Gender-Specific Application Behavior, Matching, and the Residual Gender Earnings Gap
Autor/in:
Lochner, Benjamin; Merkl, Christian
Quelle: IAB-Discussion Paper (IAB-Discussion Paper: Beiträge zum wissenschaftlichen Dialog aus dem Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung), 22 (2022)
Inhalt: This paper opens up the black box of gender-specific application and hiring behavior and its implications for the residual gender earnings gap. To understand the underlying mechanisms, we propose a two-stage matching model with testable implications. Using the German IAB Job Vacancy Survey, we show that the patterns in the data are in line with linear and nonlinear production functions at different jobs. Women's application probability at high-wage firms is much lower than at low-wage firms. By contrast, women have the same probability of being hired as men when they apply at high-wage firms. These patterns are not in line with taste-based discrimination, but they can be rationalized by high-wage firms that ask for more employer-sided flexibility. We show that the share of male applicants increases in various dimensions of employer-sided flexibility requirements. Adding the share of male applicants as a proxy for flexibility requirements to Mincer wage regressions reduces the residual earnings gap by around 50 to 60 percent. Women who match at jobs with a high share of male applicants earn substantially more than women at comparable jobs with only females in the application pool (due to compensating differentials). By contrast, when women with children match at these jobs, they face large earnings discounts relative to men.
Schlagwörter:application; application behavior; Gender Studies; Geschlechterforschung; Hiring Decision; work
CEWS Kategorie:Arbeitswelt und Arbeitsmarkt, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Care-Arbeit und Gender in der digitalen Transformation
Autor/in:
Weber, Lena; Karstein, Mara
Quelle: Beltz Juventa, 2022.
Inhalt: Während Care-Arbeit nach wie vor weiblich konnotiert ist und Frauen noch immer den überwiegenden Anteil an Sorgearbeit im Privaten übernehmen, sind digitale Technologien eher männlich konnotiert und Erwerbswelt androzentrisch gestaltet. Wie verändern sich Geschlechterarrangements, wenn digitale Technologien Beschäftigungsverhältnisse entgrenzen und Sorgetätigkeiten durch digitale Technologien grundlegend verändert werden? Wie verändert sich der Blickwinkel auf Sorgearbeit und geschlechtliche Arbeitsteilung, wenn das Verständnis von Care breiter in Bezug auf digitale Technologien ausgelegt wird?
Schlagwörter:Arbeits- und Berufssoziologie; Arbeitsteilung; Care; care work; Digitalisierung; Sorgearbeit; technological change; Technological innovation
CEWS Kategorie:Arbeitswelt und Arbeitsmarkt, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Dokumenttyp:Monographie
The Gender Gap in Lifetime Earnings: The Role of Parenthood
Inhalt: To obtain a more complete understanding of the persisting gender earnings gap in Germany, this paper investigates both the cross-sectional and biographical dimension of gender inequalities. Using an Oaxaca Blinder decomposition, we show that the gender gap in annual earnings is largely driven by women’s lower work experience and intensive margin of labor supply. Based on a dynamic microsimulation model, we then estimate how gender differences accumulate over work lives to account for the biographical dimension of the gender gap. We observe an average gender lifetime earnings gap of 51.5 percent for birth cohorts 1964-1972. We show that this unadjusted gender lifetime earnings gap increases strongly with the number of children, ranging from 17.8 percent for childless women to 68.0 percent for women with three or more children. However, using a counterfactual analysis we find that the adjusted gender lifetime earnings gap of 10 percent differs only slightly by women’s family background.
Can Wage Transparency Alleviate Gender Sorting in the Labor Market?
Autor/in:
Bamieh, Omar; Ziegler, Lennart
Quelle: IZA Discussion Paper, 15363 (2022)
Inhalt: Wage decompositions suggest that a large share of the gender wage gap can be explained by differences in occupation and employer choices. If female workers are not well informed about these pay differences, increasing wage transparency might alleviate the gender gap. We test this hypothesis by examining the impact of the 2011 Pay Transparency Law in Austria, which requires companies to state a wage figure in job advertisements. For the analysis, we combine vacancy postings from the largest Austrian job board with social security spells that record the gender of new hires. To compare the pay level of vacancies before and after the reform, we predict wage postings using detailed occupation-employer cells, which explain about 75 percent of the variation in posted wages. While we estimate a substantial gender wage gap of 15 log points, pay transparency did not affect gender sorting into better-paid occupation and firms. To study job transitions, we focus on a subsample of workers whose previous employment is also observed. Our estimates show that switching occupations is common, and it often entails significant wage changes. Yet, in line with our main estimates, we do not find that women become more likely to switch to better-paid jobs. We interpret the absence of effects as evidence that limited transparency does not explain the persistence of gender sorting in the labor market.
Inhalt: We study the presence and the extent of gender differences in reference letters for graduate students in economics and how these may affect the start of young researchers' careers. To these ends, we build a novel rich dataset covering ten cohorts of academic job market applicants to two top institutions hiring on the international market. We collect information from the application packages and conduct text analysis of reference letters using Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques in order to measure gender differences in the style and content of the letters. We then combine the resulting measures with information on the applicants’ subsequent labor market outcomes as extrapolated from the main online repositories. Our results reveal that male and female candidates receive different support from their sponsors and are described in systematically different terms. While female advisors talk more about personal characteristics, only male advisors do so at a different extent for male and female candidates. Such differences in how candidates are talked about affect subsequent career outcomes and explain a non-negligible part (5 to 8% approximately) of the observed gender gaps.
Inhalt: Women academics earn less than men, even after controlling for a range of productivity-related covariates. However, the latter usually do not include direct measures of research productivity. This paper uses data from the Higher Education Statistical Authority (HESA) confirming the existence of unconditional and conditional gender wage gaps. Data separately collected for the recent 2021 Research Excellence Framework (REF) shows men are more research productive but that after controlling for academic grade there is no gender productivity gap. For both wage and productivity gaps, there are barriers for women to achieve the research productivity needed to be promoted, and reducing these would go a long way to eliminating such gaps.
Harris und Maté-Sanchez-Val (2022) finden heraus, dass Frauen weniger Zugang zu Ressourcen haben um ihre Prouktivität in der Forschung zu erhöhen und sich dies negativ auf die Verringerung der Gehaltsunterschiede auswirkt.
Technological Progress, Occupational Structure and Gender Gaps in the German Labour Market
Autor/in:
Bachmann, Ronald; Gonschor, Myrielle
Quelle: IZA Discussion Paper, 15419 (2022)
Inhalt: We analyze if technological progress and the corresponding change in the occupational structure have improved the relative position of women in the labour market. We show that the share of women rises most strongly in non-routine cognitive and manual occupations, but declines in routine occupations. While the share of women also rises relatively strongly in high-paying occupations, womens' individual-level wages lag behind which implies within-occupation gender wage gaps. A decomposition exercise shows that composition effects with respect to both individual and job characteristics can explain the rise of female shares in the top tier of the labour market to an extent. However, the unexplained part of the decomposition is sizeable, indicating that developments such as technological progress are relevant
Inhalt: Am 22. März 2020 begann der erste Lockdown in Deutschland. Die Schließung von Schulen und Kinder gärten belasteten Eltern, vor allem Mütter. Bestehende Geschlechterungerechtigkeiten in den Bereichen Gesundheit, Bildung und soziale Sicherheit verschärften sich. 22 Erfahrungsberichte von Frauen* verschiedener Generationen aus unterschiedlichen europäischen Ländern geben Einblick in ihre Lebenswirklichkeiten während des ersten Lockdowns
Schlagwörter:Bildung; care work; Care-Arbeit; COVID-19; education; gender inequality; Geschlechterungerechtigkeit; health; healthcare; Lockdown; social work; Sozialarbeit; soziale Arbeit
CEWS Kategorie:Arbeitswelt und Arbeitsmarkt, Bildung und Erziehung, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Dokumenttyp:Monographie
Diskurse zu Geschlecht, Sexualität und sexualisierter Gewalt. Heterogene Beiträge aus Wissenschaft und Praxis
Inhalt: Pädagogik, Beratung, Wissenschaft – Themen wie Geschlecht, Sex und sexuelle Bildung werden in den verschiedene Professionen in ganz unterschiedlicher Weise behandelt. Dabei findet in den einzelnen Teilbereichen eine zunehmende Abgrenzung und Ausdifferenzierung statt. Der vorliegende Band sucht dagegen nach dem Austausch zwischen den Disziplinen in Praxis und Theorie. Er zeigt die Perspektiven unterschiedlicher professioneller Akteur*innen auf und regt zur Entwicklung interdisziplinärer Zugänge an, die neue Perspektiven auf den jeweiligen Arbeitsalltag ermöglichen.
CEWS Kategorie:Arbeitswelt und Arbeitsmarkt, Bildung und Erziehung, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Geschlechterverhältnis, Sexuelle Belästigung und Gewalt
Dokumenttyp:Sammelwerk
Mutterschaft und Wissenschaft in der Pandemie (Un-)Vereinbarkeit zwischen Kindern, Care und Krise
Inhalt: In der Pandemie spitzen sich gesellschaftliche Schieflagen und strukturelle Ungerechtigkeiten zu, so auch die berufliche Benachteiligung, die maßgeblich durch die Ungleichverteilung von Care-Arbeit begünstigt wird. Dieses Buch versammelt Erfahrungsberichte von Frauen*, die im Wissenschaftsbetrieb tätig sind und von ihren Erlebnissen während der Pandemie an deutschen Hochschulen berichten, und trägt somit zur Sichtbarkeit tabuisierter und individualisierter Erfahrungen bei. So werden die prekären Bedingungen, die sich während der Pandemie noch verstärkt haben, deutlich gemacht