Quelle: Ethnic and Racial Studies, 32 (2009) 2, S 278-301
Inhalt: In European public debates, Islam is often described as an impediment to gender equality. By using data from surveys conducted in Germany, we analyze the role of high levels of individual religiosity in explaining Turks' and Germans' approval of gender equality and the way Turkish and German couples share household tasks. Results suggest that for both groups, individuals with strong religious commitments are less likely than secular ones to hold egalitarian gender role attitudes. At the behavioral level, this correlation between religiosity and gender egalitarianism only holds true for Turkish respondents. Furthermore, strong religious commitments contribute to generational stability in attitudinal and behavioral gender-traditionalism among Turks. However, when explaining Germans' more egalitarian gender-related attitudes and behaviors, religiosity turns out to be just one factor among others – and not a particularly important one. Further research is needed to disentangle the different cultural and religious aspects of Muslim migrants’ attitudes and behaviors.
Frauen in Sanaa: öffentliche Präsenz und mediale Repräsentation
Titelübersetzung:Women in Sanaa: Public Appearance and Visual Representation
Autor/in:
Linke, Irina
Quelle: Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 10 (2009) 2, 24 S
Inhalt: Ein explosionsartiger Anstieg der Mediennutzung (ausländisches Satellitenfernsehen, ein eigener nationaler Satellitenkanal sowie Foto- und Videopraxen) verändert nicht nur die "Öffentlichkeit", sondern den lokalen sozialen Raum in einem speziellen global-lokalen Spannungsfeld insgesamt.
In diesem Artikel wird gezeigt, wie Frauen in der Hauptstadt des Jemen Fernsehen und andere Bildmedien strategisch nutzen, indem sie entlang der Grenzen von Sichtbarkeit und Unsichtbarkeit die geschlechterspezifischen sozialen Räume ihrer Lebenswelt verändern. Medienbilder eröffnen als Teil der Lebenswelt der Akteure (Blick-) Räume und ermöglichen (Blick-) Kontakte. Die Blicke prägen den sozialen Raum und spielen bei der wechselseitigen Konstitution von Räumen und Körpern eine Rolle. Dies wird sowohl auf der performativen als auch auf der diskursiven Ebene verhandelt.
Die vorgestellte Fallstudie ist Teil eines Forschungsprojekts, das auf einem einjährigen Feldaufenthalt, Feldnotizen und 45 Stunden audiovisuellem Material beruht. Anhand der Diskurse der jungen Frauen über eigene Bilderpraxen wird nachvollzogen, wie sie die "Gefährdung" einer gesellschaftlichen Ordnung durchbuchstabieren, wie sie ihr Interesse an Veränderung artikulieren und welche strategischen Überlegungen sie anstellen, um "sichtbar" zu werden. Dabei verweist der Beitrag auf kulturell unterschiedliche Lesarten dessen, was man sehen kann.
Inhalt: An exponential increase in media usage in the Yemeni capital, Sanaa (foreign satellite channels, Yemeni TV, photography and video) changes not only the (media) public (Öffentlichkeit), but social spaces in a local setting within a particular global-local framework.
In this article I discuss women in the Yemeni capital who use television and other pictorial representations strategically, and, in reworking the frontiers between visibility and invisibility, change the gendered social spaces of their life world (Lebenswelt). Pictures, as parts of the life world open up views into new spaces ([Blick-] Räume) and make new relationships ([Blick-] Kontakte) possible. Looks and gazes determine social space and play a part in the social construction of bodies and spaces. This is negotiated on the performative as well as on the discursive level.
The case study I present is part of a larger research project based on one year of fieldwork, field notes and 45 hours of audio-visual material. Analysis of the discourses of young women about their own image practices reveals how they perceive the endangerment of a social order, how they articulate their interest in change, and their strategies for becoming "visible." Thus, this article refers to culturally different readings of what can be seen.
Schlagwörter:zone; Öffentlichkeit; Kulturwandel; Jemen; Akteur; Islamic society; cultural change; field research; Medien; ethnology; the public; social actor; Übersetzung; television; representation; Yemen; body; social space; audiovisual media; Fernsehen; Körper; translation; interdependence; satellite; gender; Repräsentation; Auswirkung; Raum; audiovisuelle Medien; Gender; woman; sozialer Wandel; Feldforschung; Interdependenz; impact; sozialer Raum; Ethnologie; lebenswelt; Satellit; gender-specific factors; Lebenswelt; social change; islamische Gesellschaft; media; Visuelle Anthropologie; visuelle Kultur; Performance; mediale Repräsentation; Un-/Sichtbarkeit; Gesicht; visual culture; fieldwork; Yemen; performance; social space; pictorial representation in the media; in-/visibility; face
SSOAR Kategorie:Entwicklungsländersoziologie, Entwicklungssoziologie, Technikfolgenabschätzung, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Rundfunk, Telekommunikation
Counter-stereotypic beliefs in math do not protect school girls from stereotype threat
Autor/in:
Huguet, Pascal; Régner, Isabelle
Quelle: Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45 (2009) 4, 20 S
Inhalt: The threat of being negatively stereotyped in math impairs performance of highly qualified females on difficult math tests, a phenomenon known as "stereotype threat"-ST. Perhaps more alarmingly, recent studies based on unselective samples of elementary, middle, and high-school students show that ST also operates in girls from the general population. Here we offer first evidence that ST does operate (with large effect sizes) even in middle school girls who deny the negative gender stereotype. Children's beliefs about the two genders math ability, therefore, do not necessarily moderate their susceptibility to ST, an important issue that remained unclear so far. This new finding is also of great practical significance: School girls’ counter-stereotypic beliefs cannot be taken as sufficient evidence for deciding whether the struggle against ST is or is not needed. Appropriate interventions should be the default option when aiming for true gender equality in math and science achievements.
Private individual ambulatory health care providers in Madhya Pradesh province, India
Autor/in:
Costa, Ayesha; Eriksson, Bo; Diwan, Vinod K.
Quelle: Journal of Public Health, 17 (2009) 4, S 235-241
Inhalt: Background: Ambulatory health care services are a major contributor to the large and inequitable health financing burdens (largely out-of-pocket) faced by households in India. The private sector has a virtual monopoly over ambulatory curative services in rural and urban India. Despite this, there is little knowledge about who these providers are, their numbers, distribution, and activities. Aim: This study describes the numbers, gender, distribution, and characteristics of private individual ambulatory care providers in Madhya Pradesh (60.4 million people), one of India’s largest provinces. It discusses the suitability of this provider mix to deal with maternal and child health, a major health priority in the province. Method: A survey enlisting all health care providers was conducted in the 52,117 villages and 394 towns of the province. Results: There were 14,046 private qualified physicians (12.5% women), 57,684 qualified paramedics (3.4% women), and 89,090 unqualified providers (10% women) providing ambulatory services in individual setups. In addition, 55,393 traditional birth attendants provided home-based intranatal care. The macro organization of these providers in this setting is presented. Given the high levels of maternal and child mortality in the province, excessive reliance is placed on less than competent providers as these present lower access barriers. Conclusion: Given the public health priorities in this province (maternal and child health), the provider mix is not optimally suited to the populations’ needs. There is a lack of competent qualified care required to deal with the major causes of morbidity and mortality, particularly in rural areas. Access to qualified women providers is low. The lack of a cadre of qualified midwives possibly contributes to some of the high maternal mortality observed in this province.
Schlagwörter:gender; Gender; Human resources; Maldistribution; Health services India
Inhalt: European societies have experienced a decrease in the social importance of religious issues. Values and attitudes towards gender roles have also changed in the last decades. In European countries, people have become more egalitarian with respect to the position of women in society. The author tries to identify the relationship between secularization and changes in gender values. As a result of secularization, the individual value system has become fragmented and religious values have lost their coordinating role. The investigation employs cross-national and longitudinal analysis of European Values Survey data (1990, 1999), most of the European countries being included in the study. The results indicate the decreasing impact of traditional religious belief on values related to gender roles during the 1990s in Europe and a common pattern of relationships between gender values and religiosity in most European societies. (author's abstract)
Schlagwörter:Religiosität; religiousness; Säkularisierung; secularization; Gender; gender; Geschlechtsrolle; gender role; woman; Rollenbild; role image; Rollenwandel; role change; Wertwandel; value change; Wertorientierung; value-orientation; Europa; Europe; Wertsystem; value system; Längsschnittuntersuchung; longitudinal study; EVS; EVS
SSOAR Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Religionssoziologie, Allgemeine Soziologie, Makrosoziologie, spezielle Theorien und Schulen, Entwicklung und Geschichte der Soziologie
Education gender gaps in Pakistan: is the labour market to blame
Autor/in:
Aslam, Monazza
Quelle: Economic Development and Cultural Change, 57 (2009) 4, S 747-84
Inhalt: Differential labor market returns to male and female education are one potential explanation for large gender gaps in education in Pakistan. We empirically test this explanation by estimating private returns to education separately for male and female wage earners. This article contributes to the literature by using a variety of methodologies (ordinary least squares, Heckman correction, two‐stage least squares, and household fixed effects) in order to estimate economic returns to education. The latest nationally representative data - the Pakistan Integrated Household Survey (2002) - are used. Earnings function estimates consistently reveal a sizable gender asymmetry in economic returns to education, with returns to women's education being substantially and statistically significantly higher than men's. The return to an additional year of schooling ranges between 7% and 11% for men and between 13% and 18% for women. There are also large, direct returns to women's education at low levels of schooling, and the education‐earnings profile is more convex for women than for men. However, a decomposition of the gender wage gap (into the component "explained" by differing male and female endowments and the residual component) suggests that there is highly differentiated treatment by employers. We conclude that the total labor market returns are much higher for men, despite returns to education being higher for women. This suggests that parents may have an investment motive in allocating more resources to boys than to girls within households.
The Conditions of Parenthood in Organisations: An International Comparison
Autor/in:
Křížková, Alena; Maříková, Hana; Dudová, Radka; Sloboda, Zdeněk
Quelle: Sociologický časopis / Czech Sociological Review, 45 (2009) 3, S 519–547
Inhalt: The paper focuses on organisations and the conditions for working parents in terms of combining work and care and how those conditions are set up and negotiated in organisations. The research draws on three case studies comparing pairs of companies active in the Czech Republic and in one of the following countries – Germany, France, and Sweden – in the field of engineering. The goal is to explore in depth the conditions that Czech working parents are faced with and that derive from the organisational processes and means and dynamics of negotiating conditions for working parents, and to compare them with the conditions in other countries and identify the sources of variability of these conditions. Important differences between a company’s family-friendly practices in its home country and in its Czech branches are primarily determined by the differences in the way in which welfare regimes are set up in individual countries. In addition, the authors identify the following five main interlinked factors explaining the variability of family-friendly policies and practices in organisations: parental (maternity) ideologies, the organisational culture of non-discrimination and equal opportunities, the actors’ activity in work relations, the role of trade unions in negotiations, and the given organisation’s experience with employees-parents.
Schlagwörter:gender; Gender; organisations; ; family-friendly policies; ; work
SSOAR Kategorie:Industrie- und Betriebssoziologie, Arbeitssoziologie, industrielle Beziehungen, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Personalwesen
Gender Segregated Labour Markets in the Baltics: What are Prevailing - Similarities or Differences?
Autor/in:
Vöörmann, Rein
Quelle: Studies of Transition States and Societies, 1 (2009) 1, S 66-80
Inhalt: "This paper focuses on men and women and the gender segregation of jobs in the Baltic countries. Based
on the Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian labour force survey data, a look is taken at the employment
structure of men and women by industries and occupations, as well as at the question whether or
not gender segregation in the labour market has been increased after the collapse of the communist
systems in the region under consideration. Empirical data demonstrate that in respect to industrial
gender segregation there is some increase in Estonia and Latvia, but not in Lithuania. Occupational gender
segregation demonstrates more stability in all three Baltic States. Compared to the Western European
countries, the main trend is towards bigger similarities." (author's abstract)
Quelle: Paths to Gender: European Historical Perspectives on Women and Men. Pisa (Creating links and innovative overviews for a New History Research Agenda for the citizens of a growing Europe - Transversal theme), 2009, S 1-11
Inhalt: The chapter describes the process by which European history writing has been changed due to the appearance of compensatory women's history writing as to well as the epistemological criticism gender imposes on history writing.
Schlagwörter:gender; historiography; Geschichtsschreibung; Gender; Gender Studies; Gender History
SSOAR Kategorie:allgemeine Geschichte, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Mehr(wert) queer - Queer Added (Value): Visuelle Kultur, Kunst und Gender-Politiken - Visual Culture, Art, and Gender Politics
Herausgeber/in:
Paul, Barbara; Schaffer, Johanna
Quelle: Bielefeld (Studien zur visuellen Kultur, 11), 2009. 243 S
Inhalt: The present publication discusses the critical potential of queer and queer-feminist visual and art politics. Queer political positions and aesthetic possibilities are differentiated and honed in the context of asking how visual arguments interact with legal and political discourses.
Schlagwörter:Kunst; art; Kulturwissenschaft; cultural studies; Gender; gender; Geschlechterforschung; gender studies; Queer Studies; queer studies; Kultur; culture; Visualisierung; visualization; Queer Theory
SSOAR Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Kultursoziologie, Kunstsoziologie, Literatursoziologie