Do Austrian Men and Women Become more Equal? At Least in Terms of Labor Supply!
Autor/in:
Wernhart, Georg; Winter-Ebmer, Rudolf
Quelle: Österreichisches Institut für Familienforschung an der Universität Wien; Wien (Working Paper / Österreichisches Institut für Familienforschung, 71), 2008. 15 S
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Inhalt: Similar to most industrialized countries, female labor supply in Austria has been increasing for the last decades, while labor force participation for men has been constant or even somewhat declining. This working paper - in cooperation with the University of Linz - provides an insight into wage elasticities concerning work participation and weekly hours for Austrian men and women between 1987 and 1999. It presents the almost continuous reduction in the labor supply reactions of married women. While their elasticity was still several times larger at the beginning of the 1980s, they approached rapidly the much less elastic behavior of men. These developments are important for the analysis of deadweight losses of taxation as well as the effects of tax reforms and wage subsidy programs. In this paper we differentiate between married and never-married women; which is very important in explaining labour force participation. As these differences are negligible for men we refrain from this distinction. Labor supply elasticities give an impression about attachment to the labor force; very high elasticities of (married) women have often been interpreted as evidence for low labor force attachment and a traditional family role model: the male bread-winner model where female market participation was considered as supplementary and more volatile. Due to increasing educational attainment of women, developments on the marriage market - lower marriage and higher divorce rates - and most importantly changing social roles and norms, it can be expected that this traditional male-breadwinner model will have considerably lost its importance.
Schlagwörter:Gleichberechtigung; equality of rights; Mann; man; woman; Arbeitskräfte; manpower; Erwerbsbeteiligung; labor force participation; Lohnunterschied; wage difference; Lohn; wage; Heirat; wedding; Arbeitsangebot; labor supply; Bildungsniveau; level of education; gender-specific factors; Rollenwandel; role change; Österreich; Austria
SSOAR Kategorie:Arbeitsmarktforschung, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Dokumenttyp:Graue Literatur, Bericht
Mentoring and segregation: female-led firms and gender wage policies
Titelübersetzung:Mentoring und Segregation: Unternehmen mit weiblicher Leitung und geschlechterbezogene Lohnpolitik
Autor/in:
Cardoso, Ana Rute; Winter-Ebmer, Rudolf
Quelle: Bonn (Discussion Paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit GmbH, No. 3210), 2007. 26 S.
Details
Inhalt: "We explore the impact of mentoring of females and gender segregation on wages using a large longitudinal data set for Portugal. Female managers can protect and mentor female employees by paying them higher wages than male-led firms would do. We find that females can enjoy higher wages in female-led firms, the opposite being true for males. In both cases is a higher share of females reducing the wage level. These results are compatible with a theory where job promotion is an important factor of wage increases: if more females are to be mentored, less promotion slots are available for males, but also the expected chance of a female to be promoted is lower." (author's abstract)
Schlagwörter:Betrieb; Lohn; Theorie; Lohnpolitik; Struktur; Lohnunterschied; Mann; Segregation; beruflicher Aufstieg; Führungskraft; Management; Personalpolitik; Förderung; Mentoring; Portugal
CEWS Kategorie:Geschlechterverhältnis, Mentoring und Training
Dokumenttyp:Graue Literatur, Bericht
Market orientation and gender wage gaps : an international study
Titelübersetzung:Marktorientierung und Lohnunterschiede zwischen Frauen und Männern : eine internationale Studie
Autor/in:
Weichselbaumer, Doris; Winter-Ebmer, Rudolf; Zweimüller, Martina
Quelle: Wien (Reihe Ökonomie / Institut für Höhere Studien, Abt. Ökonomie und Finanzwirtschaft, 217), 2007. 28 S.
Details
Inhalt: "Two very different approaches are used to explore the relation between market orientation and gender wage differentials in international data. More market orientation might be related to gender wage gaps via its effects on competition in product and labor markets and the general absence of regulation in the economy. The first approach employs meta-analysis data and takes advantage of the fact that many studies already exist which use national data sources to the best possible extent. The second approach uses comparable micro data from the International Social Survey Programme (ISSP), which allows calculating internationally consistent gender wage residuals in the first place. By comparing these two very different methods of data collection we get a robust result relating higher levels of market orientation as proxied by the Economic Freedom Index with lower gender wage gaps." (author's abstract)
Schlagwörter:Geschlechterforschung; Geschlechterpolitik; Geschlechterverhältnis; Einkommen; Einkommensunterschied; Einkommensverhältnisse; Lohn; Mann; Marktorientierung
CEWS Kategorie:Arbeitswelt und Arbeitsmarkt, Geschlechterverhältnis
Dokumenttyp:Graue Literatur, Bericht
The effects of competition and equal treatment laws on the gender wage differential
Titelübersetzung:Die Auswirkungen von Wettbewerb und Gleichstellungsgesetzen auf geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede
Autor/in:
Weichselbaumer, Doris; Winter-Ebmer, Rudolf
Quelle: Bonn (Discussion Paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit GmbH, 822), 2003. 26 S.; 594 KB
Details
Inhalt: Die Verfasser untersuchen den Einfluss wirtschaftlicher und rechtlicher Variablen auf Lohnunterschiede zwischen Männern und Frauen. Seit Becker (1957) sind Wirtschaftswissenschaftler der Auffassung, dass Wettbewerbsmärkte langfristig Diskriminierung beseitigen. Andererseits haben fast alle Staaten die Gleichstellung von Männern und Frauen gesetzlich festgeschrieben. Diese Untersuchung basiert auf einem neuen internationalen Datensatz zu geschlechtsspezifischen Lohnunterschieden, der Ergebnis einer Metaanalyse vorliegender Studien ist. Sie zeigt, dass sowohl eine Intensivierung des Wettbewerbs als auch Gleichstellungsgesetze geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede reduzieren. (ICEÜbers)
Inhalt: "This paper evaluates the impact of economic and legal variables on wage differentials between men and women. Since Becker (1957) economists have argued that competitive markets eliminate discrimination in the long run. On the other hand, practically all countries have enacted some sort of law mandating equal treatment of men and women. This paper uses a new international data set on the gender wage gap, which is constructed via a metaanalysis of existing studies. The findings show that both increased competition and the enactment of equal treatment laws reduce the gender wage gap." (author's abstract)
Schlagwörter:Lohnunterschied; Diskriminierung; Auswirkung; Arbeitsrecht; Lohn; Struktur; Marktwirtschaft; Wettbewerb; Mann; Lohnhöhe
CEWS Kategorie:Gleichstellungspolitik
Dokumenttyp:Graue Literatur, Bericht