"Big Four" schwächelt noch : Zu wenige Frauen in Führungspositionen außeruniversitärer Forschungseinrichtungen
Autor/in:
Benzler, Guido; Adler, Philipp; Brücherr, Anton
Quelle: Wissenschaftsmanagement. Zeitschrift für Innovation, 28 (2023) Juni
Inhalt: Die Tendenz stimmt. Das Ergebnis ist aber noch nicht zufriedenstellend. So kann die 26. Datenfortschreibung der Gemeinsamen Wissenschaftskonferenz (GWK) zur Chancengleichheit interpretiert werden. Die Auswertung zeigt, dass der prozentuale Anteil von Wissenschaftlerinnen an Hochschulen und außeruniversitären Forschungseinrichtungen im Vergleich zu den Vorjahren erneut gestiegen ist. Die jährliche Hochschulrektorenkonferenz (HRK) im November 2022 stellt hingegen fest, dass der Fortschritt bei der Gleichstellung von Frauen an Hochschulen und außeruniversitären Forschungseinrichtungen bei den unteren Karrierestufen nur langsam voranschreitet und „auf den höheren Karrierestufen de facto stagniert“.
Gender disparity in the effects of COVID‐19 on academic productivity and career satisfaction in anesthesiology in the US: Results of a national survey of anesthesiologists
Autor/in:
Jankowska, Anna E.; Pai, Sher‐Lu; Lee, Jennifer K.; Austin, Thomas M.; Nyshadham, Soumya; Diachun, Carol Ann B.; Byerly, Stephanie I.; Hertzberg, Linda B.; Berenstain, Laura K.
Quelle: Gend Work Organ (Gender, Work and Organization), (2023)
Inhalt: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic created unprecedented challenges for anesthesiologists both at work and home. This study examined whether the pandemic affected academic productivity and career satisfaction among anesthesiologists practicing in the United States during the early stages of the pandemic and whether these effects differed by gender. A survey was emailed to 25,473 members of the American Society of Anesthesiologists to learn about their experiences during the beginning of the pandemic. The survey directed respondents to rate their change in academic productivity, clinical care hours, scholarly and leadership opportunities, income, childcare duties, and household responsibilities during the first 5 months of the pandemic (March 1–July 31, 2020). The primary variable was gender, academic productivity was the primary outcome, and data were analyzed by multivariable proportional odds logistic regression models and correlations. Female anesthesiologists reported lower academic productivity and career satisfaction relative to male anesthesiologists during the study period. Career satisfaction positively correlated with academic productivity. Compared to male anesthesiologists, female anesthesiologists also had more household responsibilities before and during the pandemic. Being a female parent reduced academic productivity relative to that reported by nonparents of either gender. In conclusion, the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic had a greater adverse professional impact on female anesthesiologists than on their male counterparts. Efforts to support and retain female anesthesiologists, particularly those early in their careers and those with children, are essential for the specialty to maintain its workforce and promote gender equity in promotion and leadership.
Women academics experiences of maternity leave in the neoliberal university: Unmasking governmentality
Autor/in:
Jones, Karen; Floyd, Alan
Quelle: Gend Work Organ (Gender, Work and Organization), (2023)
Inhalt: Addressing a paucity of large-scale studies about women academics maternity experiences of leave in academia and under-theorizing the influence of neoliberalism on this phenomenon, this research provides one of the largest studies of women's experiences of maternity leave in the academic sector. Secondary analysis of a subset of data from a global online mixed method survey with 553 women academics (82% UK, 18% international) was undertaken to explore experiences and implications of maternity leave for women. The findings reveal that women academics continued to undertake core academic work duties during maternity leave such as writing grant applications and journal articles, supervising doctoral students, teaching, and responding to emails. We document four distinct orientations adopted by women during maternity leave that characterize neoliberal subjectivity and use Foucauldian governmentality to unmask the inculcation of such norms. Our analysis shows how neoliberal ideology has gained a hegemonic position in academia that leaves little space for maternity leave, resulting in many women effectively relinquishing their maternity rights to sustain academic productivity. We argue that neoliberalism and new managerialism within the academy undermine policies to support women's maternity rights. The findings of this study will be of interest to scholars and Human Resources professionals, academic mothers, managers, and policymakers who are championing change in the sector.
Business schools and faculty experiences of sexism: Gender structure tensions within and outside these schools
Autor/in:
Hughes, Emma; Donnelly, Rory
Quelle: Gend Work Organ (Gender, Work and Organization), (2023)
Inhalt: In this paper, we advance knowledge and theorization on the sexism experienced by faculty not only inside but also outside the physical boundaries of business schools. We enrich existing knowledge of gender and sexism by applying Gender Structure Theory (GST) to provide a more multi-dimensional analysis of the role of individuals, interactions, and institutions in shaping gender structures. Engaging with this theoretical framework, we use mixed-methods and data, integrating statistical data on gender in UK business schools with qualitative data from interviews with 52 academics from 15 schools to provide a nuanced insight into sexism at business schools. The framework developed from the findings extends GST by adding a specific “organizational” dimension, which is needed to examine interorganizational differences and how cultural and material organizational processes are influenced by wider national/international processes. We also identify three key interactional tensions cutting across the dimensions examined: organizational versus interorganizational relations, agency versus dependency, and employment relationships versus stakeholder relationships. The findings generate pressing implications for policy and practice in business schools and academia more broadly.
Gendered work in geoscience: Hard work in a masculine field
Autor/in:
Heimann, Samuel; Johansson, Kristina
Quelle: Gend Work Organ (Gender, Work and Organization), (2023)
Inhalt: Based on the meaning-making of women geoscientists in their descriptions of work and career experiences, this article explores the gendering of geoscience by analyzing women's hard work as a theoretical concept. Our findings show that the gendered requirements for women in geoscience involve “doing” various forms of hard work, including making one's work visible, asserting one's physical performance, and building social relations. Thus, hard work is found to be gendered in terms of being a perceived requirement shared by female geoscientists. It is a requirement that entails compensating for not being male in masculine organizations and simultaneously prevents women geoscientists from fully engaging in core geoscience work tasks. Hence, by gendering hard work and theoretically defining hard work as the work of the “other”, the study expands the theoretical understanding of the concept by suggesting that women's hard work is gendered and social rather than productive.
Schlagwörter:Arbeitsbedingungen; career; geoscience; Geowissenschaften; Organisationskultur; work
CEWS Kategorie:Wissenschaft als Beruf, Geschlechterverhältnis
The cost of ‘care’ in neoliberal academia during the COVID-19 pandemic: Women academics, teaching and emotional labour
Autor/in:
França, Thais; Vicente, Mara; Godinho, Filipa; Padilla, Beatriz; Amâncio, Lígia; Alexandre, Ana Fernandes
Quelle: European Journal of Women's Studies, (2023)
Inhalt: The literature shows that throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, in the different regions of the world (Europe, Africa, Asia, North America and Latin America), women academics submitted fewer articles and grant proposals than their peers who are men because, in addition to the increased burden of domestic work, they devoted more time to teaching activities and to the demands of students, than to their research activities. However, little is known about what drives the high level of commitment by women academics to their tutoring and pastoral care duties. This article looks at how women embodied their teaching tasks throughout the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic and the ‘emotional labour’ that this required of them. Findings from the analysis of 17 in-depth interviews conducted with women scholars in Portugal point to the complexity and contradictions in the ‘emotional labour’ carried out by women teachers during the COVID-19 pandemic and provide evidence of overlaps with the practice of ‘care’.
Scientists explain the underrepresentation of women in physics compared to biology in four national contexts
Autor/in:
Chan, Esther; Di Di; Ecklund, Elaine Howard
Quelle: Gend Work Organ (Gender, Work and Organization), (2023)
Inhalt: Women are consistently underrepresented in biology when compared to physics. Yet how scientists themselves explain the causes of this underrepresentation is understudied outside the US context. In this research, we ask the following question: How do scientists in different national/regional contexts explain why there are fewer women in physics than biology? Using original survey data collected among academic biologists and physicists in the US (N = 1777), Italy (N = 1257), France (N = 648), and Taiwan (N = 780), we examine how scientists' social identities, social locations, and country context shape essentialist, individualist, and structural explanations of gender inequality. Findings indicate that scientists across national contexts attribute the unequal gender distribution in physics and biology to women's individual choices. Explanations for the gender distribution also vary by social identities and social locations (gender, discipline, and seniority) in country-specific ways. Scientists and advocates ought to engage conversations that explicitly confront scientists' assumptions about individual choices in global science.
Exploring Gender Bias in Six Key Domains of Academic Science: An Adversarial Collaboration
Autor/in:
Ceci, Stephen J.; Kahn, Shulamit; Williams, Wendy M.
Quelle: Psychological science in the public interest : a journal of the American Psychological Society, (2023)
Inhalt: We synthesized the vast, contradictory scholarly literature on gender bias in academic science from 2000 to 2020. In the most prestigious journals and media outlets, which influence many people's opinions about sexism, bias is frequently portrayed as an omnipresent factor limiting women's progress in the tenure-track academy. Claims and counterclaims regarding the presence or absence of sexism span a range of evaluation contexts. Our approach relied on a combination of meta-analysis and analytic dissection. We evaluated the empirical evidence for gender bias in six key contexts in the tenure-track academy: (a) tenure-track hiring, (b) grant funding, (c) teaching ratings, (d) journal acceptances, (e) salaries, and (f) recommendation letters. We also explored the gender gap in a seventh area, journal productivity, because it can moderate bias in other contexts. We focused on these specific domains, in which sexism has most often been alleged to be pervasive, because they represent important types of evaluation, and the extensive research corpus within these domains provides sufficient quantitative data for comprehensive analysis.
Contrary to the omnipresent claims of sexism in these domains appearing in top journals and the media, our findings show that tenure-track women are at parity with tenure-track men in three domains (grant funding, journal acceptances, and recommendation letters) and are advantaged over men in a fourth domain (hiring). For teaching ratings and salaries, we found evidence of bias against women; although gender gaps in salary were much smaller than often claimed, they were nevertheless concerning. Even in the four domains in which we failed to find evidence of sexism disadvantaging women, we nevertheless acknowledge that broad societal structural factors may still impede women's advancement in academic science. Given the substantial resources directed toward reducing gender bias in academic science, it is imperative to develop a clear understanding of when and where such efforts are justified and of how resources can best be directed to mitigate sexism when and where it exists.
Women's leadership gamut in Saudi Arabia's higher education sector
Autor/in:
Akbar, Hammad; Al‐Dajani, Haya; Ayub, Nailah; Adeinat, Iman
Quelle: Gend Work Organ (Gender, Work and Organization), (2023)
Inhalt: This paper explores women's leadership in Saudi Arabia's three university settings—gender segregated (women or men-only), unsegregated (co-educational) and the majority of partially segregated universities where women's campuses exist within male-dominated universities. While Saudi Arabia's accelerated reforms are creating new opportunities for women's leadership, these are not reflected in the higher education sector yet. In adopting a feminist institutional theory perspective, this study employed a feminist qualitative approach, including 14 semi-structured interviews in Saudi Arabia's three university settings. The findings revealed that the barriers to women's leadership were most significant within the partially segregated universities, rendering women leaders as effectively powerless. In contrast, women's leadership flourished in the women-only university setting. As such, the findings suggest that the dominating partially segregated model is ineffective and problematic for women's leadership, and contradict the dominant view that gender segregation disempowers women. These insights have implications for the transformation of Saudi Arabia's higher education sector, aligned with the Kingdom's Vision 2030 policy.
Information intervention on long-term earnings prospects and the gender gap in major choice
Autor/in:
Peter, Frauke; Schober, Pia; Spiess, C. Katharina
Quelle: European Sociological Review, (2023)
Inhalt: This study investigates whether an intervention that provided high school seniors with information on costs and economic returns to tertiary education and on the long-term earnings prospects of college graduates from different study fields enhances the probability that male and female students opt for financially more rewarding study fields and for business-related or STEM fields with a lower share of women. It extends our understanding on the potentials of information interventions for reducing gender segregation in tertiary education. We draw on a field experiment in one German federal state, Berlin, which included a randomized information intervention, and analyse longitudinal data from 1,036 students in schools with a high share of less privileged students. Our results show that a short and low-cost information intervention on costs and returns to college education, including returns in different fields of study, can substantially reduce women’s enrolment in care/social subjects, increase their enrolment in other, non-technical fields while also increasing men’s enrolment in technical fields with above-average earnings. The overall effects appear limited in challenging the gender-typicality of enrolment choices, as students tend to choose more profitable majors while avoiding gender-atypical fields.
Fruen verdienen in Deutschland nach wie vor weniger als Männer. Der sogenannte Gender Pay Gap hängt dabei auch von der Studienfachwahl ab. In Berufen, in denen höhere Löhne erzielt werden, zum Beispiel in den Bereichen Ingenieurwesen und Naturwissenschaften (sogenannte MINT-Fächer), arbeiten immer noch weniger Frauen und es studieren auch weniger Frauen diese Fächer. Eine gemeinsame Studie von BiB und DZHW zeigt, dass die langfristigen Gehaltsaussichten bestimmter Studienfächer den Abiturientinnen und Abiturienten jedoch nicht umfassend bekannt sind. Vor diesem Hintergrund untersuchte die Studie, ob Informationen darüber die Studienfachwahl beeinflussen.
Die vor kurzem in der renommierten Fachzeitschrift „European Sociological Review“ veröffentlichte Studie basiert auf den Daten des Berliner Studienberechtigtenpanels. Dafür wurden Daten von über 1.000 Berliner Schülerinnen und Schülern mit einem hohen Anteil an bildungsfernen Haushalten ausgewertet. Es zeigt sich, dass schon eine zwanzigminütige Information zu den Kosten eines Studiums und den erzielbaren Gehältern nach Studienrichtungen sowie zu Finanzierungsmöglichkeiten eines Studiums dazu führt, dass junge Frauen sich seltener für die meist geringer bezahlten „sozialen Studienfächer“ entschieden. Stattdessen wählten sie häufiger andere nichttechnische Studienfächer. Bei den Männern stieg der Anteil derjenigen, die sich für ein technisches Fach mit überdurchschnittlichen Einkommensaussichten einschrieben.
Die Studie zeigt, dass die Studienfachwahl ein weiteres Puzzleteil für die Reduzierung des Gender Pay Gap sein kann. „Vorstellungen von ihrem späteren Einkommen können Frauen in der Entscheidung für ein Studium, aber auch in ihrer Studienfachwahl beeinflussen und damit zum Gender Pay Gap beitragen, wenn die Wahl vor allem bei jungen Frauen auf finanziell weniger ertragreiche Fächer fällt“, erklärt C. Katharina Spieß, Direktorin des Bundesinstituts für Bevölkerungsforschung (BiB). „Der Gender Pay Gap könnte reduziert werden, indem junge Frauen über die Gehaltsaussichten der Studienfächer besser informiert werden“, sagt Pia Schober von der Universität Tübingen. Neben dem Gehalt halten sich auch etliche weitere falsche Vorstellungen, die zu geschlechterstereotyper Studienwahl beitragen. „Um den Gender Pay Gap zu reduzieren, wäre es zudem sinnvoll, junge Menschen darüber zu informieren, in welchen Branchen sich im späteren Arbeitsleben Familien- und Erwerbsarbeit ohne große Einkommensabschläge vereinbaren lassen“, betont Frauke Peter vom Deutschen Zentrum für Hochschul- und Wissenschaftsforschung (DZHW). Zudem seien mehr Frauen in Führungspositionen wichtig. „Sie könnten ein Vorbild für junge Frauen sein und zeigen, dass Karriere (und Familienleben) auch in männerdominierten Branchen möglich ist“, meint Spieß. (idw)
