Gleicher Titel, ungleiche Entlohnung: Geschlechtsbezogene Lohnunterschiede unter Promovierten in Deutschland
Titelübersetzung:Analyses of the gender pay gap among PhD holders in Germany
Autor/in:
Goldan, Lea
Quelle: GENDER - Zeitschrift für Geschlecht, Kultur und Gesellschaft, 11 (2019) 2, S 103-120
Inhalt: Die bisherige Promoviertenforschung deutet darauf hin, dass Frauen monetär weniger vom Erwerb eines Doktortitels profitieren als Männer. Daher werden im vorliegenden Beitrag erstmals das Ausmaß und die Ursachen geschlechtsbezogener Lohnunterschiede unter Promovierten in Deutschland untersucht. Es wird erwartet, dass sich promovierte Frauen und Männer hinsichtlich ihrer Studienfachwahl und Beschäftigungsmerkmale unterscheiden. Auf der Grundlage des DZHW-Absolventenpanels 2001 werden die Brutto-Stundenlöhne zehn Jahre nach Studienabschluss mittels OLS-Regression und Oaxaca-Blinder-Dekomposition untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Stundenlöhne von promovierten Frauen um 16,3 Prozent geringer sind als diejenigen von promovierten Männern. Diese Lohnunterschiede sind zu zwei Dritteln darauf zurückzuführen, dass promovierte Frauen häufiger Fächer mit einem hohen Frauenanteil studiert haben, nach ihrem Studium weniger Berufserfahrung sammeln und seltener Leitungspositionen innehaben als promovierte Männer.
Schlagwörter:Akademikerin; academic (female); Akademiker; academic; Lohnunterschied; wage difference; gender-specific factors; beruflicher Aufstieg; career advancement; Erwerbsverlauf; employment history; Karriere; career; soziale Ungleichheit; social inequality; Federal Republic of Germany; Promovierte; PhD holders; Gender Pay Gap
SSOAR Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Berufsforschung, Berufssoziologie
Verfestigung von männlicher Herrschaft im Finanzmarktkapitalismus? Eine Fallstudie zur Bedeutung der Vermarktlichung von Arbeit für Geschlechterungleichheiten im Bankensektor
Titelübersetzung:Consolidation of masculine domination in finance capitalism? A case study on the significance of the marketization of labor for gender inequality in the banking sector
Autor/in:
Lill, Max
Quelle: AIS-Studien, 10 (2019) 1, S 5-22
Inhalt: Der Beitrag diskutiert auf Grundlage einer Fallstudie in der Landesbank Berlin (LBB) innerbetriebliche Schließungsprozesse entlang der Geschlechterachse sozialer Ungleichheit. Er fragt zudem nach Ansatzpunkten für eine geschlechtergerechte Arbeitspolitik im Bankensektor unter Bedingungen deregulierter Finanzmärkte, subjektivierter Arbeit und einer latenten Krise sozialer Reproduktion. Der Unternehmensfall wird dazu in doppelter Weise kontextualisiert: Einerseits durch eine kurze Darstellung geschlechtersoziologisch relevanter Entwicklungstendenzen der Branche, andererseits durch die Einbeziehung lebensweltlicher Reproduktionsbedingungen der Beschäftigten. Es wird die These entwickelt, dass sich eine geschlechterpolitisch widersprüchliche Konstellation abzeichnet: Kapitalmarktorientierte Restrukturierungen und vermarktlichte Formen der Leistungssteuerung begünstigen innerbetrieblich eine Persistenz männlicher Vorherrschaft. Soziale Reproduktionsbedürfnisse werden unter diesen Bedingungen im Führungshandeln oftmals ausgeblendet. Zugleich artikuliert sich innerbetriebliche Kritik an diesen Entwicklungen. Insbesondere bei jüngeren Fach- und Führungskräften finden sich Indizien für geschlechterübergreifende Interessenkoalitionen, die aus geteilten subjektiven Ansprüchen erwachsen: Die eigene Arbeit soll als sinnvoll erfahrbar sein und sie soll Raum lassen für eine individuelle Gestaltung des Gesamtlebenszusammenhangs innerhalb von möglichst egalitären Geschlechterarrangements.
Why Do Lone Mothers Fare Worse than Lone Fathers? Lone Parenthood and Welfare Benefit Receipt in Germany
Autor/in:
Geisler, Esther; Kreyenfeld, Michaela
Quelle: Comparative Population Studies - Zeitschrift für Bevölkerungswissenschaft, 44 (2019) , S 61-84
Inhalt: This article uses data from the German microcensuses of 2007 and 2012 to examine gender differences in welfare reliance among lone parents. Binary logistic regression was employed as the method of analysis. We show that the risk of welfare benefit receipt is lower among lone fathers than lone mothers. We also find that these gender differences can be partially explained by the socio-economic characteristics of lone fathers; compared to lone mothers, lone fathers are, on average, better educated and more likely to be living with older children. Gender differences decreased over time among parents who have never married, but remained constant among divorced parents. We present a discussion of our findings in light of recent policy reforms, in particular the reform of the German Maintenance Law of 2008, which curbed the ability of a divorced parent to collect support from an ex-spouse.
Schlagwörter:Leistungsbezug; father; Sozialhilfeempfänger; sozioökonomische Faktoren; Federal Republic of Germany; Mutter; Unterhalt; labor force participation; labor market policy; poverty; single parent; social policy; Erwerbsbeteiligung; receipt of benefits; Alleinstehender; Armut; Arbeitsmarktpolitik; mother; allein erziehender Elternteil; socioeconomic factors; welfare recipient; gender-specific factors; support; single; Vater; Sozialpolitik; lone parents; German Microcensus (2007 and 2012)
Neither Penalised nor Prized: Feminist Legislators, Women's Representation, and Career Paths in Argentina
Autor/in:
Caminotti, Mariana; Piscopo, Jennifer M.
Quelle: Journal of Politics in Latin America, 11 (2019) 2, S 181-203
Inhalt: The conventional wisdom holds that party leaders punish women legislators who advocate for gender equality. We test this assumption using the Argentine case, asking two questions. First, who counts as a feminist legislator and how do we know? Second, do feminist legislators have career trajectories that indicate marginalisation or penalisation? We use bill authorship data and expert surveys to identify legislators of both sexes who champion feminist causes and who adopt a gendered, though not necessarily feminist, perspective. Comparing these categories of legislators to those in the general population, we find no meaningful differences in political careers by either legislators’ gender or policy profile. In fact, many feminist champions hold prestigious positions while in congress, but this political capital results neither in punishment nor reward after congress. Women who represent women do not go on to the top posts after congress, but neither do they disappear from public life.
Schlagwörter:Argentinien; Argentina; Politikerin; ; Gleichstellungspolitik; equal opportunity policy; Repräsentation; representation; woman; Karriere; career; gender-specific factors; Lateinamerika; Latin America; women legislators; career paths; substantive representation
Scientists of the future: an analysis of talented students' interests
Autor/in:
Höffler, Tim N.; Köhler, Christine; Parchmann, Ilka
Quelle: International Journal of STEM Education, 6 (2019) , S 1-8
Inhalt: Background: Nowadays, scientists not only need to be creative, resourceful, and inventive regarding their research questions and need to understand their field and research methods, but also need to know how to teach, how to catalog, how to fill out proposal forms, and much more. The main goal of this study was to investigate and compare science interest profiles of different groups of students, focusing both on successful participants in science competitions and on possible gender differences. We expected that successful participants in science competitions would generally have greater interests in scientific activities than non-participants but were especially interested in such areas we expect from successful scientists today, thereby helping us judge the design of successful enrichment measures. Results: Significant mean differences in interest in science activities between participants and non-participants of science competitions were found on six of seven dimensions as well as regarding in-school activities, activities in enrichment measures, and vocational interests. The differences were especially large concerning investigative, social, enterprising, and networking activities. Moreover, we found differences between girls and boys on the social and artistic dimensions, meaning that girls were significantly more interested in science activities which also had an artistic and creative aspect such as drawing or a social aspect such as teaching. Conclusions: We not only found overall differences to-be-expected favoring the participants, but also could also identify specific profiles. Especially large differences were consistently found in those areas which could be regarded as especially important for most researchers. Our findings might help developing measures and activities to foster the interest in science activities for “regular” students as well as for especially talented students.
Schlagwörter:Schülerin; female pupil; Schüler; pupil; Interesse; interest; science; Begabung; talent; Berufswunsch; career aspiration; wissenschaftliche Arbeit; scientific activity; Begabtenförderung; promotion of the gifted; außerschulische Bildung; extracurricular learning; gender-specific factors; Federal Republic of Germany; Competitions; RIASEC; Science interest; Talented students; Sender differences
Attracting women into male-dominated trades: Views of young women in Australia
Autor/in:
Struthers, Karen; Strachan, Glenda
Quelle: International journal for research in vocational education and training, 6 (2019) 1, S 1-19
Inhalt: Context: The persistent low female participation in male-dominated trades is not attracting a high level of public attention and policy action. There are determined, yet adhoc actions by advocates in response to evidence that economic benefits will be derived for industry and women through increased female participation in the male-dominated trades. Occupational segregation of the trades remains resistant to change.
Methods: To better understand the barriers limiting female participation in the male-dominated trades from the perspective of young women, this PhD study features interviews with female secondary students, complemented by interviews with industry stakeholders and a quantitative analysis of VET and trade participation data. The three primary research questions are: 1) What is the extent of gender segregation in vocational education and training (VET) and typically male-dominated trades in Australia, and how does this compare internationally? 2) Why do very few female students choose male-dominated trades as their job pathway? 3) What can be done, particularly in the education and training sectors, to increase female interest in, and take-up of, the male-dominated trades?
Findings: The results of this research showed that the composition of trade-qualified females in male-dominated trades is persistently low at 2-3%. The views of young women affirmed the evidence showing system-wide barriers limit female interest in these trades. Most influential is that gender stereotypes of work are set by Year 10 and that female enrolment in Maths (a pre-requisite for male-dominated careers) is low; these trades are seen as “jobs for the boys who don’t do academic,” and the fear of intimidation and harassment deters young women. Low enrolment of female students in male-dominated trade courses indicates that this entrenched occupational segregation of the trades will remain resistant to change for some time to come.
Conclusion: The findings indicate that ad hoc responses to overcome gender segregation of the trades is not effective. Influenced by systems theory and a social ecological model (SEM) of change, the researchers promote the need for sustained, nation-wide awareness and action involving VET and school sectors, industry, government and trade unions to attract more women into male-dominated trades.
Schlagwörter:Berufsbildung; vocational education; Berufswahl; occupational choice; gender-specific factors; Geschlechtsrolle; gender role; Frauenberuf; female profession; Männerberuf; male profession; Stereotyp; stereotype; Segregation; segregation; Australien; Australia; Vocational Education and Training, VET; Non-traditional Occupations; Women in Trades
SSOAR Kategorie:Bildungswesen quartärer Bereich, Berufsbildung, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Berufsforschung, Berufssoziologie
Quelle: Global Labour Journal, 10 (2019) 2, S 123-141
Inhalt: How do local labour market structures, in tandem with workforce dispositions and attitudes, influence the way multinational companies localise their standardised work and production systems? This article investigates the conflict-ridden factory regime of a lean automotive plant in provincial Russia at which the management was able to secure a relatively high level of consent among its female workers but not among male workers. In order to explain this gendered pattern of worker consent, the plant-internal gender division of labour and two societal factors proved crucial: the gendered segmentation of the local labour market and the workers' cultural dispositions. At the same time, the analysis points to the transformative effect that the company’s work and production system had on the local labour regime. The case study relies on a combination of quantitative survey data and qualitative interviews. It emphasises the need to reconnect the analysis of branch-plant factory regimes to a nuanced understanding of their embeddedness within local labour markets - also in the case of highly standardised work and production systems.
Schlagwörter:Russland; Russia; Fertigung; manufacturing; Lean Management; lean management; Arbeitsmarkt; labor market; regionale Faktoren; regional factors; gender-specific factors; Geschlechterverhältnis; gender relations; Beruf; occupation; soziale Position; social position; Berufszufriedenheit; job satisfaction; Ungleichheit; inequality; Personalpolitik; personnel policy; Arbeitsbeziehungen; labor relations; labour control regime; labour process; lean production
SSOAR Kategorie:Produktion, Fertigung, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Do hiring practices penalize women and benefit men for having children? Experimental evidence from Germany
Autor/in:
Hipp, Lena
Quelle: European Sociological Review, (2019) , S 1-28
Inhalt: Although observational studies from many countries have consistently shown that motherhood negatively affects women’s wages, experimental findings on its effect on the likelihood of being hired are less conclusive. Motherhood penalties in hiring have been reported in the US, the prototypical liberal market economy, but not in Sweden, the prototypical social-democratic welfare state. Based on a field experiment in Germany, this study examines the effects of parenthood on hiring processes in the prototypical conservative welfare state. My findings indicate that job recruitment processes indeed penalize women but not men for having children. In addition to providing theoretical explanations for why motherhood penalties in hiring are particularly likely to occur in the German context, this study also highlights several methodological and practical issues that should be considered when conducting correspondence studies to examine labor market discrimination.
Schlagwörter:Federal Republic of Germany; Familienpolitik; family policy; Elternschaft; parenthood; Mutterschaft; motherhood; Vaterschaft; fatherhood; gender-specific factors; Diskriminierung; discrimination; Berufsaussicht; career prospect; Stellenbesetzung; staffing; field experiment
SSOAR Kategorie:Arbeitsmarktforschung, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Gleichgeschlechtliche Partnerschaften in Deutschland: Verbreitung, Entwicklung und soziale Unterschiede
Autor/in:
Lengerer, Andrea; Bohr, Jeanette
Quelle: Informationsdienst Soziale Indikatoren, (2019) 62, S 7-12
Inhalt: Gleichgeschlechtliche Partnerschaften werden zunehmend sichtbar gelebt, gesellschaftlich
akzeptiert und rechtlich anerkannt. Empirisch wird diese zahlenmäßig sehr kleine Gruppe bislang allerdings nur selten betrachtet. Der Mikrozensus bietet aufgrund seiner hohen Fallzahlen die Möglichkeit, gleichgeschlechtliche Partnerschaften im gemeinsamen Haushalt zu identifizieren. Auf Basis dieser Daten wird im vorliegenden Beitrag untersucht, wie verbreitet die gleichgeschlechtliche Partnerwahl in Deutschland ist, wie sie sich seit Mitte der 1990er Jahre entwickelt hat und ob es soziale Unterschiede zwischen Personen in gleichgeschlechtlichen und verschiedengeschlechtlichen Partnerschaften gibt.
Schlagwörter:Partnerschaft; partnership; gleichgeschlechtliche Lebensgemeinschaft; same-sex cohabitation; Lebensweise; way of life; gender-specific factors; regionaler Unterschied; regional difference; Federal Republic of Germany
SSOAR Kategorie:Bevölkerung, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
