Quelle: Annual Review of Psychology, 70 (2019) , S 245–270
Inhalt: This article reviews research on sexual harassment, particularly that pertaining to academia, to understand its underlying causes. Arguing that sexual harassment is an ethical issue, we draw on the field of behavioral ethics to structure our review. We first review ethical climate antecedents at the individual, leader, organizational, and environmental levels and examine their effects on both the occurrence of and responses to sexually harassing behaviors. This discussion is followed by an exploration of research that speaks to the cognitive processes of bounded ethicality—including ethical fading, motivated blindness, and the slippery slope—and their role in facilitating and perpetuating sexual harassment. We conclude by highlighting the value to be gained from integrating research on sexual harassment with research on behavioral ethics and identifying several practical steps that can be taken to curb sexual harassment in academia.
#MeToo, Statutory Rape Laws, and the Persistence of Gender Stereotypes
Autor/in:
Garfield Tenzer, Leslie
Quelle: Utah Law Review, (2019) , S 117–157
Inhalt: Using the example of statutory rape laws, this article explains how movements for increased equality between men and women can fail to meet their stated goals. The article begins by exploring traditional statutory rape laws, which stereotypically gendered perpetrators and victims. It follows with a discussion of the political forces behind the nation-wide change to neutralize gendered statutes. The article dedicates significant attention to the flaws of gender-neutral statutory rape laws, which, by removing gender designations of victims and perpetrators, grant prosecutors unchecked discretion to choose which partner to charge in cases of mutual consent to the same prohibited conduct. Today prosecutors are three times more likely to charge males with statutory rape than they are to charge females with the crime. Parents of females’ alert authorities of prohibited sexual activity of their daughters at a rate that is largely disproportionate to that of parents of males. Prosecutorial stereotyping as it pertains to prohibited sexual intimacy between consenting teens has created an unfortunate return to the female-victim paradigm that proponents of gender-neutral statutory rape laws sought to erase. The article concludes with a recommendation for achieving a more balanced application of gender-neutral laws.
Schlagwörter:#MeToo; Feminimus; feminism; gender stereotypes; Gesetzgebung; law; sexual assault; sexual violence; sexuelle Gewalt; Stereotype
CEWS Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Geschlechterverhältnis, Sexuelle Belästigung und Gewalt
Ten Eleven Things Not to Say to Your Female Colleagues
Autor/in:
Borrero-Mejias, Clarimar; Starling, Amaal J.; Burch, Rebecca; Loder, Elizabeth
Quelle: Headache, (2019) , 9 S
Inhalt: Female physicians and healthcare professionals experience many sex-related adversities. According to a
recent report from the National Academies of Science, Engineering and Medicine (NASEM), the prevalence
of sexual harassment in academic medicine is almost double that in other engineering or science fields.1 An estimated 30–70% of female physicians report that they have experienced sexual harassment in the medical workplace.2 As explained in the NASEM report, sexual harassment can range from a single comment to direct sexual overtures. Other hurtful comments, many
of which are unintentional, also are common and are
referred to as “micro-aggressions” or “microinequities.”
Such behavior is exhibited primarily, although
not solely, by men and is predominantly directed at
women.1
Schlagwörter:bystander interventions; capacity building; gender equality; language; medical education; microaggressions; sexual bullying; sexual harassment; upstander
CEWS Kategorie:Arbeitswelt und Arbeitsmarkt, Geschlechterverhältnis, Sexuelle Belästigung und Gewalt
Is Europe Cascading into Fascism? : Addressing Key Concepts including Gender and Violence
Autor/in:
Walby, Sylvia
Quelle: PaG (Politics and Governance), 6 (2018) 3, 67 S
Inhalt: Is Europe cascading into fascism? The answer to this question matters for understanding the opposition to gender equality projects in Europe. The article addresses some of the key concepts needed to answer this question. Is ‘fascism’ or ‘authoritarian neoliberalism’ or just ‘neoliberalism’ the most appropriate concept to capture the turn to the right? The article compares the extent to which these concepts encompass ‘violence’ and ‘gender’. ‘Fascism’ is an important benchmark from European history, but Europe has not yet reached its levels of violence. The qualifier ‘authoritarian’ is not needed for ‘neoliberalism’ since it generates a trajectory towards violence. Some conceptual work is required in order to develop ‘neoliberalism’ to encompass ‘gender’ and ‘violence’, but there are bodies of work that support such a development. Including gender in analyses of the macro level changes occurring in Europe requires the concept of ‘varieties of gender regime’, which enables the conceptualisation of neoliberalism as gendered.
Quelle: Association of American Universities; Westat; Rockville, 2016. 41 S
Inhalt: Sexual assault and sexual misconduct on university campuses is an important topic that members of the Association of American Universities (AAU) are working to address. In 2015, AAU and Westat worked with a university team of researchers and administrators to design and implement the AAU Climate Survey on Sexual Assault and Sexual Misconduct. Main findings from this study were presented in the Report on the AAU Climate Survey on Sexual Assault and Sexual Misconduct (Cantor, Fisher, Chibnall, Townsend, Lee, Bruce & Thomas, 2015).
The current report presents findings from a series of analyses using a subset of respondents from the survey who experienced recurring victimization during the academic year. Recurring victimization refers to experiencing more than one incident of sexual assault or misconduct within the current year. Prior research has found that a certain subset of victims are at greater risk for both repeated experiences of the same type of incident (e.g., repeated sexual assault) and for experiencing multiple types of incidents (e.g., sexual assault and stalking) (Daigle & Fisher, 2013).
Schlagwörter:sexual assault; sexual harassment; sexual misconduct; sexuelle Belästigung; sexuelle Gewalt; victimization; campus;
CEWS Kategorie:Geschlechterverhältnis, Sexuelle Belästigung und Gewalt
Zwischen Zuschreibungen und Selbstinszenierung : Konstruktionen von Geschlechteridealen und -hierarchien unter Studierenden der Universität Dar es Salaam
Autor/in:
Lehmann, Annika
Quelle: Berlin: Weißensee-Verlag (Berliner Beiträge zur Ethnologie, 37), 2015, 1. Aufl. 120 S
Inhalt: In dieser Arbeit werden die komplexen Aushandlungsprozesse von Geschlechterrollen im universitären Kontext an der Universität Dar es Salaam in Tansania untersucht. Hierbei werden nicht nur geschlechtsspezifische Selbstinszenierungen von „Männlichkeit“ und „Weiblichkeit“ unter Studierenden im universitären Alltagsgeschehen analysiert, sondern auch am Campus vorherrschende Diskurse über Familie, Sexualität, Religion sowie Kleidungs- und Körperstilen im Kontext existierender (Ideal ) Vorstellungen von Geschlechterrollen betrachtet. Dabei wird der Frage nachgegangen, wie diese Diskurse die alltäglichen Interaktionen zwischen Studierenden, u.a. in Lehrveranstaltungen, prägen. Im abschließenden Teil der Arbeit erfolgt eine Betrachtung der Auswirkungen der analysierten Geschlechterideale im Kontext der sensiblen Thematik von sexual harassment an der Universität. Es wird herausgearbeitet, dass Studentinnen einen stetigen Balanceakt im Universitätsalltag vollbringen müssen. Zwar erhalten sie eher soziale Anerkennung über ein attraktives Erscheinungsbild als über gute Noten, jedoch erhöhen schlechte Noten und ein „weibliches“ Auftreten das Risiko sexueller Belästigung. Inhaltlich werden die vielfältigen Aushandlungsprozesse von Geschlechterrollen unter Studierenden an der Universität Dar es Salaam in Tansania untersucht. Hierbei wird betrachtet, wie sich Studierende im Kontext existierender (Ideal-)Vorstellungen von „Männlichkeit“ und „Weiblichkeit“ im universitären Alltag selbst inszenieren. (HRK / Abstract übernommen)
CEWS Kategorie:Europa und Internationales, Hochschulen, Geschlechterverhältnis, Studium und Studierende, Sexuelle Belästigung und Gewalt
Dokumenttyp:Monographie
Sexism At The Centre : Locating The Problem Of Sexual Harassment
Autor/in:
Whitley, Leila; Page, Tiffany
Quelle: New Formations, 86 (2015) , S 34–53
Inhalt: In this article we discuss the sexual harassment that occurs within academic institutions between academic staff and students. Our interest is in analysing the ways that sexism and sexual harassment are enabled and sustained in the university environment. In particular, we are interested in interrogating the power that occurs in these relationships, and how the nature of this relation makes it difficult for students to name and refuse the harassment that occurs. We argue that sexism conceals itself through its continual movement, and that sexual harassment is perpetuated within universities through tactics that relocate the problem away from the individual and the institution. In this way, sexual harassment disappears: the problem never appears as a problem of sexual harassment. Instead, it appears as a number of other shifting problems which include the problem of the women who complain and the harm caused to academic reputations. The slipperiness of sexism means it comes to be re-circulated through social and institutional structures that keep sexual harassers in place, because sexism and sexual harassment appear always out of reach. Mechanisms within the institution set up to address sexual harassment work not only to distance the institution from responsibility for the harassment, but also to hide the harassment even in the moment when women and their allies are insistently working to try to make it appear.
Guidelines for the prevention of sexual harassment, harassment on grounds of sex and psychological harassment
Herausgeber/in:
Universidad Politecnica de Madrid
Quelle: Universidad Politecnica de Madrid; , 2014.
Inhalt: The Spanish Equality Law defines sexual harassment as any form of verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature with the purpose or effect of violating the dignity of a person, in particular when creating an intimidating, degrading, or offensive environment. Environmental sexual harassment exists when working or academic life becomes intimidating, hostile or humiliating for the victim, without any appreciable direct link between the sexual requirement and a possible consequence related to working or academic matters such as a promotion, a failing grade, etc. Sexual blackmail (or quid pro quo) is considered the more severe form of sexual harassment. It exists when someone in a senior position, or whose decisions may affect the work or studies of someone else, uses the resistance or submission of the person being harassed to his sexual proposals in order to base determinations which have an effect on any aspect of the workplace or studies, for instance, salary conditions, contract renewal, etc.
Schlagwörter:sexuelle Belästigung; sexuelle Gewalt; Mobbing; psychische Faktoren; Sexismus; sexual bullying; sexual violence; sexual harassment; Structural Change Projects; guidelines; Prävention; prevention;
CEWS Kategorie:Hochschulen, Geschlechterverhältnis, Sexuelle Belästigung und Gewalt
Quelle: American Sociological Review, 77 (2012) 4, S 625–647
Inhalt: Power is at the core of feminist theories of sexual harassment, though it has rarely been measured directly in terms of workplace authority. While popular characterizations portray male supervisors harassing female subordinates, power-threat theories suggest that women in authority may be more frequent targets. This article analyzes longitudinal survey data and qualitative interviews from the Youth Development Study (YDS) to test this idea and to delineate why and how supervisory authority, gender non-conformity, and workplace sex ratios affect harassment. Relative to non-supervisors, female supervisors are more likely to report harassing behaviors and to define their experiences as sexual harassment. Sexual harassment can serve as an "equalizer" against women in power, motivated more by control and domination than by sexual desire. The interviews point to social isolation as a mechanism linking harassment to gender non-conformity and women's authority, particularly in male-dominated work settings.
Schlagwörter:Arbeitsplatz; Macht; power; sexual harassment; sexuelle Belästigung
CEWS Kategorie:Arbeitswelt und Arbeitsmarkt, Geschlechterverhältnis, Sexuelle Belästigung und Gewalt
Gender inequalities in British and German universities : a quantitative study
Titelübersetzung:Geschlechterungleichheiten an britischen und deutschen Universitäten : eine quantitative Studie
Autor/in:
Pritchard, Rosalind
Quelle: Beiträge zur Hochschulforschung, Jg. 32 (2010) H. 1, S. 36-55
Inhalt: "The aim of this paper was to explore perceived similarities and differences between male and female academics in the higher education systems of the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) and the United Kingdom (UK). It was based upon questionnaire responses from 387 respondents of whom 38 per cent were male and 62 per cent female. The contribution of female academics was much valued in the workplace, and very few employees had experienced gross forms of bullying and harassment at work. However, women were self-deprecating about their ability to network and strategise for career advancement. Men and women colleagues had mutually positive perceptions of each other in several important respects, and there was a certain convergence in their accepted norms and values which could indicate an erosion of binary gender structures and hierarchies in academe. A large majority believed that more needs to be done to remedy inequalities arising from maternity leave and child bearing and that their universities were still gendered organisations with few women at the top." (author's abstract)