Die Saint-Simonistinnen: eine vergessene politische Bewegung und ein verdrängter feministischer Ansatz
Autor/in:
Krause, Skadi Siiri
Quelle: ZPTh - Zeitschrift für Politische Theorie, 9 (2018) 1, S 73-87
Inhalt: Obwohl die Saint-Simonistinnen fast vergessen sind, sind sie doch eine der ersten, wenn auch kurzlebigen autonomen Frauenbewegungen, deren Ideen bis heute für nicht abgegoltene politische Forderungen und uneingelöste Einsichten stehen. Im bewussten Gegensatz zu den bürgerlichen Anhängerinnen der Bewegung formulieren sie Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts das Ideal der finanziell und rechtlich unabhängigen Frau. Was sie verbindet, ist die Ablehnung eines Ideals von "Häuslichkeit", welches für sie die Rolle der Frau als Ehefrau und Mutter und die damit verbundenen sozialen, rechtlichen und politischen Schranken zwischen den Geschlechtern in doppelter Weise zementiert. Doch ihre Ansätze gehen weit darüber hinaus. Sie kritisieren den sozialen und politischen Ausschluss von Frauen der Arbeiterklasse, der zur Marginalisierung ihrer sozialen Handlungsfähigkeit und zur Verhinderung ihrer politischen Teilhabe führt. Ihr kurzlebiges Sprachrohr sind die Zeitschriften La Femme libre. Apostulat des Femmes (1832-1833) und La Femme nouvelle. La Tribune de Femme (1833-1834), die in diesem Artikel vorgestellt werden.
Schlagwörter:Frauenbewegung; women's movement; Feminismus; feminism; Wahlrecht; suffrage; Intersektionalität; intersectionality; Ideengeschichte; history of ideas; Geschlechtsrolle; gender role; Gleichstellung; affirmative action; Eherecht
SSOAR Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Sozialgeschichte, historische Sozialforschung
Quelle: Journal of Politics in Latin America, 10 (2018) 3, S 3-27
Inhalt: This paper examines the persistent gender gap in electoral politics at the local level in Buenos Aires, Argentina. I argue that the combination of the division of political work and existing social norms regarding the separation of domestic chores contributes to women’s political underrepresentation at the local level. Studying everyday politics in Buenos Aires, a clear division of political work between men and women was found. Only women were in charge of finding solutions to issues of domestic abuse and violence, and of taking care of children, the pregnant, and senior citizens. Using information from Buenos Aires municipalities, I document the gender gap in elected legislative and executive offices at the local level – as well as in non-elected offices within municipal cabinets. It was also found that the types of political work assigned to female activists and candidates reinforce existing stereotypes of women as mothers of the poor.
Schlagwörter:Argentinien; Argentina; Kommunalpolitik; local politics; politische Partizipation; political participation; woman; Repräsentation; representation; Politikerin; null; Stereotyp; stereotype; Geschlechtsrolle; gender role; Südamerika; South America
SSOAR Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, politische Willensbildung, politische Soziologie, politische Kultur
(Un)modelling Gender: Models zwischen Mode und Gesellschaft
Titelübersetzung:(Un)modelling gender: Models between fashion and society
Autor/in:
Giannone, Antonella
Quelle: GENDER - Zeitschrift für Geschlecht, Kultur und Gesellschaft, 10 (2018) 3, S 54-69
Inhalt: Als Technology of Gender im Sinne von Teresa de Lauretis (1988) steht Modeln im Zeichen des kulturell konstruierten und gesellschaftlich ausgetragenen Weiblichen. Gerade im Kontext dieses geschlechtlich so deutlich markierten Handlungsraums werden gegenwärtig Genderstereotype dekonstruiert und Identitäten infrage gestellt. Dieser Beitrag fokussiert aus modetheoretischer Perspektive auf die kulturelle Rolle des Models. Er setzt sich mit der These auseinander, dass es zu einer prägenden "Sozialfigur der Gegenwart" im Sinne von Stephan Moebius und Markus Schroer (2010) geworden ist. Als solche adressiert das Model durch seine breit aufgefächerte, intertextuelle bzw. intermediale Präsenz grundlegende Fragen bezüglich der gegenwärtigen Relation zwischen Mode und Identitätskonstruktionen.
Schlagwörter:Mode; fashion; Vorbild; role model; Körper; body; Weiblichkeit; femininity; Stereotyp; stereotype; Identität; identity; Geschlechtsrolle; gender role; Model
SSOAR Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Kultursoziologie, Kunstsoziologie, Literatursoziologie
Using Alignment Optimization to Test the Measurement Invariance of Gender Role Attitudes in 59 Countries
Autor/in:
Lomazzi, Vera
Quelle: Methods, data, analyses : a journal for quantitative methods and survey methodology (mda), 12 (2018) 1, S 77-103
Inhalt: Several repeated cross-national surveys include measurements of attitudes toward gender roles to investigate individuals’ beliefs regarding the appropriateness of men and women’s roles in a particular context. When used to compare attitudes across countries, these measurements reveal critical factors that could cause a lack of equivalence between different cultural contexts, and that could therefore produce misleading results. Nevertheless, the use of such measures to compare country means without assessing measurement equivalence is common. It should also be considered that the assessment of equivalence within a large-scale sample from cross-sectional surveys through multigroup confirmatory factor analysis (MGCFA) often fails because of the strict requirements necessary. The current article is used to assess the measurement equivalence of the gender role attitudes scale included in the last wave of the World Values Survey in 59 countries, with the main goal of identifying the most invariant model for the largest number of groups. The study involved comparing two methods belonging to the frequentist approach: MGCFA and the frequentist alignment procedure, a highly novel and promising method that is still rarely used. Using the first technique, partial scalar invariance was achieved for 27 countries. By employing the frequentist alignment optimization, an acceptable degree of noninvariance was achieved for 35 countries. Thus, the study confirmed the frequentist alignment procedure as a viable alternative to the MGCFA.
Caring, Cooking, Cleaning - repräsentative Zeitverwendungsmuster von Eltern in Paarbeziehungen
Titelübersetzung:Caring, cooking, cleaning - representative time use patterns in two-parent households
Autor/in:
Klünder, Nina; Meier-Gräwe, Uta
Quelle: Zeitschrift für Familienforschung, 30 (2018) 1, S 9-28
Inhalt: Vor dem Hintergrund der steigenden Erwerbstätigkeit von Müttern geht dieser Beitrag der Frage nach, wie Eltern in Paarbeziehungen die Haushaltsbereiche Betreuung, Beköstigung sowie Wohnungs- und Wäschereinigung untereinander aufteilen. Dazu werden drei Paartypen mit unterschiedlichem Erwerbsumfang gebildet: Zweiverdiener-Paare, Paare mit weiblichem Zuverdienst sowie Paare mit männlichem Familienernährer. Deren Zeitverwendung für die genannten Tätigkeiten wird mithilfe der repräsentativen Zeitverwendungserhebung 2012/2013 und 2001/2002 sekundäranalytisch untersucht. Die Analyse zeigt, dass vollzeiterwerbstätige Mütter täglich am wenigsten Zeit für die drei genannten Arbeitsbereiche im Haushalt aufwenden, nicht erwerbstätige Mütter hingegen am meisten. Innerhalb einer Dekade - von 2001/2002 bis 2012/2013 - haben alle untersuchten Mütter ihre Zeitverwendung für hauswirtschaftliche Tätigkeitsfelder reduziert, zeitgleich nehmen sich Eltern 2012/2013 deutlich mehr Zeit für Betreuungsaufgaben. Unabhängig des Erwerbsumfangs der Mutter ist die Arbeit des Alltags nach wie vor, besonders werktags, weiblich konnotiert und somit geschlechtsdifferenzierend aufgeteilt. Nur am Wochenende zeigt sich in Paaren mit erwerbstätiger Mutter bei der Betreuung eine annährend egalitäre Arbeitsteilung.
Inhalt: As a result of the increasing labor force participation of mothers, this article questions how twoparent households divide the housework activities of caring, cooking and cleaning. Therefore three types of couples with different labor force participations were formed: Dual-earner couples, couples with additional female income and malebreadwinner couples. The time use for the mentioned activities was examined with a secondary analysis based on the German representative time use surveys of 2012/2013 and 2001/2002. The analysis showed that fulltime mothers spent the lowest amount of time for caring, cooking and cleaning. However, unemployed mothers spent the most time for these activities. Within a decade - from 2001/2002 to 2012/2013 - all mothers have reduced their time spent on household activities. Meanwhile, all parents in 2012/2013 take noticeably more time for child care. Regardless of the mother’s labor force participation, mothers still spent more time for caring, cooking and cleaning, especially on weekdays. Additionally, the everyday housework is divided by gender. Only on weekends, couples with employed mothers shared the care-work almost egalitarian.
Schlagwörter:Zeitverwendung; time budgeting; Elternschaft; parenthood; Erwerbsbeteiligung; labor force participation; Betreuung; care; Hausarbeit; housework; Familienarbeit; family work; Zeitaufwand; time expenditure; Arbeitsteilung; division of labor; gender-specific factors; Erwerbsphase; working life; Mutter; mother; Geschlechtsrolle; gender role; Federal Republic of Germany
SSOAR Kategorie:Familiensoziologie, Sexualsoziologie, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Quelle: Zeitschrift für Familienforschung, 30 (2018) 1, S 96-119
Inhalt: Educational expansion, the massive increase of women’s labor force participation, and assortative mating have reduced asymmetries in educational achievements and in career resources between women and men in virtually every Western society. This paper provides an analysis of the association between partners' education, parenthood, and spouses' relative labor supply in East and West Germany. Education is considered from two angles: as an indicator for resources on the labor market or as an indicator for gender attitudes. We apply cross-sectional data from the 2011 German Microcensus, comprising 57,366 couple households. For our estimations, we use General Linear Models. Because of high case numbers, we are able to estimate several interaction effects in statistical powerful detail. We find that (1) a woman's share of paid work is higher, the higher she is educated; (2) women with higher education than their male partners realize higher shares of relative employment (in comparison to other women); (3) women rarely realize a share of 50% or higher on average in any educational composition; (4) especially young children have a huge impact on women's labor supply; and (5) women's comparative educational advantages are more important for their share of paid work in West than in East Germany. Neither interpretation of relative education can explain the overall picture of couples’ division of paid work alone. Depending on parenthood, the age of the youngest child in the household, and the regional context, either normative, or economic exchanges between partners seem to drive the association between relative education, and relative labor supply of women. We demonstrate the usefulness of two theoretical approaches of framing education as an explanatory concept.
Schlagwörter:Partnerschaft; partnership; Bildungsniveau; level of education; Erwerbsbeteiligung; labor force participation; Elternschaft; parenthood; gender-specific factors; Geschlechtsrolle; gender role; Frauenerwerbstätigkeit; women's employment; Familie; family; Federal Republic of Germany; alte Bundesländer; old federal states; neue Bundesländer; New Federal States
SSOAR Kategorie:Familiensoziologie, Sexualsoziologie, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Women Mobilizing Women: Candidates' Strategies for Winning the Presidency
Autor/in:
Reyes-Housholder, Catherine
Quelle: Journal of Politics in Latin America, 10 (2018) 1, S 69-97
Inhalt: Latin America has elected more female presidents than any other region in the world, yet dominant theories on campaigning tend to ignore gender. In addressing this lacuna, this article argues that the widespread belief that women are better at mobilizing women means that female candidates tend to invest more significant effort into cultivating a core constituency of women on the basis of gender identity. In contrast, male candidates tend to delegate women-mobilization tasks to female surrogates. An analysis of approximately 1,000 newspaper articles reveals that the “most different” female candidates in Chile and Brazil consistently met with female voters early in their campaigns, evoked gender identities and promised pro-women change. The “most different” male candidates enlisted their wives and female politicians to target women, defend their pro-women promises, and deflect accusations of sexism. The theory illuminates multiple ways in which viable female candidates’ entry into the political arena can improve women’s representation.
Quelle: Comparative Population Studies - Zeitschrift für Bevölkerungswissenschaft, 43 (2018) , S 99-130
Inhalt: The two parts of the gender revolution have been evolving side by side at least since the 1960s. The first part, women's entry into the public sphere, proceeded faster than the second part, men’s entry into the private sphere. Consequently, many employed mothers have carried a greater burden of paid and unpaid family support than fathers throughout the second half of the 20th century. This constituted women's "second shift," depressing fertility. A central focus of this paper is to establish second shift trends during the second half of the 20th century and their effects on fertility. Our analyses are based on data on cohort fertility, male and female labor force participation, and male and female domestic hours worked from 11 countries in Northern Europe, Western/central Europe, Southern Europe, and North America between 1960/70 and 2000/2014. We find that the gender revolution had not generated a turnaround, i.e. an increase in cohort fertility, by the end of the 20th century. Nevertheless, wherever the gender revolution has made progress in reducing women’s second shift, cohort fertility declined the least; where the second shift is large and/or has not been reduced, cohort fertility has declined the most.
Schlagwörter:20. Jahrhundert; Italy; Netherlands; birth trend; fertility; Gleichstellung; Arbeitsteilung; Sweden; Familienpolitik; gender role; Familie-Beruf; Italien; Federal Republic of Germany; work-family balance; Kanada; Geschlechtsrolle; Norway; Geburtenentwicklung; labor force participation; Norwegen; Finnland; family policy; United States of America; Fruchtbarkeit; Erwerbsbeteiligung; Schweden; France; division of labor; Spanien; USA; Großbritannien; Finland; woman; Frankreich; Great Britain; Spain; affirmative action; gender-specific factors; Canada; twentieth century; Niederlande; two-part gender revolution; transformation of male breadwinner family model; women in public sphere; men in private sphere; women's second shift
SSOAR Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Bevölkerung
The Same Fertility Ideals as in the Country of Origin? A Study of the Personal Ideal Family Size among Immigrant Women in Italy
Autor/in:
Mussino, Eleonora; Ortensi, Livia Elisa
Quelle: Comparative Population Studies - Zeitschrift für Bevölkerungswissenschaft, 43 (2018) , S 243-274
Inhalt: The role of the personal ideal family size for international migrants has rarely been studied in the current debate on fertility and migration in the European context. It is not known to which extent the reduction of fertility observed among immigrants who settle in a country where fertility is lower than in their country of origin is the result of a change in fertility norms among those immigrants. The study of migrants' ideals family size has the potential to shed light on fertility norms without the interference of economic conditions and migration-related disruptive phenomena. Due to the complexity of its migration context, Italy is an interesting destination country for studying changes in migrants' ideal family sizes. This paper uses data from the survey of the Italian National Institute of Statistics (ISTAT) on immigrant families conducted in 2011-12. We compare the personal ideal family size of women of reproductive age with the prevalent norm in their country of origin, applying a multinomial logistic regression analysis. Results show that the country of origin has an important role in the determination of immigrants’ ideal family sizes. Women from countries where large families are the ideal are more likely to show a lower personal ideal family size compared to their non-migrant co-nationals, while women from countries where two children are considered ideal mostly share the same norm. The occurrence of fertility preferences expressed in a non-numeric form (e.g. "Up to God") changes between women with different countries of origin. This study confirms that conformity with the ideal of the country of origin is more likely among women who migrated as adults. At the same time, the number of years spent in the destination country is not significantly associated with a shift away from the norms prevalent in the country of origin. Finally, female empowerment and gender equity show their effects mainly on the reduction of non-numeric responses.
Schlagwörter:Migrant; migrant; woman; Italien; Italy; Fruchtbarkeit; fertility; Kinderzahl; number of children; generatives Verhalten; reproductive behavior; Familiengröße; family size; Norm; standard; Tradition; tradition; Herkunftsland; country of origin; Geschlechtsrolle; gender role; Gleichberechtigung; equality of rights; sozioökonomische Faktoren; socioeconomic factors; Ideal number of children; Fertility; Migrants; Italy; Gender Norms
SSOAR Kategorie:Bevölkerung, Familiensoziologie, Sexualsoziologie, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
