#MeToo, Statutory Rape Laws, and the Persistence of Gender Stereotypes
Autor/in:
Garfield Tenzer, Leslie
Quelle: Utah Law Review, (2019) , S 117–157
Inhalt: Using the example of statutory rape laws, this article explains how movements for increased equality between men and women can fail to meet their stated goals. The article begins by exploring traditional statutory rape laws, which stereotypically gendered perpetrators and victims. It follows with a discussion of the political forces behind the nation-wide change to neutralize gendered statutes. The article dedicates significant attention to the flaws of gender-neutral statutory rape laws, which, by removing gender designations of victims and perpetrators, grant prosecutors unchecked discretion to choose which partner to charge in cases of mutual consent to the same prohibited conduct. Today prosecutors are three times more likely to charge males with statutory rape than they are to charge females with the crime. Parents of females’ alert authorities of prohibited sexual activity of their daughters at a rate that is largely disproportionate to that of parents of males. Prosecutorial stereotyping as it pertains to prohibited sexual intimacy between consenting teens has created an unfortunate return to the female-victim paradigm that proponents of gender-neutral statutory rape laws sought to erase. The article concludes with a recommendation for achieving a more balanced application of gender-neutral laws.
Schlagwörter:#MeToo; Feminimus; feminism; gender stereotypes; Gesetzgebung; law; sexual assault; sexual violence; sexuelle Gewalt; Stereotype
CEWS Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Geschlechterverhältnis, Sexuelle Belästigung und Gewalt
Rezension: Inka Greusing: „Wir haben ja jetzt auch ein paar Damen bei uns“ - Symbolische Grenzziehungen und Heteronormativität in den Ingenieurwissenschaften. Opladen u.a.: Budrich UniPress 2018 - Querelles-net, Jg. 20, Nr. 3 (2019)
Autor/in:
Kaiser, Anelis
Quelle: (2019)
Inhalt: Trotz Bemühungen auf Ebene der Gleichstellung sind Frauen nach wie vor im MINT-Bereich an deutschen Hochschulen unterrepräsentiert. Was mögen die Gründe dafür sein? Mit den Methoden der Sozialwissenschaften untersuchen Wissenschaftler*innen die Ursachen für diese Geschlechter-Disbalance. So auch Inka Greusing in ihrer Dissertationsschrift, in der sie auf verschiedene immanente Strukturen in unseren Köpfen, in unserem Verhalten und in den Studiengängen hinweist. Dadurch wird klar, dass Maßnahmen zur Veränderung der Situation nach wie vor notwendig sind. Die Analyse von Inka Greusing stellt einen sorgfältig ausgearbeiteten Beitrag für das Forschungsfeld Gender Studies in den MINT-Fächern dar.
Earnings Differences Among Senior University Administrators: Evidence By Gender And Academic Field
Autor/in:
Mang, Colin F.
Quelle: Canadian Journal of Higher Education, 49 (2019) 3, S 24–40
Inhalt: This study examines earnings inequality by gender and academic field among senior university administrators, including presidents, vice presidents, associate and assistant vice presidents, and deans, using data from the Canadian province of Ontario. While a 4.4 percent earnings gap between male and female administrators is initially identified, much of the gap is explained by earnings inequality across academic fields and by the career experience of the administrators. Administrators who specialize in professional fields such as engineering, health sciences, law, and social work earn between 12 percent and 33 percent more than administrators who specialize in liberal fields in the humanities and social sciences.
Schlagwörter:Canada; Dekan; Fachrichtung; field of study; gender pay gap; Kanada; Präsident*in; president; senior management; senior position; wage gap
CEWS Kategorie:Hochschulen, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Geschlechterverhältnis
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Gender Differences in Pay Levels: An Examination of the Compensation of University Presidents
Autor/in:
Blevins, Dane P.; Sauerwald, Steve; Hoobler, Jenny M.; Robertson, Christopher J.
Quelle: Organization Science, 30 (2019) 3, S 600–616
Inhalt: Our paper studies how gender and organizational status affect a university president's compensation. Similar to previous findings, we hypothesize that women will receive less pay than men. However, we go beyond a dyadic view of individual differences to examine gender's impact on compensation, and we explicate the importance of institutional forces in understanding the gender pay gap. In doing so, we rely on organizational status and hypothesize that the gender pay gap will be less pronounced as a university's status rises. Although we find that the gender pay gap persists within the university president context, we also find that as a university's status rises, the pay gap declines. Moreover, our findings show that the gender pay gap disappears at higher-status universities. Hence, accounting for where the glass ceiling is broken is an important consideration in understanding the gender pay gap. In sum, by integrating a broader institutional perspective to explain gender differences in pay levels, our paper demonstrates the importance of contextualizing gender to better understand its effects on compensation.
Autor/in:
Li, Anita; Gravina, Nicole; Pritchard, Joshua K.; Poling, Alan
Quelle: Behavior analysis in practice, 12 (2019) 4, S 743–746
Inhalt: We examined publicly available faculty salaries for men and women faculty members at 16 university programs accredited by the Association for Behavior Analysis International (ABAI). Overall, 52.4% of the 103 faculty members were women, although there were twice as many men as women at the full-professor level. Our data suggest that ABAI-accredited training programs pay women less than men at all academic levels. Both in absolute terms and relative to the wage gap reported in other areas of psychology, the difference in mean wages for women and men in our sample was substantial. The mean salaries of men were 13%, 6%, and 15% greater than those of women at the assistant-, associate-, and full-professor levels, respectively. At all levels, the highest salary reported was earned by a man, and the lowest salary was earned by a woman. This is an embarrassment for our discipline. It is time for a change, and we behavior analysts have the tools to make change happen. Let us put those tools to good use.
Schlagwörter:academia; faculty member; full professor; gender pay gap; Universität; university; wage gap
CEWS Kategorie:Arbeitswelt und Arbeitsmarkt, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Geschlechterverhältnis
‘You must aim high’ - ‘No, I never felt like a woman’: women and men making sense of non-standard trajectories into higher education
Autor/in:
González Ramos, Ana M.; Räthzel, Nora
Quelle: International Journal of Gender, Science and Technology, 10 (2018) 1, 17 S
Inhalt: It is no secret that the ‘glass ceiling’ preventing women advancing to leadership positions exists in academia as well. Spain is no exception. Gender relations are usually investigated independently of other power relations like class and ethnicity. In our sample (80 men and women in different academic institutions across Spain) we found that not only women but also men from working class backgrounds have difficulties making successful academic careers. Therefore, we use an intersectional approach to investigate the relationship between gender and class. Comparing two life-histories, we explore what strategies individuals employ to overcome the barriers with which they are confronted. We present the stories of a woman with a middle class but non-academic background and of a man with a working-class background. Their strategies can be understood as the result of specific individual trajectories under specific societal conditions, but they also illustrate the barriers and possibilities men and women with non-standard backgrounds encounter in academia. Analysing successful strategies as well as their limitations, we aim to provide perspectives that might contribute to changing the culture of hegemonic masculinities in academia.
CEWS Kategorie:Berufsbiographie und Karriere, Diversity, Europa und Internationales, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Geschlechterverhältnis, Wissenschaft als Beruf
Guest Editorial: Gender and Masculinities in Careers and Leadership in Higher Education
Autor/in:
Sagebiel, Felizitas; White, Kate
Quelle: International Journal of Gender, Science and Technology, 10 (2018) 1, 6 S
Inhalt: This Special Issue, recognising vertical gender segregation in higher education, combines papers focusing on challenges for women in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) disciplines in career progression and taking on leadership roles.
Schlagwörter:Führungsposition; Geschlecht; Geschlechtersegregation; Karriereentwicklung; Männlichkeit; MINT
CEWS Kategorie:Berufsbiographie und Karriere, Wissenschaft als Beruf, Naturwissenschaft und Technik, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Geschlechterverhältnis
Are New Career Models for Science Research Emerging?
Autor/in:
White, Kate
Quelle: International Journal of Gender, Science and Technology, 10 (2018) 1, S 73–87
Inhalt: This paper explores how the traditional gendered model of science excellence impacts on the careers of women scientists. Using an Australian case study, it then examines the following aspects of science careers: what gives scientists job satisfaction; differing perceptions of how to build science careers; how networks, mobility and mentoring are fundamental to research careers; how gender is often a factor in science research careers; and huge generational change underway that is leading to new career models. The paper argues that these new models have the capacity to change the traditional gendered model of science careers.
Schlagwörter:Akademische Karriere; Arbeitszufriedenheit; career paths in science; Exzellenz; Frauen in der Wissenschaft; Gender; Geschlecht; Gleichstellung; Higher Education; Hochschule; Mentoring; Mobilität; Netzwerk; new career models; Österreich; wissenschaftliche Karriere; Wissenschaftskarriere
CEWS Kategorie:Berufsbiographie und Karriere, Wissenschaft als Beruf, Hochschulen, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Geschlechterverhältnis
Assessing the landscape of US postdoctoral salaries
Autor/in:
Athanasiadou, Rodoniki; Bankston, Adriana; Carlisle, McKenzie; Niziolek, Caroline A.; McDowell, Gary S.
Quelle: Studies in Graduate and Postdoctoral Education, 9 (2018) 2, S 213–242
Inhalt: Purpose - Postdocs make up a significant portion of the biomedical workforce. However, data about the postdoctoral position are generally scarce, and no systematic study of the landscape of individual postdoc salaries in the USA has previously been carried out. The purpose of this study was to assess actual salaries for postdocs using data gathered from US public institutions; determine how these salaries may vary with postdoc title, institutional funding and geographic region; and reflect on which institutional and federal policy measures may have the greatest impact on salaries nationally.
Design/methodology/approach - Freedom of Information Act Requests were submitted to US public universities or university systems containing campuses with at least 300 science, engineering and health postdocs, according to the 2015 National Science Foundation's Survey of Graduate Students and Postdoctorates in Science and Engineering. Salaries and job titles of postdocs as of December 1, 2016, were requested.
Findings - Salaries and job titles for nearly 14,000 postdocs at 52 US institutions around December 1, 2016, were received. Individual postdoc names were also received for approximately 7,000 postdocs, and departmental affiliations were received for 4,000 postdocs. This exploratory study shows evidence of a postdoc gender pay gap, a significant influence of job title on postdoc salary and a complex relationship between salaries and the level of institutional National Institutes of Health/NSF funding.
Originality/value - These results provide insights into the ability of institutions to collate and report out annualized salary data on their postdocs, highlighting difficulties faced in tracking and reporting data on this population by institutional administration. Ultimately, these types of efforts, aimed at increasing transparency regarding the postdoctoral position, may lead to improved support for postdocs at all US institutions and allow greater agency for postdocs making decisions based on financial concerns.
Schlagwörter:Biologie; Biomedical Research; gender pay gap; Geschlechterverhältnis; Post-doc; public universities and colleges; STEM; USA
CEWS Kategorie:Naturwissenschaft und Technik, Hochschulen, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Geschlechterverhältnis
Quelle: Gender : Zeitschrift für Geschlecht, Kultur und Gesellschaft, Jg. 7 (2015) H. 3, S. 126-135
Inhalt: "Gegenstand dieses Beitrags ist die Integration der Geschlechterperspektive in die biomedizinische Forschung. Es wird der Frage nachgegangen, ob und inwieweit ein Geschlechterbewusstsein, das beiden Geschlechtern (männlichen und weiblichen Individuen) gerecht wird, in den Fachorganisationen der biomedizinischen Forschung, in den Fachgesellschaften, Förderorganisationen und Fachzeitschriften verbreitet ist. Dadurch hat dieser Beitrag auch eine wissenschaftspolitische Bedeutung und Zielsetzung. Wir haben die Situation einer geschlechterdifferenzierenden biomedizinischen Forschung in Deutschland mithilfe einer anonymen Umfrage bei den relevanten Fachorganisationen analysiert. Diese Untersuchung ergab, dass Fachgesellschaften, Förderorganisationen und Fachzeitschriften die Integration der Geschlechterperspektive in die biomedizinische Forschung als wichtig erachten. In der Praxis planen sie jedoch weder gegenwärtig noch in Zukunft eine Änderung der Leitlinien für die Forschenden. Dementsprechend ergab eine Analyse von Veröffentlichungen des vom BMBF geförderten 'Nationalen Bernstein Netzwerks Computational Neuroscience', die sich mit neurowissenschaftlichen Studien am Menschen beschäftigten, dass keine geschlechterdifferenzierte Datenauswertung stattfand. Die Begutachtungsrichtlinien für Forschungsanträge und Publikationen der Förderorganisationen und Zeitschriften mit Sitz in Deutschland müssen daher verändert werden. Auf lange Sicht gesehen wird nur eine frühzeitige Integration von geschlechterdifferenzierten Forschungsbefunden in die grundständige Lehre der Medizin und Naturwissenschaften zu einem Umdenken bei den Forschenden führen." (Autorenreferat)
Inhalt: "German biomedical research: Gender blind on both eyes?! This article focuses on the process of integrating the gender perspective into biomedical research. We aim to investigate the level of sex/gender awareness in specialist associations, research funding agencies and trade journals. The results of this article thus also have an impact on science policy. The status quo of sex/gender awareness in these organizations was assessed by means of an anonymous survey. We found that even though integrating sex and gender into biomedical research was claimed to be of importance, none of the organizations surveyed intends to include sex/gender aspects in its guidelines and policies - either now or in the future. Accordingly, an analysis of neuroscientific studies of human subjects stemming from research conducted by the National Bernstein Network for Computational Neuroscience, which is funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research, revealed that sex/gender-differentiated data evaluation was not performed. As a consequence, guidelines for evaluating research grant applications as well as for reviewing papers for publication need to be revised in the German research landscape. In the long run only integrating sex/gender issues in basic and clinical teaching in medicine and the life sciences will lead to change in medical and biomedical research." (author's abstract)
CEWS Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Geschlechterverhältnis