Beantwortung des Fragenkatalogs zu der öffentlichen Anhörung des Ausschusses für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend zum Thema "Entgeltgleichheit zwischen Frauen
und Männern"
Autor/in:
Ziegler, Astrid
Quelle: Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaftliches Institut in der Hans-Böckler-Stiftung; Düsseldorf, 2009. 15 S
Details
Schlagwörter:Federal Republic of Germany; Lohnunterschied; wage difference; gender-specific factors; woman; Mann; man; Einkommensunterschied; difference in income; Diskriminierung; discrimination
SSOAR Kategorie:Arbeitsmarktforschung, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Dokumenttyp:Graue Literatur, Bericht
Education gender gaps in Pakistan: is the labour market to blame
Autor/in:
Aslam, Monazza
Quelle: Economic Development and Cultural Change, 57 (2009) 4, S 747-84
Details
Inhalt: Differential labor market returns to male and female education are one potential explanation for large gender gaps in education in Pakistan. We empirically test this explanation by estimating private returns to education separately for male and female wage earners. This article contributes to the literature by using a variety of methodologies (ordinary least squares, Heckman correction, two‐stage least squares, and household fixed effects) in order to estimate economic returns to education. The latest nationally representative data - the Pakistan Integrated Household Survey (2002) - are used. Earnings function estimates consistently reveal a sizable gender asymmetry in economic returns to education, with returns to women's education being substantially and statistically significantly higher than men's. The return to an additional year of schooling ranges between 7% and 11% for men and between 13% and 18% for women. There are also large, direct returns to women's education at low levels of schooling, and the education‐earnings profile is more convex for women than for men. However, a decomposition of the gender wage gap (into the component "explained" by differing male and female endowments and the residual component) suggests that there is highly differentiated treatment by employers. We conclude that the total labor market returns are much higher for men, despite returns to education being higher for women. This suggests that parents may have an investment motive in allocating more resources to boys than to girls within households.
Schlagwörter:women's employment; gender relations; education; Pakistan; vocational education; labor force participation; education behavior; Bildungsverhalten; man; labor market; Bildung; Arbeitsmarkt; gender; Erwerbsbeteiligung; wage difference; Gender; Lohnunterschied; woman; Mann; Geschlechterverhältnis; Berufsbildung; gender-specific factors; Pakistan; Frauenerwerbstätigkeit; labour market; education
SSOAR Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung, Erziehungswissenschaft
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Public-private sector segmentation in the labour market in Pakistan
Autor/in:
Aslam, Monazza; Kingdon, Geeta
Quelle: Journal of Asian Economics, 20 (2009) 1, S 34-39
Details
Inhalt: This study investigates public–private sector wage differentials for male and female waged employees in Pakistan. This is done using latest nationally representative data from the Pakistan Living Standards Measurement Survey (PSLM) 2005. We adopt three methodologies to obtain robust estimates of the wage differential and the results reveal that public sector workers enjoy large wage premia. The gross pro-public wage differential is much larger for women than for men. Our findings also show that while private and public sector workers' differing characteristics 'explain' a larger proportion of the private–public wage gap for men, this is not the case for women.
Schlagwörter:Arbeitsmarkt; privater Sektor; private sector; Pakistan; wage difference; öffentlicher Sektor; Lohnunterschied; public sector; Mann; woman; South Asia; Südasien; gender-specific factors; man; Pakistan; labor market; public-private sector; labour market
SSOAR Kategorie:Arbeitsmarktforschung, Entwicklungsländersoziologie, Entwicklungssoziologie, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Do Austrian Men and Women Become more Equal? At Least in Terms of Labor Supply!
Autor/in:
Wernhart, Georg; Winter-Ebmer, Rudolf
Quelle: Österreichisches Institut für Familienforschung an der Universität Wien; Wien (Working Paper / Österreichisches Institut für Familienforschung, 71), 2008. 15 S
Details
Inhalt: Similar to most industrialized countries, female labor supply in Austria has been increasing for the last decades, while labor force participation for men has been constant or even somewhat declining. This working paper - in cooperation with the University of Linz - provides an insight into wage elasticities concerning work participation and weekly hours for Austrian men and women between 1987 and 1999. It presents the almost continuous reduction in the labor supply reactions of married women. While their elasticity was still several times larger at the beginning of the 1980s, they approached rapidly the much less elastic behavior of men. These developments are important for the analysis of deadweight losses of taxation as well as the effects of tax reforms and wage subsidy programs. In this paper we differentiate between married and never-married women; which is very important in explaining labour force participation. As these differences are negligible for men we refrain from this distinction. Labor supply elasticities give an impression about attachment to the labor force; very high elasticities of (married) women have often been interpreted as evidence for low labor force attachment and a traditional family role model: the male bread-winner model where female market participation was considered as supplementary and more volatile. Due to increasing educational attainment of women, developments on the marriage market - lower marriage and higher divorce rates - and most importantly changing social roles and norms, it can be expected that this traditional male-breadwinner model will have considerably lost its importance.
Schlagwörter:Gleichberechtigung; equality of rights; Mann; man; woman; Arbeitskräfte; manpower; Erwerbsbeteiligung; labor force participation; Lohnunterschied; wage difference; Lohn; wage; Heirat; wedding; Arbeitsangebot; labor supply; Bildungsniveau; level of education; gender-specific factors; Rollenwandel; role change; Österreich; Austria
SSOAR Kategorie:Arbeitsmarktforschung, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Dokumenttyp:Graue Literatur, Bericht
Analyse der Lohngleichheit zwischen Frauen und Männern in der Stadtverwaltung Bern
Autor/in:
Strub, Silvia
Quelle: Büro für arbeits- und sozialpolitische Studien BASS AG; Bern, 2006. 17 S
Details
Schlagwörter:Lohnunterschied; wage difference; gender-specific factors; woman; Mann; man; Ungleichheit; inequality; Benachteiligung; deprivation; Chancengleichheit; equal opportunity; beruflicher Aufstieg; career advancement; Qualifikation; qualification; Lohnpolitik; wage policy; Lohnhöhe; wage level; Schweiz; Switzerland
SSOAR Kategorie:Einkommenspolitik, Lohnpolitik, Tarifpolitik, Vermögenspolitik, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Dokumenttyp:Graue Literatur, Bericht
How collective contracts and works councils reduce the gender wage gap
Titelübersetzung:Wie Tarifverträge und Betriebsräte den Lohnunterschied zwischen den Geschlechtern verringern
Autor/in:
Gartner, Hermann; Stephan, Gesine
Quelle: Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung der Bundesagentur für Arbeit (IAB); Nürnberg (IAB Discussion Paper: Beiträge zum wissenschaftlichen Dialog aus dem Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung, 7/2004), 2004. 11 S
Details
Inhalt: Untersucht wird der Einfluss der Tarifverträge und Betriebsräte auf die Höhe des Lohnunterschieds zwischen Männern und Frauen. In der empirischen Analyse wird zwischen vier verschiedenen Formen der Arbeitsbeziehungen unterschieden: Erstens zwischen Firmen mit oder ohne Tarifverträgen, zweitens zwischen Firmen mit oder ohne Betriebsrat. Datengrundlage sind das IAB-Betriebspanel und die IAB-Beschäftigtenstichprobe für das Jahr 2001. Die Analyse beschränkt sich auf Arbeitnehmer in Vollzeit, die in westdeutschen Unternehmen mit wenigstens zehn Angestellten beschäftigt sind. Im Ergebnis wird festgestellt, dass Tarifverträge und Betriebsräte den geschlechtsspezifischen Lohnunterschied in den Firmen verringern. Als Ursache werden eine stärkere Lohnkompression und geringere unkontrollierte Produktivitätsunterschiede bzw. Lohndiskriminierung in diesen Firmen angesehen. (IAB)
Inhalt: "The gender wage gap in Germany is smaller in firms covered by collective contracts or having a works council, partly because these institutions are associated with lower unobserved productivity differences and less wage discrimination, partly because they compress the distribution of wage residuals." (author's abstract)
Schlagwörter:Lohnunterschied; wage difference; Mann; man; woman; gender-specific factors; Tarifvertrag; collective agreement; Auswirkung; impact; Betriebsrat; works council; Federal Republic of Germany
SSOAR Kategorie:Industrie- und Betriebssoziologie, Arbeitssoziologie, industrielle Beziehungen, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Dokumenttyp:Graue Literatur, Bericht
Die Familienfalle (Kurzfassung)
Autor/in:
Bauer, Tobias
Quelle: Büro für arbeits- und sozialpolitische Studien BASS AG; Bern, 2000. 9 S
Details
Schlagwörter:woman; Mann; man; beruflicher Aufstieg; career advancement; Familie; family; Benachteiligung; deprivation; Lohnunterschied; wage difference; Gleichstellung; affirmative action; Familienarbeit; family work; Berufsaussicht; career prospect; Erwerbsverlauf; employment history; gender-specific factors; Schweiz; Switzerland
SSOAR Kategorie:Wirtschaftssoziologie, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Familiensoziologie, Sexualsoziologie
Dokumenttyp:Graue Literatur, Bericht