Educational attainment and gender differences in work-life balance for couples across Europe: a contextual perspective
Autor/in:
Kromydas, Theocharis
Quelle: Social Inclusion, 8 (2020) 4, S 8-22
Inhalt: The current article aims to explain the interrelationships between the educational attainment of individuals living in households with heterosexual partners, their work–life balance (WLB) and the macro-economic climate of the country they live in, using data from the European Social Survey. WLB is a complex concept, as it is not only determined by factors related to someone’s employment or domestic work and childcare responsibilities, but also by decisions informed by personal experiences and circumstances, subjective perceptions and preferences. Moreover, in households with cohabiting partners, this decision-making process involves certain compromises where financial incentives, interests, gender and power dynamics play an important role. Since educational attainment is positively related to labour market outcomes, such as employment and wages, while at the same time more women are participating in education and the labour market, the gender conflict on the division of work and time within households intensifies and traditional gender roles are challenged. WLB is at the heart of this conflict operating as a mechanism through which division of work and time is reconciled on the individual and household level. Results from the current article reveal great heterogeneity between the 17 European countries examined. Perhaps surprisingly, educational attainment can have a detrimental effect on the WLB of spouses and cohabiting partners, especially for women whose level of WLB seems also more sensitive to fluctuations of the macro-economic climate of the country they live in. However, there is an indication that when an economy goes into recession, higher education has a cushioning effect on female’s WLB compared to relatively better economic times.
Transitions and Conflicts: Reexamining Impacts of Migration on Young Women’s Status and Gender Practice in Rural Shanxi
Autor/in:
Yang, Lichao; Ren, Xiaodong
Quelle: Social Inclusion, 8 (2020) 2, S 58-67
Inhalt: This article explores impacts of migration on young women’s status and gender practice in rural northern China. Based on ethnographic fieldwork in a village in Shanxi Province, it suggests that rural-urban migration has served partially to reconstruct the traditional gender-based roles and norms in migration families. This reconstructive force arises mainly from the changes of the patrilocal residence pattern and rural women’s acquisition of subjectivity during the course of migration. However, after migrant women return to their home villages, they usually reassume their roles as care providers and homemakers, which is vividly expressed by a phrase referring to one’s wife as ‘the person inside my home’ (wo jiali de). Meanwhile, although migrant women’s capacity and confidence have greatly increased consequent upon working out of the countryside, their participation in village governance and in the public sphere has been decreasing. Further examination suggests that the reinforcement of gender inequality and the transformation of gender relations result from the continuous interplay of local power relations, market dominance, and unchallenged patrilocal institutions. Through adopting a life course perspective, it challenges too strict a differentiation between migrant and left behind women in existing literature.
Schlagwörter:China; China; Landbevölkerung; rural population; Patriarchat; patriarchy; gender-specific factors; woman; Ethnographie; ethnography; Feldforschung; field research; Stadt-Land-Beziehung; city-country relationship; Geschlechtsrolle; gender role; traditionelle Gesellschaft; traditional society; Geschlechterverhältnis; gender relations; gender relations; migration; patriarchy; rural Chinese women
Women and gender equality: justice or civilization?
Autor/in:
Alhaji Ali, Mustapha; Buratai, Halima Ali
Quelle: Journal of Liberty and International Affairs, 5 (2020) 3, S 55-68
Inhalt: The issue of gender justice has drawn the attention of gender scholars as does gender equality a justice or civilization. Because of this, the paper examined women and gender equality justice or civilization. In discussing these gender issues, several documents, reports, newspapers, magazines, archives, articles, journals, among others, were systematically reviewed to support the argument. Two theories were used in supporting the argument. These are Islamic Feminist and Liberal Feminist theories. The assumptions of these theories centered on gender equality and gender justice in society. The study found that gender equality is not civilization but justice. This is of the fact that both men and women are born equal and need equal justice for the development of the nation. The paper recommended that men and women should be given equal opportunity in all aspects of life in order to ensure gender justice. Parents and religious leaders should adhere to the principles of gender equality for the betterment of society.
Violence against women in politics: the case of the Mexico city's constituent assembly
Titelübersetzung:Violence against women in politics: the case of the Mexico city's constituent assembly
Autor/in:
Rodríguez Calva, María Fernanda; Frias, Sonia M.
Quelle: Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales, 65 (2020) 240, S 359-395
Inhalt: The implementation of gender quotas and parity policies led to more women in politics. However, these have been associated to an increase, or at least higher recognition, of violence against them. This phenomenon has been referred tocaso as political violence, political violence against women, gender-based political violence, and political harassment. The lack of consensus on both the name and its conceptualization has entailed legislative gaps and failures in prevention, assistance and sanction mechanisms. This study contributes to this conceptual debate by proposing the term gender-based violence against women in politics and examines the experiences of female representatives in the Constituent Assembly of Mexico City. Females in politics experience a myriad of expressions of violence that are often not recognized as such. Not only male and female peers are responsible of harassing, discriminating and exerting violence, but also constituents, security personnel and employees of the Constituent Assembly. Women display an array of individual and collective resistance strategies. Implications on legislative reforms and policies aimed at preventing and sanctioning gender-based violence are discussed.
Schlagwörter:violence against women; gender-based violence; political violence; resistance strategies; parity
Geschlechterwissen in Gewerkschaften - eine Typologie von Deutungsmustern gewerkschaftlicher Geschlechterpolitik
Titelübersetzung:Gender knowledge in trade unions - typical interpretative patterns of trade union gender politics
Autor/in:
Holland, Judith
Quelle: AIS-Studien, 13 (2020) 2, S 161-173
Inhalt: An der Schnittstelle von Gender Studies, Arbeits- und Organisationssoziologie setzt dieser Beitrag an, indem die gewerkschaftliche Repräsentation von Frauen vergleichend dargestellt und zugleich typische Deutungen im Verständnis gewerkschaftlicher Geschlechterpolitik rekonstruiert werden. Aufbauend auf Angelika Wetterers Typologie von Geschlechterwissen zeigen sich in diesen Deutungsmustern Unterschiede, woran die Geschlechter(un)gleichheit festgemacht wird, welche Relevanz gleichstellungspolitischen Maßnahmen beigemessen wird und welche Rolle sie für die eigene Praxis gewerkschaftlicher Interessenpolitik spielen. Das frauenpolitische, das geschlechtertheoretische und das konservative Deutungsmuster werden vorgestellt und zugleich diskutiert, unter welchen Bedingungen es trotz dieser Unterschiede gelingen kann, Gleichstellungspolitik als organisationsübergreifende Aufgabe zu etablieren. Die empirische Basis bilden qualitative Interviews, die mit Gewerkschaftssekretär*innen der ver.di, der IG BAU sowie der IG Metall durchgeführt wurden.
Weibliche Führungskräfte in der Bundeswehr - Zur Geschlechterdifferenzierung weiblicher Offiziere
Titelübersetzung:Female leaders in the German armed forces - Gender differentiation of female military officers
Autor/in:
Hendricks, Judith
Quelle: AIS-Studien, 13 (2020) 2, S 45-58
Inhalt: Die deutsche Bundeswehr ist als militärische Organisation trotz ihrer umfassenden formalen Öffnung für Frauen und veränderter Aufgabenbereiche noch immer männlich konnotiert. Weibliche militärische Führungskräfte stellen in doppelter Hinsicht, als Frau und als Führungskraft, eine Abweichung und Verletzung bestehender stereotyper Zuschreibungen und Geschlechterdifferenzen dar. Der vorliegende Beitrag betrachtet die Bezugnahme auf die Kategorie Geschlecht durch weibliche Offiziere in diesem doppelt männlich konnotierten Kontext sowie deren Anwendung von Geschlechterdifferenzierungen. Es wird argumentiert, dass sie ein "strategisches Differenzmanagement" anwenden. Durch den Fokus auf die Auswirkungen der vertikalen Segregation im organisationalen Kontext auf das geschlechtliche Differenzmanagement ergänzt der Beitrag bisherige theoretische und empirische Ergebnisse bezüglich der Geschlechterkonstruktion und Geschlechterdifferenzierung in geschlechtsuntypischen Berufsbereichen.
Quelle: Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World, 6 (2020) , S 1-17
Inhalt: Image recognition systems offer the promise to learn from images at scale without requiring expert knowledge. However, past research suggests that machine learning systems often produce biased output. In this article, we evaluate potential gender biases of commercial image recognition platforms using photographs of U.S. members of Congress and a large number of Twitter images posted by these politicians. Our crowdsourced validation shows that commercial image recognition systems can produce labels that are correct and biased at the same time as they selectively report a subset of many possible true labels. We find that images of women received three times more annotations related to physical appearance. Moreover, women in images are recognized at substantially lower rates in comparison with men. We discuss how encoded biases such as these affect the visibility of women, reinforce harmful gender stereotypes, and limit the validity of the insights that can be gathered from such data.
Left Behind? The Status of Women in Contemporary China
Autor/in:
Walker, Robert; Millar, Jane
Quelle: Social Inclusion, 8 (2020) 2, S 1-9
Inhalt: The status of women in China has deteriorated markedly since 2006 relative to other countries, according to the World Economic Forum Gender Gap Index. Taking a longer view, the position of women has greatly improved since the founding of the People’s Republic of China but, after the ‘opening up’ of the economy, the logic of the market and the legacy of patriarchy have worked to the detriment of women. After briefly reviewing trends in China’s economic, demographic and social development, this editorial follows the structure of the thematic issue in focusing on the processes which may have caused women to slip behind. Socio-economic and political factors are considered first before focusing on the impact of unprecedently large scale migration. The circumstances and experiences of women ‘left outside’ mainstream society are explored next before reflecting on the lives of women left behind in poverty.
Schlagwörter:China; China; woman; sozialer Status; social status; sozioökonomische Entwicklung; socioeconomic development; gender-specific factors; soziale Ungleichheit; social inequality; Patriarchat; patriarchy; politische Faktoren; political factors; Migration; migration; Erwerbstätigkeit; gainful employment; China; economic development; employment; family; gender; marketisation; migration; patriarchy; poverty; women
Women in China Moving Forward: Progress, Challenges and Reflections
Autor/in:
Yang, Juhua
Quelle: Social Inclusion, 8 (2020) 2, S 23-35
Inhalt: While China's socialist revolution has been credited with improving the status of women, gender inequality remains. Drawing on macro data, this article provides an overview of gender equality in China, focusing on labor force and political participation in the past 70 years, particularly since 1978, the onset of socioeconomic reform. Specifically, the article describes, compares, and examines the progress and challenges that women face in accessing economic opportunities and political resources. We find a more equal relationship between male and female when resources are relatively adequate, but that females are disadvantaged when resources are scarce, for example, including representation in more prestigious occupations, higher income, and political positions. These findings illustrate how inequality is maintained and reproduced, and suggest that despite China’s progressive socialist agenda, its gender revolution remains 'stalled.'
Schlagwörter:China; China; soziale Ungleichheit; social inequality; gender-specific factors; woman; Erwerbsbeteiligung; labor force participation; politische Partizipation; political participation; Gleichstellung; affirmative action; historische Entwicklung; historical development; Geschlechterverhältnis; gender relations; Benachteiligung; deprivation; Ostasien; Far East
