Transitions and Conflicts: Reexamining Impacts of Migration on Young Women’s Status and Gender Practice in Rural Shanxi
Autor/in:
Yang, Lichao; Ren, Xiaodong
Quelle: Social Inclusion, 8 (2020) 2, S 58-67
Details
Inhalt: This article explores impacts of migration on young women’s status and gender practice in rural northern China. Based on ethnographic fieldwork in a village in Shanxi Province, it suggests that rural-urban migration has served partially to reconstruct the traditional gender-based roles and norms in migration families. This reconstructive force arises mainly from the changes of the patrilocal residence pattern and rural women’s acquisition of subjectivity during the course of migration. However, after migrant women return to their home villages, they usually reassume their roles as care providers and homemakers, which is vividly expressed by a phrase referring to one’s wife as ‘the person inside my home’ (wo jiali de). Meanwhile, although migrant women’s capacity and confidence have greatly increased consequent upon working out of the countryside, their participation in village governance and in the public sphere has been decreasing. Further examination suggests that the reinforcement of gender inequality and the transformation of gender relations result from the continuous interplay of local power relations, market dominance, and unchallenged patrilocal institutions. Through adopting a life course perspective, it challenges too strict a differentiation between migrant and left behind women in existing literature.
Schlagwörter:China; China; Landbevölkerung; rural population; Patriarchat; patriarchy; gender-specific factors; woman; Ethnographie; ethnography; Feldforschung; field research; Stadt-Land-Beziehung; city-country relationship; Geschlechtsrolle; gender role; traditionelle Gesellschaft; traditional society; Geschlechterverhältnis; gender relations; gender relations; migration; patriarchy; rural Chinese women
SSOAR Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Vielfalt in der einführenden Programmierung kompetent begegnen
Autor/in:
Bergande, Bianca; Frölich-Steffen, Susanne
Quelle: die hochschullehre, 6 (2020) , S 325-337
Details
Inhalt: Dieser Artikel beschreibt eine didaktische Intervention an einer deutschen Hochschule für angewandte Wissenschaften und leitet aus dieser allgemein anwendbare Konzepte für geschlechtergerechte Lehre ab. Dabei wurde ein einführender Kurs in Programmiertechnik von einer externen wissenschaftlichen Begleitung evaluiert. Besonders ist hierbei die Erhebung von Daten sowohl der Lehrenden als auch der Studierenden und der externen Begleitung selbst in drei unterschiedlichen Verfahren, um aus konvergierenden und abweichenden Ergebnissen konkrete Empfehlungen abzuleiten. Die Empfehlungen sind hierbei auch für nicht-technische Lehrveranstaltungen interessant und schildern einerseits die Erfahrungen mit der externen Beratung, bieten andererseits aber auch Anregungen zur Übertragung des Prinzips auf andere Szenarien in der eigenen Lehre.
Schlagwörter:Federal Republic of Germany; Hochschullehre; university teaching; gender-specific factors; Didaktik; didactics; Programmierung; programming; Computer Science Teaching; Gender-sensitive Teaching; Geschlechtergerechte Lehre; Hochschullehre Praxisforschung; Informatiklehre; Introductory Courses; Pedagogical Counselling; Pädagogische Beratung; Studieneingangsphase
SSOAR Kategorie:Unterricht, Didaktik
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Women and gender equality: justice or civilization?
Autor/in:
Alhaji Ali, Mustapha; Buratai, Halima Ali
Quelle: Journal of Liberty and International Affairs, 5 (2020) 3, S 55-68
Details
Inhalt: The issue of gender justice has drawn the attention of gender scholars as does gender equality a justice or civilization. Because of this, the paper examined women and gender equality justice or civilization. In discussing these gender issues, several documents, reports, newspapers, magazines, archives, articles, journals, among others, were systematically reviewed to support the argument. Two theories were used in supporting the argument. These are Islamic Feminist and Liberal Feminist theories. The assumptions of these theories centered on gender equality and gender justice in society. The study found that gender equality is not civilization but justice. This is of the fact that both men and women are born equal and need equal justice for the development of the nation. The paper recommended that men and women should be given equal opportunity in all aspects of life in order to ensure gender justice. Parents and religious leaders should adhere to the principles of gender equality for the betterment of society.
Schlagwörter:Gleichstellung; affirmative action; Gerechtigkeit; justice; gender-specific factors; woman; Chancengleichheit; equal opportunity; Zivilisation; civilization; Feminismus; feminism; Islam; Islam; Nigeria; Nigeria; Afrika; Africa
SSOAR Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Geschlechterwissen in Gewerkschaften - eine Typologie von Deutungsmustern gewerkschaftlicher Geschlechterpolitik
Titelübersetzung:Gender knowledge in trade unions - typical interpretative patterns of trade union gender politics
Autor/in:
Holland, Judith
Quelle: AIS-Studien, 13 (2020) 2, S 161-173
Details
Inhalt: An der Schnittstelle von Gender Studies, Arbeits- und Organisationssoziologie setzt dieser Beitrag an, indem die gewerkschaftliche Repräsentation von Frauen vergleichend dargestellt und zugleich typische Deutungen im Verständnis gewerkschaftlicher Geschlechterpolitik rekonstruiert werden. Aufbauend auf Angelika Wetterers Typologie von Geschlechterwissen zeigen sich in diesen Deutungsmustern Unterschiede, woran die Geschlechter(un)gleichheit festgemacht wird, welche Relevanz gleichstellungspolitischen Maßnahmen beigemessen wird und welche Rolle sie für die eigene Praxis gewerkschaftlicher Interessenpolitik spielen. Das frauenpolitische, das geschlechtertheoretische und das konservative Deutungsmuster werden vorgestellt und zugleich diskutiert, unter welchen Bedingungen es trotz dieser Unterschiede gelingen kann, Gleichstellungspolitik als organisationsübergreifende Aufgabe zu etablieren. Die empirische Basis bilden qualitative Interviews, die mit Gewerkschaftssekretär*innen der ver.di, der IG BAU sowie der IG Metall durchgeführt wurden.
Schlagwörter:Geschlechterpolitik; gender policy; Gewerkschaft; trade union; woman; Frauenanteil; proportion of women; gender-specific factors; Geschlechterverhältnis; gender relations; Ungleichheit; inequality; Gleichstellung; affirmative action; Frauenpolitik; women's policy
SSOAR Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Industrie- und Betriebssoziologie, Arbeitssoziologie, industrielle Beziehungen
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Weibliche Führungskräfte in der Bundeswehr - Zur Geschlechterdifferenzierung weiblicher Offiziere
Titelübersetzung:Female leaders in the German armed forces - Gender differentiation of female military officers
Autor/in:
Hendricks, Judith
Quelle: AIS-Studien, 13 (2020) 2, S 45-58
Details
Inhalt: Die deutsche Bundeswehr ist als militärische Organisation trotz ihrer umfassenden formalen Öffnung für Frauen und veränderter Aufgabenbereiche noch immer männlich konnotiert. Weibliche militärische Führungskräfte stellen in doppelter Hinsicht, als Frau und als Führungskraft, eine Abweichung und Verletzung bestehender stereotyper Zuschreibungen und Geschlechterdifferenzen dar. Der vorliegende Beitrag betrachtet die Bezugnahme auf die Kategorie Geschlecht durch weibliche Offiziere in diesem doppelt männlich konnotierten Kontext sowie deren Anwendung von Geschlechterdifferenzierungen. Es wird argumentiert, dass sie ein "strategisches Differenzmanagement" anwenden. Durch den Fokus auf die Auswirkungen der vertikalen Segregation im organisationalen Kontext auf das geschlechtliche Differenzmanagement ergänzt der Beitrag bisherige theoretische und empirische Ergebnisse bezüglich der Geschlechterkonstruktion und Geschlechterdifferenzierung in geschlechtsuntypischen Berufsbereichen.
Schlagwörter:Federal Republic of Germany; Bundeswehr; Federal Armed Forces; Führungskraft; executive; woman; gender; Differenzierung; differentiation; Stereotyp; stereotype; Militär; military; Berufsfeld; occupational field; gender-specific factors
SSOAR Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Management
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Diagnosing Gender Bias in Image Recognition Systems
Autor/in:
Schwemmer, Carsten; Knight, Carly; Bello-Pardo, Emily D.; Oklobdzija, Stan; Schoonvelde, Martijn; Lockhart, Jeffrey W.
Quelle: Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World, 6 (2020) , S 1-17
Details
Inhalt: Image recognition systems offer the promise to learn from images at scale without requiring expert knowledge. However, past research suggests that machine learning systems often produce biased output. In this article, we evaluate potential gender biases of commercial image recognition platforms using photographs of U.S. members of Congress and a large number of Twitter images posted by these politicians. Our crowdsourced validation shows that commercial image recognition systems can produce labels that are correct and biased at the same time as they selectively report a subset of many possible true labels. We find that images of women received three times more annotations related to physical appearance. Moreover, women in images are recognized at substantially lower rates in comparison with men. We discuss how encoded biases such as these affect the visibility of women, reinforce harmful gender stereotypes, and limit the validity of the insights that can be gathered from such data.
Schlagwörter:Gender; gender; Stereotyp; stereotype; gender-specific factors; Online-Medien; online media; Twitter; twitter; Bild; picture; image recognition; computational social science; bias
SSOAR Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Erhebungstechniken und Analysetechniken der Sozialwissenschaften
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Left Behind? The Status of Women in Contemporary China
Autor/in:
Walker, Robert; Millar, Jane
Quelle: Social Inclusion, 8 (2020) 2, S 1-9
Details
Inhalt: The status of women in China has deteriorated markedly since 2006 relative to other countries, according to the World Economic Forum Gender Gap Index. Taking a longer view, the position of women has greatly improved since the founding of the People’s Republic of China but, after the ‘opening up’ of the economy, the logic of the market and the legacy of patriarchy have worked to the detriment of women. After briefly reviewing trends in China’s economic, demographic and social development, this editorial follows the structure of the thematic issue in focusing on the processes which may have caused women to slip behind. Socio-economic and political factors are considered first before focusing on the impact of unprecedently large scale migration. The circumstances and experiences of women ‘left outside’ mainstream society are explored next before reflecting on the lives of women left behind in poverty.
Schlagwörter:China; China; woman; sozialer Status; social status; sozioökonomische Entwicklung; socioeconomic development; gender-specific factors; soziale Ungleichheit; social inequality; Patriarchat; patriarchy; politische Faktoren; political factors; Migration; migration; Erwerbstätigkeit; gainful employment; China; economic development; employment; family; gender; marketisation; migration; patriarchy; poverty; women
SSOAR Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Women in China Moving Forward: Progress, Challenges and Reflections
Autor/in:
Yang, Juhua
Quelle: Social Inclusion, 8 (2020) 2, S 23-35
Details
Inhalt: While China's socialist revolution has been credited with improving the status of women, gender inequality remains. Drawing on macro data, this article provides an overview of gender equality in China, focusing on labor force and political participation in the past 70 years, particularly since 1978, the onset of socioeconomic reform. Specifically, the article describes, compares, and examines the progress and challenges that women face in accessing economic opportunities and political resources. We find a more equal relationship between male and female when resources are relatively adequate, but that females are disadvantaged when resources are scarce, for example, including representation in more prestigious occupations, higher income, and political positions. These findings illustrate how inequality is maintained and reproduced, and suggest that despite China’s progressive socialist agenda, its gender revolution remains 'stalled.'
Schlagwörter:China; China; soziale Ungleichheit; social inequality; gender-specific factors; woman; Erwerbsbeteiligung; labor force participation; politische Partizipation; political participation; Gleichstellung; affirmative action; historische Entwicklung; historical development; Geschlechterverhältnis; gender relations; Benachteiligung; deprivation; Ostasien; Far East
SSOAR Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Falling behind the Rest? China and the Gender Gap Index
Autor/in:
Chen, Binli; He, Hailan
Quelle: Social Inclusion, 8 (2020) 2, S 10-22
Details
Inhalt: China’s rank falling in the Global Gender Gap Index of the World Economic Forum has aroused the domestic scholar’s controversy. Based on the data provided by the Global Gender Gap Report, this article will describe the gender inequality in China by comparing its overall index scores and scores in the fields of economic participation and opportunity, education attainment, health and survival, and political empowerment with other countries, and then examining the reasons for China’s falling in rank through the score changes of sub-dimensions and indicators. Analysis of the data suggests that China has not kept up with the rate of improvement in the overall index, and in the four fields, compared to the original 112 countries, the upper-middle income countries, and the Asian and Pacific countries. Over the 13 years covered by the report, China’s score experienced a rapid improvement from 2006 to 2009 and a decline after 2013. China’s high sex ratio at birth, further expansion of gender inequality in active life expectancy, and an enlarged gender gap in secondary education caused China’s lagging overall score and ranking. In addition, the inclusion of measures such as secondary education enrollment, political empowerment, and other indicators also led to the backward ranking of China to some extent.
Schlagwörter:China; China; Ungleichheit; inequality; gender-specific factors; Geschlechterverhältnis; gender relations; Ostasien; Far East; gender gap
SSOAR Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Gender Role Attitudes in Germany, 1982-2016: An Age-Period-Cohort (APC) Analysis
Autor/in:
Lois, Daniel
Quelle: Comparative Population Studies - Zeitschrift für Bevölkerungswissenschaft, 45 (2020) , S 35-63
Details
Inhalt: The present study investigates the change of gender role attitudes in Germany between 1982 and 2016. Nine waves of the German General Social Survey are used (N = 26,389). In contrast to previous trend studies, which largely ignore age effects, a mechanism-based age-period-cohort model (Winship/Harding 2008) is applied. It becomes clear that age, period and cohort independently have an impact on gender role ideology. Compared to earlier research, new insights concerning the shape of cohort effects come to light: Specific to traditional gender ideology in Western Germany, it is apparent that the trend towards increasingly egalitarian attitudes comes to a halt in men born around 1956 and later and in women born 1966. For Eastern Germany we observe that the cohort-specific trend towards liberalisation in younger cohorts either is diminishing or even tends to reverse. This pattern of effects mainly mirrors the phases of the feminist movement in Western Germany and the rise and decline of the German Democratic Republic, respectively.
Schlagwörter:attitude change; alte Bundesländer; cohort analysis; old federal states; Kohortenanalyse; Einstellungsänderung; gender role; Sozialisation; Federal Republic of Germany; socialization; Geschlechtsrolle; neue Bundesländer; gender-specific factors; New Federal States; APC analysis; Identification problem; Sexism; German reunification; ALLBUS/GGSS Cumulation 1980-2014 (ZA4584)
SSOAR Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz