Exploring symbolic violence in the everyday: misrecognition, condescension, consent and complicity
Autor/in:
Thapar-Björkert, Suruchi; Samelius, Lotta; Sanghera, Gurchathen S.
Quelle: Feminist Review, 112 (2016) 1, S 144–162
Inhalt: In this paper, we draw on Pierre Bourdieu’s concepts of ‘misrecognition’, ‘condescension’ and ‘consent and complicity’ to demonstrate how domination and violence are reproduced in everyday interactions, social practices, institutional processes and dispositions. Importantly, this constitutes symbolic violence, which removes the victim’s agency and voice. Indeed, we argue that as symbolic violence is impervious, insidious and invisible, it also simultaneously legitimises and sustains other forms of violence as well. Understanding symbolic violence together with traditional discourses of violence is important because it provides a richer insight into the ‘workings’ of violence, and provides new ways of conceptualising violence across a number of social fields and new strategies for intervention. Symbolic violence is a valuable tool for understanding contentious debates on the disclosure of violence, women leaving or staying in abusive relationships or returning to their abusers. While we focus only on violence against women, we recognise that the gendered nature of violence produces its own sets of vulnerabilities against men and marginalised groups, such as LGBT. The paper draws on empirical research conducted in Sweden in 2003. Sweden is an interesting case study because despite its progressive gender equality policies, there has been no marked decrease in violence towards women by men.
Schlagwörter:Bourdieu, Pierre; violence against women; Gewalt gegen Frauen; Schweden; Sweden;
The Rape Prone Culture of Academic Contexts: Fraternities and Athletics
Autor/in:
Martin, Patricia Yancey
Quelle: Gender & Society, 30 (2016) 1, S 30–43
Inhalt: The thesis of this essay is that the dynamics of particular social contexts make them more probable sites for sexual assaults, irrespective of individual men’s attitudes or beliefs. Among such contexts are military units; street, drug, and motorcycle gangs; elite schools; college fraternities; and men’s athletic programs (see Harkins and Dixon 2010 for a review of sexual assaults by groups of men or boys). As with other aspects of sexual assault, rape on U.S. campuses received extensive attention earlier (Martin and Hummer 1989; Sanday 1990) and now, after two decades, the issue is salient again. Carey et al. (2015) claim that today’s college women are five times more likely than other women to be sexually assaulted.
Schlagwörter:academia; campus; Hochschule; rape culture; sexual violence; sexuelle Gewalt; social context; victim blaming
CEWS Kategorie:Studium und Studierende, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Sexuelle Belästigung und Gewalt
"It was only harmless banter!" The development and preliminary validation of the moral disengagement in sexual harassment scale
Autor/in:
Page, Thomas E.; Pina, Afroditi; Giner-Sorolla, Roger
Quelle: Aggressive behavior, 42 (2016) 3, S 254–273
Inhalt: Sexual harassment represents aggressive behavior that is often enacted instrumentally, in response to a threatened sense of masculinity and male identity. To date, however, theoretical attention to the social cognitive processes that regulate workplace harassment is scant. This article presents the development and preliminary validation of the Moral Disengagement in Sexual Harassment Scale (MDiSH); a self-report measure of moral disengagement in the context of hostile work environment harassment. Three studies (total n = 797) document the excellent psychometric properties of this new scale. Male U.K. university students (Study 1: n = 322) and U.S. working males (Studies 2 and 3: n = 475) completed the MDiSH and an array of measures for construct validation. The MDiSH exhibited positive correlations with sexual harassment myth acceptance, male gender identification, and hostile sexism. In Study 3, participants were exposed to a fictitious case of hostile work environment harassment. The MDiSH attenuated moral judgment, negative emotions (guilt, shame, and anger), sympathy, and endorsement of prosocial behavioral intentions (support for restitution) associated with the harassment case. Conversely, the MDiSH increased positive affect (happiness) about the harassment and attribution of blame to the female complainant. Implications for practice and future research avenues are discussed.
Schlagwörter:adolescent; adult; aged; Akzeptanz; emotions; hostility; humans; male; middle aged; morals; psychische Faktoren; psychology; psychometrics; scale; sexism; sexual harassment; sexuelle Belästigung; social perception; young adult
Quelle: Violence against women, 22 (2016) 3, S 344–365
Inhalt: Headlines such as "Man Jailed for Train Station Attack on Indian Student," "Fatal Stabbing Hits Indian Student Hopes," and "Indian Student Bashings on the Rise in Sydney" highlight violent crimes against male international students by strangers in public spaces. The media reports run contrary to the perceptions of our interviewees who suggest that violence against female international students by known perpetrators in private spaces is common. We argue that intersecting inequalities relating to gender, race, and class are often compounded by the status of "international student". Discussions focus on various forms of gender-based violence and gender violence education and support programs in Australia and the United States.
Schlagwörter:Australia; Australien; class; gender-based violence; inequality; international student; intersectionality; Intersektionalität; race; Gewalt; USA
CEWS Kategorie:Europa und Internationales, Studium und Studierende, Sexuelle Belästigung und Gewalt
Interrogating violence against women and state violence policy : Gendered intersectionalities and the quality of policy in The Netherlands, Sweden and the UK
Inhalt: This article builds on feminist scholarship on intersectionality to address violence against women, and state policy thereon. It takes up the challenge of analyzing the complex, situated and spatial relationship between theorizing on violence against women and state policy on such violence. Drawing on extensive comparative European data, it explores the relations of gender and intersectionality, conceptualized as gendered intersectionalities, by examining how multiple inequalities are made visible and invisible in state policy and debates in the Netherlands, Sweden and the UK. Attention is paid to different forms of gendered intersectionalities in policy, for example, tendencies to degender violence against women. A key aim of the article is to investigate how comparative analysis can be a starting point for assessing if, how and to what extent the inclusion of multiple inequalities could increase the quality of policy, for both reducing and stopping violence, and assisting those subject to violence.
Schlagwörter:comparative Europe; Diversitätsdimensionen; Europa; Europe; Gewalt gegen Frauen; inequality; intersectionality; Intersektionalität; Netherlands; Policy; Sweden; UK; violence against women; Niederlande; Schweden;
CEWS Kategorie:Diversity, Europa und Internationales, Sexuelle Belästigung und Gewalt
Harassment Act Implementation in Higher Education Institutions
Autor/in:
Yousaf, Rizwana; Schmiede, Rudi
Quelle: Open Journal of Leadership, 5 (2016) , S 8-19
Inhalt: "Effective implementation of harassment Act might be inevitable to acquiring gender equality in higher education institutions and diminishing the influence of patriarchal and conservative mind
set. This study intended to explore implementation of the harassment Act (2010) in universities. Although Government of Pakistan has enforced harassment Act and Higher Education Commission
(HEC) made it mandatory to implement, none of the university in the sample has implemented it.
Various incidence of harassment has been reported by study participants and in certain cases, victims
are asked to resign the jobs as they refuse or fail to comply with the drives of male colleagues and heads. Lack of state and organizational control leads women to be silent and tolerant of harassment
and ultimately, it encourages perpetrator to continue the derogatory behaviour." (author's abstract)
Underrepresentation of women at academic excellence and position of power: role of harassment and glass ceiling
Autor/in:
Yousaf, Rizwana; Schmiede, Rudi
Quelle: Open Journal of Social Sciences, 4 (2016) 2, S 173-185
Inhalt: The study intends to comprehend the underrepresentation of women on positions of power and
academic excellence in academia. The study explained the role of exploitation and harassment,
which might hinder, when women were trying to climb to top hierarchical position. The majority
of women supervised by male heads, sexual harassment could be used as a glass ceiling to hamper
women to reach top hierarchal level. The majority participants were working on lower academic
and administrative hierarchy; they were experiencing harassment throughout the hierarchical
level. Similarly, they considered that harassment could contribute to the underrepresentation of
women at academic excellence and a position of power.
The Quest for Gender-Sensitive and Inclusive Transport Policies in Growing Asian Cities
Autor/in:
Thynell, Marie
Quelle: Social Inclusion, 4 (2016) 3, S 72-82
Inhalt: In cities all over the world, growing numbers of women are working or studying further away from home than ever before. This article presents policies by the World Bank and recommendations by the United Nations to improve conditions for women’s mobility in cities. Although these stress different factors affecting women’s experiences of traffic and transport, they all agree about the importance of enabling women’s mobility. However, gender-sensitive policies have been largely unsuccessful. This article presents examples of conditions for women in New Delhi and other rapidly growing Asian cities that illustrate how gender norms operate. This study uses the perspectives of development research and gender studies to examine economic and political initiatives and the way women act and interact with transport in local contexts. It facilitates critical reflection upon existing transport policies and suggests ‘how’ women’s needs may be
effectively addressed. More in-depth knowledge about women’s needs and the problems they face when travelling will be useful for designing of policies that address more than simply the harassments of women. More inclusive urban access
would enhance conditions for women and enable them to make choices according to their needs. In this way, social science and policy will cross-pollinate one another. (author's abstract)
Schlagwörter:Asien; Asia; Stadt; town; Ballungsgebiet; agglomeration area; woman; Mobilität; mobility; Mobilitätsbarriere; mobility barrier; Mobilitätsforschung; mobility research; soziale Norm; social norm; soziale Integration; social integration; soziale Partizipation; social participation; Individualverkehr; private motor vehicle traffic; Öffentlicher Personennahverkehr; public transport; Nahverkehr; local traffic; Sicherheit; security; Bedürfnis; need; Verkehrspolitik; transportation policy; gender-specific factors; nachhaltige Entwicklung; sustainable development
CEWS Kategorie:Sexuelle Belästigung und Gewalt
SSOAR Kategorie:Verkehrssoziologie, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Raumplanung und Regionalforschung
Quelle: Violence Against Women, 22 (2016) 13, S 1519–1539
Inhalt: The first research conducted on violence against women in the university context in Spain reveals that 62% of the students know of or have experienced situations of this kind within the university institutions, but only 13% identify these situations in the first place. Two main interrelated aspects arise from the data analysis: not identifying and acknowledging violent situations, and the lack of reporting them. Policies and actions developed by Spanish universities need to be grounded in two goals: intransigence toward any kind of violence against women, and bystander intervention, support, and solidarity with the victims and with the people supporting the victims.
Schlagwörter:campus; Gewalt; Hochschulen; policy evaluation; sexual harassment; sexual violence; sexualisierte Gewalt; sexuelle Belästigung; Spain; Spanien; Studierende; violence against women
CEWS Kategorie:Europa und Internationales, Sexuelle Belästigung und Gewalt