the Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian labour force survey data, a look is taken at the employment
structure of men and women by industries and occupations, as well as at the question whether or
not gender segregation in the labour market has been increased after the collapse of the communist
systems in the region under consideration. Empirical data demonstrate that in respect to industrial
gender segregation there is some increase in Estonia and Latvia, but not in Lithuania. Occupational gender
segregation demonstrates more stability in all three Baltic States. Compared to the Western European
countries, the main trend is towards bigger similarities." (author's abstract)
Schlagwörter:Gender; gender; Segregation; segregation; Arbeitsmarkt; labor market; soziale Ungleichheit; social inequality; Baltikum; Baltic States; Estland; Estonia; Lettland; Latvia; Litauen; Lithuania; Beschäftigung; employment; Mann; man; woman; Beschäftigungsentwicklung; employment trend; Berufsstruktur; occupational distribution; postkommunistische Gesellschaft; post-communist society
SSOAR Kategorie:Arbeitsmarktforschung, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
The geographical concentration of unemployment: a male-female comparison in Spain
Autor/in:
Alonso-Villar, Olga; Río, Coral del
Quelle: Regional Studies, 42 (2008) 3, S 401-412
Details
Inhalt: The aim of this paper is to analyse gender differences in the spatial distribution of unemployment. Specifically, we explore whether agglomeration can influence gender gaps in unemployment rates. In doing so, we use tools from the literature on economic geography and income distribution and we adapt them to our case. Using data from Spain, we show that the advantage of living in large cities does not affect women and men equally; agglomeration seems to favour especially the female population. Our results also suggest that the female employment premium appears only in municipalities of a certain size.
Schlagwörter:gender; Gender; municipality scale; spatial concentration; unemployment
SSOAR Kategorie:Arbeitsmarktforschung, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Wirtschafts- und Sozialgeographie
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz