Langfristiges exponentielles Wachstum der Wissenschaft?
Titelübersetzung:Long-term exponential growth of science? : a quantitative examina
Autor/in:
Schramm, Manuel
Quelle: Historical Social Research : the official journal of Quantum and Interquant ; an international journal for the application of formal methods to history, Vol. 36 (2011) No. 2, S. 299-308
Inhalt: "Ever since Derek de Solla Price's path breaking work, an exponential growth of science during the last 400 years has been assumed, eventually leading to a knowledge society. However, we are suggesting here that a more realistic picture of the growth of science and knowledge can be found by taking other forms of knowledge and knowledge production in early modern Europe into account: the number of experts instead of scientists and learned societies instead of universities. From this perspective, the growth of science looks a lot less spectacular. At the same time, the economic productivity of research and development seems to have decreased." (author's abstract)
Should governments in Europe be more aggressive in pushing for gender equality to
raise fertility? : the first "YES"
Autor/in:
Toulemon, Laurent
Quelle: Demographic Research, Vol. 24 (2011) , S. 179-200
Inhalt: "Together with three colleagues, the author has been asked by the MPIDR to debate
the following question: 'Should governments in Europe be more aggressive in pushing
for gender equality to raise fertility?' Setting aside the 'lighthearted' side of
this 'Rostocker Debate', (12 minutes for each speech, one minute for each comment),
the author saws this as a good opportunity to think about the stakes behind the question.
In order to address this complex issue, it is necessary to think about the many 'preliminary
questions' that we have to ponder before responding: Why should fertility be raised?
Are political measures legitimate? Are they efficient? On what basis are we qualified
to give 'expert' opinions on such a topic? When the question comes to the fore, we
as scholars are sometimes asked to provide an answer. It would, of course, be more
comfortable not to answer, but our interlocutors (politicians, journalists, teachers,
and also funding agencies) often want a definite response one way or the other. Even
though our position may be a matter of politics as well as a matter of science, we
must give an answer. The empirical evidence shows that European countries where gender
inequality is lower are also the countries where fertility is the highest. This is
the evidence-based response that we can give to that question. European countries
need to find a new equilibrium after the end of the baby boom period, when gender
equality was very low. In all countries, the empowerment of women is underway, thanks
to the economic independence given by work-related income. Increasing gender equality
is an efficient way to reduce the opportunity costs of having and raising children,
and thus to increase fertility. Finally, 'pushing for gender equality' may have many
positive effects other than raising fertility, and has few negative side effects.
Gender equality is thus a convenient political aim per se; an institutional goal which
leaves many political questions open. So, yes, we agree that governments in Europe
should be more aggressive in pushing for gender equality to raise fertility!" (author's
abstract)|
Should governments in Europe be more aggressive in pushing for gender equality to
raise fertility? : the first "NO"
Autor/in:
Philipov, Dimiter
Quelle: Demographic Research, Vol. 24 (2011) , S. 201-216
Inhalt: "This paper takes the 'no' side in the debate on the question posed in the title.
The paper assumes that the dual-earner/ dual-carer household model is the most likely
aim of policies that push aggressively for gender equality in order to raise fertility.
Five objections are discussed: the model does not necessarily lead to a fertility
increase; aggressiveness will lead to an imbalance of labor supply and demand, and
is likely to confront slowly changing cultural norms; similar policies will also confront
the issue of innate gender differences; and country idiosyncrasies prevent the application
of a unified policy approach. The paper briefly concludes that compatible gender-neutral
family policies and fertility-neutral gender policies are likely to lead to an increase
in fertility." (author's abstract)|
Should governments in Europe be more aggressive in pushing for gender equality to
raise fertility? : the second "YES"
Autor/in:
Oláh, Livia Sz.
Quelle: Demographic Research, Vol. 24 (2011) , S. 217-224
Inhalt: "This paper is based on the authoress's contribution to a debate, organized by MPIDR,
on the question displayed in the title above. She was asked to present arguments for
the 'yes'-response (together with Laurent Toulemon, and arguing against the 'no'-side
represented by Gerda Neyer and Dimiter Philipov). As pointed out in the paper, the
most important theoretical reasoning relevant for this question is the gender equity
theory. A number of studies provide sound empirical support to it, as discussed in
the paper in details, and thereby also a rationale for a positive impact of increased
gender equality on fertility. As the dual-earner family is here to stay, and given
the well-known negative consequences of long-term very low fertility for a society,
pushing for gender equality seems to be a reasonable strategy to be considered aiming
for sustainable societal development." (author's abstract)|
Der Zusammenhang zwischen Alter und depressiven Symptomen bei Männern und Frauen höheren Lebensalters in Europa: Erkenntnisse aus dem SHARE-Projekt
Titelübersetzung:The association between age and depressive symptoms among older men and women in Europe: findings from SHARE
Autor/in:
Buber, Isabella; Engelhardt, Henriette
Quelle: Comparative Population Studies - Zeitschrift für Bevölkerungswissenschaft, 36 (2011) 1, S 77-101
Inhalt: Die empirischen Befunde zu den Effekten des Alters auf depressive Symptome sind gemischt und reichen – abhängig von der Modellierung des Alters-Depressions-Profils – von positiven über keine bis hin zu negativen Effekten. Der vorliegende Beitrag analysiert auf der Grundlage internationaler Vergleichsdaten den Zusammenhang zwischen dem Alter und der Häufigkeit depressiver Symptome bei Kontrolle für bekannte Determinanten der seelischen Gesundheit. Auf der Grundlage der ersten SHARE-Welle (Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe) werden die depressiven Symptome von 28.538 Personen im Alter zwischen 50 und 89 Jahren aus elf europäischen Ländern sowie Israel unter Verwendung eines negativen Binomial-Regressionsmodells analysiert. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die EURO-D-Scores, welche die Anzahl depressiver Symptome angeben, mit dem Alter steigen und bei den Frauen höher als bei den Männern ausfallen. Bei Einbeziehung soziodemografischer Merkmale, des Gesundheitszustands und wirtschaftlicher Belastungen hebt sich der Zusammenhang zwischen depressiven Symptomen und Alter bei den Männern auf und kehrt sich bei den Frauen sogar um. Daher sind Gesundheit und Lebensumstände von Senioren die Mediatoren für den Zusammenhang zwischen Alter und seelischer Gesundheit, das Alter allein besitzt keine Erklärungskraft.
Inhalt: Empirical evidence of the effects of age on depressive symptoms is mixed, ranging from positive to zero to negative effects, depending on the modelling of the age-depression profile. This paper uses internationally comparative data to analyse the association between age and the prevalence of symptoms of depression, controlling for well-known determinants of mental health. Based on the first wave of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), depressive symptoms of 28,538 persons aged 50 to 89 from eleven European countries and Israel are analysed using a negative binomial regression model. The results indicate that the number of depressive symptoms measured by EURO-D scores increase with age and are higher among women than among men. When including socio-demographic characteristics, health conditions and economic strains, the association between depressive symptoms and age vanishes for men, and even reverses for women. Thus, the association between age and mental health is mediated by the health and living conditions of older persons; age by itself has no explanatory power.
The association between age and depressive symptoms among older men and women in Europe: findings from SHARE
Titelübersetzung:Der Zusammenhang zwischen Alter und depressiven Symptomen bei Männern und Frauen höheren Lebensalters in Europa: Erkenntnisse aus dem SHARE-Projekt
Autor/in:
Buber, Isabella; Engelhardt, Henriette
Quelle: Comparative Population Studies - Zeitschrift für Bevölkerungswissenschaft, 36 (2011) 1, S 103-125
Inhalt: Die empirischen Befunde zu den Effekten des Alters auf depressive Symptome sind gemischt und reichen – abhängig von der Modellierung des Alters-Depressions-Profils – von positiven über keine bis hin zu negativen Effekten. Der vorliegende Beitrag analysiert auf der Grundlage internationaler Vergleichsdaten den Zusammenhang zwischen dem Alter und der Häufigkeit depressiver Symptome bei Kontrolle für bekannte Determinanten der seelischen Gesundheit. Auf der Grundlage der ersten SHARE-Welle (Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe) werden die depressiven Symptome von 28.538 Personen im Alter zwischen 50 und 89 Jahren aus elf europäischen Ländern sowie Israel unter Verwendung eines negativen Binomial-Regressionsmodells analysiert. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die EURO-D-Scores, welche die Anzahl depressiver Symptome angeben, mit dem Alter steigen und bei den Frauen höher als bei den Männern ausfallen. Bei Einbeziehung soziodemografischer Merkmale, des Gesundheitszustands und wirtschaftlicher Belastungen hebt sich der Zusammenhang zwischen depressiven Symptomen und Alter bei den Männern auf und kehrt sich bei den Frauen sogar um. Daher sind Gesundheit und Lebensumstände von Senioren die Mediatoren für den Zusammenhang zwischen Alter und seelischer Gesundheit, das Alter allein besitzt keine Erklärungskraft.
Inhalt: Empirical evidence of the effects of age on depressive symptoms is mixed, ranging from positive to zero to negative effects, depending on the modelling of the age-depression profile. This paper uses internationally comparative data to analyse the association between age and the prevalence of symptoms of depression, controlling for well-known determinants of mental health. Based on the first wave of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), depressive symptoms of 28,538 persons aged 50 to 89 from eleven European countries and Israel are analysed using a negative binomial regression model. The results indicate that the number of depressive symptoms measured by EURO-D scores increase with age and are higher among women than among men. When including socio-demographic characteristics, health conditions and economic strains, the association between depressive symptoms and age vanishes for men, and even reverses for women. Thus, the association between age and mental health is mediated by the health and living conditions of older persons; age by itself has no explanatory power.
Should governments in Europe be more aggressive in pushing for gender equality to raise fertility? : the first "YES"
Titelübersetzung:Sollen die Regierungen in Europa mehr für die Gleichstellung der Geschlechter tun, um die Fruchtbarkeit zu erhöhen? : die Antwort ist "ja"
Autor/in:
Toulemon, Laurent
Quelle: Demographic Research, Vol. 24 (2011) , S. 179-200
Inhalt: "Together with three colleagues, the author has been asked by the MPIDR to debate the following question: 'Should governments in Europe be more aggressive in pushing for gender equality to raise fertility?' Setting aside the 'lighthearted' side of this 'Rostocker Debate', (12 minutes for each speech, one minute for each comment), the author saws this as a good opportunity to think about the stakes behind the question. In order to address this complex issue, it is necessary to think about the many 'preliminary questions' that we have to ponder before responding: Why should fertility be raised? Are political measures legitimate? Are they efficient? On what basis are we qualified to give 'expert' opinions on such a topic? When the question comes to the fore, we as scholars are sometimes asked to provide an answer. It would, of course, be more comfortable not to answer, but our interlocutors (politicians, journalists, teachers, and also funding agencies) often want a definite response one way or the other. Even though our position may be a matter of politics as well as a matter of science, we must give an answer. The empirical evidence shows that European countries where gender inequality is lower are also the countries where fertility is the highest. This is the evidence-based response that we can give to that question. European countries need to find a new equilibrium after the end of the baby boom period, when gender equality was very low. In all countries, the empowerment of women is underway, thanks to the economic independence given by work-related income. Increasing gender equality is an efficient way to reduce the opportunity costs of having and raising children, and thus to increase fertility. Finally, 'pushing for gender equality' may have many positive effects other than raising fertility, and has few negative side effects. Gender equality is thus a convenient political aim per se; an institutional goal which leaves many political questions open. So, yes, we agree that governments in Europe should be more aggressive in pushing for gender equality to raise fertility!" (author's abstract)
Should governments in Europe be more aggressive in pushing for gender equality to raise fertility? : the first "NO"
Titelübersetzung:Sollen die Regierungen in Europa mehr für die Gleichstellung der Geschlechter tun, um die Fruchtbarkeit zu erhöhen? : die Antwort ist "nein"
Autor/in:
Philipov, Dimiter
Quelle: Demographic Research, Vol. 24 (2011) , S. 201-216
Inhalt: "This paper takes the 'no' side in the debate on the question posed in the title. The paper assumes that the dual-earner/ dual-carer household model is the most likely aim of policies that push aggressively for gender equality in order to raise fertility. Five objections are discussed: the model does not necessarily lead to a fertility increase; aggressiveness will lead to an imbalance of labor supply and demand, and is likely to confront slowly changing cultural norms; similar policies will also confront the issue of innate gender differences; and country idiosyncrasies prevent the application of a unified policy approach. The paper briefly concludes that compatible gender-neutral family policies and fertility-neutral gender policies are likely to lead to an increase in fertility." (author's abstract)
Should governments in Europe be more aggressive in pushing for gender equality to raise fertility? : the second "YES"
Titelübersetzung:Sollen Regierungen in Europa mehr für die Gleichstellung der Geschlechter tun, um die Fruchtbarkeit zu erhöhen? : das zweite "Ja"
Autor/in:
Oláh, Livia Sz.
Quelle: Demographic Research, Vol. 24 (2011) , S. 217-224
Inhalt: "This paper is based on the authoress's contribution to a debate, organized by MPIDR, on the question displayed in the title above. She was asked to present arguments for the 'yes'-response (together with Laurent Toulemon, and arguing against the 'no'-side represented by Gerda Neyer and Dimiter Philipov). As pointed out in the paper, the most important theoretical reasoning relevant for this question is the gender equity theory. A number of studies provide sound empirical support to it, as discussed in the paper in details, and thereby also a rationale for a positive impact of increased gender equality on fertility. As the dual-earner family is here to stay, and given the well-known negative consequences of long-term very low fertility for a society, pushing for gender equality seems to be a reasonable strategy to be considered aiming for sustainable societal development." (author's abstract)
Should governments in Europe be more aggressive in pushing for gender equality to raise fertility? : the second "NO"
Titelübersetzung:Sollen die Regierungen in Europa mehr für die Gleichstellung der Geschlechter tun, um die Fruchtbarkeit zu erhöhen? : das zweite "Nein"
Autor/in:
Neyer, Gerda
Quelle: Demographic Research, Vol. 24 (2011) , S. 225-250
Inhalt: "This paper argues against the suggestion that governments should push for gender equality more aggressively in order to raise fertility. The paper presents a threefold 'no' to this proposal. It takes issue with the goal of raising fertility, arguing that the claims that fertility must be increased are based on myths. It rejects a more aggressive pursuit of gender equality for demographic purposes, maintaining that this method preserves inequality. It warns against using gender equality for fertility purposes, stating that this narrows the realm of gender equality. The paper is based on a debate held at the Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research in Rostock, at which the author was asked to argue against the gender equality-fertility proposal. The other participants in the debate were Laurent Toulemon ('yes'), Dimiter Philipov ('no'), and Livia Oláh ('yes')." (author's abstract)