The virus changed everything, didn't it? Couples' division of housework and childcare before and during the Corona crisis
Titelübersetzung:Das Virus hat alles verändert, oder? Die Aufteilung von Hausarbeit und Kinderbetreuung in Paarbeziehungen vor und während der Corona-Krise
Autor/in:
Hank, Karsten; Steinbach, Anja
Quelle: JFR - Journal of Family Research, 33 (2021) 1, S 99-113
Inhalt: Objective: To contribute to the discussion about the potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on gender (in)equality. Background: We focus on a core aspect of gender (in)equality in intimate relationships, namely couples’ division of housework and childcare, and whether this has changed during the Corona crisis. Method: Our descriptive analysis is based on pre-release data from the German Family Panel (pairfam; Wave 12) and its supplementary Corona web-survey (n=3,108). Results: We observe no fundamental changes in established aggregate-level patterns of couples’ division of labor, but some shift towards the extremes ('traditional' and 'role reversal') of the distribution. Regarding changes within couples, there is an almost equal split between those in which the female partner’s share in housework and childcare increased and those in which it decreased. Particularly in previously more egalitarian arrangements, a substantial proportion of women is now more likely to be primarily responsible for everything. If male partners increased their relative contribution to housework and childcare, they rarely moved beyond the threshold of an equal split. Changes in employment hours were associated with adaptations of men's, but not women's, relative contribution to domestic and family responsibilities. Conclusion: Our findings neither support the notion of a 'patriarchal pandemic', nor do they indicate that the Corona crisis might have fostered macro-level trends of gender convergence. We rather observe heterogeneous responses of couples to the 'Corona shock'.
Schlagwörter:Partnerschaft; partnership; Ehepaar; married couple; Arbeitsteilung; division of labor; Hausarbeit; housework; Kinderbetreuung; child care; gender-specific factors; soziale Ungleichheit; social inequality; Federal Republic of Germany; Covid-19 pandemic; Corona; German Family Panel (pairfam; Wave 12) and its supplementary COVID-19 web-survey
SSOAR Kategorie:Familiensoziologie, Sexualsoziologie, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
It's getting late today, please do the laundry: The influence of long-distance commuting on the division of domestic labor
Autor/in:
Stenpaß, Anna; Kley, Stefanie
Quelle: JFR - Journal of Family Research, 32 (2020) 2, S 274-306
Inhalt: The study examines the effect of long-distance commuting on the division of domestic labor in heterosexual couples. A long journey to work can affect other areas of life. Commuters often have lower life satisfaction and their intimate relationships may be impaired by mental stress. When looking at domestic labor the question arises of who is in charge of managing the household and childcare. Do women still adopt the "lion's share of housework" or take over the "second shift" if they spend part of the day on long commutes to work and back home? A long commute is defined as a journey to work of at least 45 minutes, daily or several times a week. We present the results of pooled regression analysis and fixed effects regressions conducted on data from the German Panel Analysis of Intimate Relationships and Family Dynamics (pairfam) for the years 2013, 2015, and 2016. The pooled analysis suggests a moderate association between a woman’s long commute and her partner's engagement in housework and childcare, especially when she commutes daily. Instead of living 'reversed roles', the partners share such tasks. However, when the association between a woman's long commute and her partner's engagement in childcare is estimated exclusively with fixed regression, it remains significant. If the man is a long-distance commuter, most often his partner is solely responsible for all household tasks. Relative labor market position and income distribution within the couples, as well as adherence to gender roles explain the effects of long-distance commuting on labor division.
Schlagwörter:Hausarbeit; housework; Arbeitsteilung; division of labor; Partnerschaft; partnership; Pendler; commuter; Arbeitsweg; way to work; psychische Belastung; psychological stress; Lebenszufriedenheit; satisfaction with life; gender-specific factors; Geschlechtsrolle; gender role; Doing Gender; doing gender; Familie-Beruf; work-family balance; Federal Republic of Germany; gender ideology; long-distance commuting; job-related spatial mobility; bargaining theory; Panel Analysis of Intimate Relationships and Family Dynamics (pairfam) (2013, 2015, 2016)
SSOAR Kategorie:Familiensoziologie, Sexualsoziologie, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Gleichgeschlechtliche Partnerschaften in Deutschland: Verbreitung, Entwicklung und soziale Unterschiede
Autor/in:
Lengerer, Andrea; Bohr, Jeanette
Quelle: Informationsdienst Soziale Indikatoren, (2019) 62, S 7-12
Inhalt: Gleichgeschlechtliche Partnerschaften werden zunehmend sichtbar gelebt, gesellschaftlich
akzeptiert und rechtlich anerkannt. Empirisch wird diese zahlenmäßig sehr kleine Gruppe bislang allerdings nur selten betrachtet. Der Mikrozensus bietet aufgrund seiner hohen Fallzahlen die Möglichkeit, gleichgeschlechtliche Partnerschaften im gemeinsamen Haushalt zu identifizieren. Auf Basis dieser Daten wird im vorliegenden Beitrag untersucht, wie verbreitet die gleichgeschlechtliche Partnerwahl in Deutschland ist, wie sie sich seit Mitte der 1990er Jahre entwickelt hat und ob es soziale Unterschiede zwischen Personen in gleichgeschlechtlichen und verschiedengeschlechtlichen Partnerschaften gibt.
Schlagwörter:Partnerschaft; partnership; gleichgeschlechtliche Lebensgemeinschaft; same-sex cohabitation; Lebensweise; way of life; gender-specific factors; regionaler Unterschied; regional difference; Federal Republic of Germany
SSOAR Kategorie:Bevölkerung, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Partnered women's contribution to household labor income: Persistent inequalities among couples and their determinants
Autor/in:
Dieckhoff, Martina; Gash, Vanessa; Mertens, Antje; Romeu Gordo, Laura
Quelle: Social Science Research, (2019) 85
Inhalt: This paper explores earnings inequalities within dual-earner couples in East and West Germany drawing on household-level panel data from 1992 to 2016. It has three aims: (1) to analyze how the partner pay gap (the pay gap between partners within one household) has developed over time, given institutional change, and whether the extent of inequality and temporal development vary between East and West Germany; (2) to explore variation in the partner pay gap by male partners' absolute earnings; and (3) to investigate the micro-level determinants of earnings inequalities within couples and determine whether their relevance varies between East and West Germany as well as by male partners’ absolute earnings. We find women earn substantially less than their partners, and our regression results find no indication of a declining partner pay gap. Besides substantial variation between East and West Germany, our results also reveal important group-specific variation in the extent of the partner pay gap as well as in its determinants.
Schlagwörter:Dual Career Couple; alte Bundesländer; Erwerbsbeteiligung; old federal states; Haushaltseinkommen; Einkommensunterschied; partnership; Federal Republic of Germany; household income; woman; difference in income; neue Bundesländer; Partnerschaft; labor force participation; gender-specific factors; New Federal States; dual career couple; Ungleichheit; inequality; gender inequality; institutional change; partner pay gap; time trends; German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) (1992-2016)
SSOAR Kategorie:Arbeitsmarktforschung, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Quelle: Zeitschrift für Familienforschung, 30 (2018) 1, S 96-119
Inhalt: Educational expansion, the massive increase of women’s labor force participation, and assortative mating have reduced asymmetries in educational achievements and in career resources between women and men in virtually every Western society. This paper provides an analysis of the association between partners' education, parenthood, and spouses' relative labor supply in East and West Germany. Education is considered from two angles: as an indicator for resources on the labor market or as an indicator for gender attitudes. We apply cross-sectional data from the 2011 German Microcensus, comprising 57,366 couple households. For our estimations, we use General Linear Models. Because of high case numbers, we are able to estimate several interaction effects in statistical powerful detail. We find that (1) a woman's share of paid work is higher, the higher she is educated; (2) women with higher education than their male partners realize higher shares of relative employment (in comparison to other women); (3) women rarely realize a share of 50% or higher on average in any educational composition; (4) especially young children have a huge impact on women's labor supply; and (5) women's comparative educational advantages are more important for their share of paid work in West than in East Germany. Neither interpretation of relative education can explain the overall picture of couples’ division of paid work alone. Depending on parenthood, the age of the youngest child in the household, and the regional context, either normative, or economic exchanges between partners seem to drive the association between relative education, and relative labor supply of women. We demonstrate the usefulness of two theoretical approaches of framing education as an explanatory concept.
Schlagwörter:Partnerschaft; partnership; Bildungsniveau; level of education; Erwerbsbeteiligung; labor force participation; Elternschaft; parenthood; gender-specific factors; Geschlechtsrolle; gender role; Frauenerwerbstätigkeit; women's employment; Familie; family; Federal Republic of Germany; alte Bundesländer; old federal states; neue Bundesländer; New Federal States
SSOAR Kategorie:Familiensoziologie, Sexualsoziologie, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Why were there three? Determinants of the presence of
an intimate partner during face-to-face interviews
Autor/in:
Preetz, Richard; Langeheine, Malte
Quelle: Survey Methods: Insights from the Field, (2017) , 17 S
Inhalt: This study analyses determinants of the presence of an intimate partner during face-to-face
interviews. Based on theoretical assumptions about opportunity structure, social control,
social support, and companionship, we investigated partner presence using data from the first
wave of the German Family Panel (pairfam). Descriptive results revealed that an intimate
partner was present in every seventh interview. Multivariate results using separate logistic
regression models for the presence of the female (n = 3,272) and the male partner (n = 2,348)
revealed that the opportunity structure, such as the couple’s living arrangements or their
employment status, had the greatest influence on the presence of both female and male
partners. Gender differences existed for social control, social support and companionship.
The results suggest that partner presence could most easily be prevented by taking into
account the opportunity structure.
Schlagwörter:soziale Kontrolle; social control; soziale Unterstützung; social support; gender-specific factors; Interview; interview; Determinanten; determinants; Messung; measurement; Antwortverhalten; response behavior; Federal Republic of Germany; Kommunikation; communication; Struktur; structure; Selbsteinschätzung; self-assessment; Selbstwertgefühl; self-esteem; Partnerschaft; partnership; interview characteristics; intimate partner; survey management; third person; pairfam
SSOAR Kategorie:Erhebungstechniken und Analysetechniken der Sozialwissenschaften
Gendered division of housework in Germany - the role of self-employment, relative resources and gender role orientation
Titelübersetzung:Geschlechterspezifische Hausarbeitsteilung in Deutschland - die Rolle beruflicher Selbständigkeit, relativer Ressourcen und traditioneller Rollenorientierung
Autor/in:
König, Stefanie; Langhauser, Marc
Quelle: Zeitschrift für Familienforschung, 28 (2016) 3, S 289-304
Inhalt: "Ziel dieser Arbeit ist die Untersuchung der Aufteilung der Hausarbeit bei Paaren in Deutschland unter Berücksichtigung des Berufsstatus, der relativen Ressourcen und der Geschlechterrollenorientierung. Es wird eine umfassende Primärerhebung ausgewertet, die überproportional Selbständige erfasst und Fragen zur Rollenorientierung beinhaltet. Während Selbständigkeit und Autonomie eher zu einer niedrigeren Übernahme von Haushaltsaufgaben bei Männer führt, trifft für Frauen eher das Gegenteil zu. Zudem deuten die Ergebnisse darauf hin, dass die relative resources and bargaining theory und der Zeitbudget-Ansatz für Frauen in der Selbständigkeit weniger relevant sind als für abhängig Beschäftigte. Unsere Daten erlauben die direkte Kontrolle der Rollenorientierung und geben Aufschluss über den Zusammenhang von relativen Ressourcen und dem Anteil an Hausarbeit. Eine traditionelle Rollenorientierung war hoch signifikant für den Anteil an Hausarbeit für Männer und Frauen, veränderte allerdings nicht den Effekt der relativen Ressourcen. Dadurch bestätigt unsere Studie den für sich stehenden Effekt der Geschlechterrollenorientierung. Dies kann als wichtiger Beitrag für die laufende Diskussion gesehen werden, bei der relative Ressourcen im Licht der individuellen Rollenorientierung interpretiert werden." (Autorenreferat)
Inhalt: "The purpose of this paper is to investigate the division of housework within couples in Germany by taking employment status, relative resources and gender role orientation into consideration. We use a large scale primary data collection that deliberately oversampled self-employed and included questions on role orientation. While selfemployment and work autonomy was related to a lower share of housework for men, rather the opposite was true for women. Furthermore, the results indicate that the relative resources and bargaining theory and the time budget approach seem to be less relevant for female self-employed compared to their employed counterparts. Our data allowed for a direct control of the gender role orientation and shed more light on the relationship between relative resources and the share of housework. A traditional role orientation was found to be highly significant for the share of housework for men and women but did not moderate the effect of relative resources. Thereby our study supports the distinct effect of gender role orientation. This can be seen as an important contribution to the ongoing discussion where relative resources are interpreted in the light of gender role orientation." (author's abstract)
Schlagwörter:Hausarbeit; housework; Arbeitsteilung; division of labor; Ehepaar; married couple; Partnerschaft; partnership; gender-specific factors; Geschlechtsrolle; gender role; berufliche Selbständigkeit; self-employment; Zeitverwendung; time budgeting; Federal Republic of Germany; relative Ressourcen
SSOAR Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Familiensoziologie, Sexualsoziologie
A stalled revolution? What can we learn from women’s drop-out to part-time jobs: a comparative analysis of Germany and the UK
Autor/in:
Dieckhoff, Martina; Gash, Vanessa; Mertens, Antje; Romeu Gordo, Laura
Quelle: Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, (2016) 46 (B), S 129-140
Inhalt: This study examines how within-couple inequalities, that is power differences between men and women in a partnership, act as predictors of transitions from full-time to part-time employment applying Heckman corrected probit models in three different institutional and cultural contexts; Eastern Germany, Western Germany and the United Kingdom. The analyses show that when women are in a weaker position within their relationships they are more likely to drop-out of full-time work, but that this propensity varies by context. The authors also find an increased tendency over time for women to leave full-time for part-time employment in both Eastern and Western Germany, but observe no such trend in the UK. This is suggestive of ongoing incompatibilities in the institutional support for equality in dual-earning in Germany. The study uses longitudinal data covering the period 1992 until 2012 from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) for Germany and from the British Household Panel (BHPS) and the ‘Understanding Society’ data for the UK.
Schlagwörter:alte Bundesländer; Erwerbsbeteiligung; Arbeitsteilung; old federal states; part-time work; Haushaltseinkommen; division of labor; Hausarbeit; housework; partnership; Federal Republic of Germany; household income; Großbritannien; Teilzeitarbeit; neue Bundesländer; Partnerschaft; labor force participation; Great Britain; gender-specific factors; New Federal States; Ungleichheit; inequality; cross-national comparison
SSOAR Kategorie:Arbeitsmarktforschung, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Gendered division of housework in Germany - the role of self-employment, relative resources and gender role orientation
Titelübersetzung:Geschlechterspezifische Hausarbeitsteilung in Deutschland - die Rolle beruflicher Selbständigkeit, relativer Ressourcen und traditioneller Rollenorientierung
Autor/in:
König, Stefanie; Langhauser, Marc
Quelle: Zeitschrift für Familienforschung, 28 (2016) 3, S 289-304
Inhalt: "Ziel dieser Arbeit ist die Untersuchung der Aufteilung der Hausarbeit bei Paaren in Deutschland unter Berücksichtigung des Berufsstatus, der relativen Ressourcen und der Geschlechterrollenorientierung. Es wird eine umfassende Primärerhebung ausgewertet, die überproportional Selbständige erfasst und Fragen zur Rollenorientierung beinhaltet. Während Selbständigkeit und Autonomie eher zu einer niedrigeren Übernahme von Haushaltsaufgaben bei Männer führt, trifft für Frauen eher das Gegenteil zu. Zudem deuten die Ergebnisse darauf hin, dass die relative resources and bargaining theory und der Zeitbudget-Ansatz für Frauen in der Selbständigkeit weniger relevant sind als für abhängig Beschäftigte. Unsere Daten erlauben die direkte Kontrolle der Rollenorientierung und geben Aufschluss über den Zusammenhang von relativen Ressourcen und dem Anteil an Hausarbeit. Eine traditionelle Rollenorientierung war hoch signifikant für den Anteil an Hausarbeit für Männer und Frauen, veränderte allerdings nicht den Effekt der relativen Ressourcen. Dadurch bestätigt unsere Studie den für sich stehenden Effekt der Geschlechterrollenorientierung. Dies kann als wichtiger Beitrag für die laufende Diskussion gesehen werden, bei der relative Ressourcen im Licht der individuellen Rollenorientierung interpretiert werden." (Autorenreferat)
Inhalt: "The purpose of this paper is to investigate the division of housework within couples in Germany by taking employment status, relative resources and gender role orientation into consideration. We use a large scale primary data collection that deliberately oversampled self-employed and included questions on role orientation. While selfemployment and work autonomy was related to a lower share of housework for men, rather the opposite was true for women. Furthermore, the results indicate that the relative resources and bargaining theory and the time budget approach seem to be less relevant for female self-employed compared to their employed counterparts. Our data allowed for a direct control of the gender role orientation and shed more light on the relationship between relative resources and the share of housework. A traditional role orientation was found to be highly significant for the share of housework for men and women but did not moderate the effect of relative resources. Thereby our study supports the distinct effect of gender role orientation. This can be seen as an important contribution to the ongoing discussion where relative resources are interpreted in the light of gender role orientation." (author's abstract)
Schlagwörter:Zeitverwendung; Arbeitsteilung; time budgeting; self-employment; division of labor; Hausarbeit; gender role; Ehepaar; berufliche Selbständigkeit; housework; partnership; Federal Republic of Germany; Geschlechtsrolle; married couple; Partnerschaft; gender-specific factors; relative Ressourcen
SSOAR Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Familiensoziologie, Sexualsoziologie
Elternschaftsabsichten in Deutschland unter dem Einfluss von Modernisierungs- und Prekarisierungsprozessen
Titelübersetzung:The impact of modernization processes of life forms and precarious work on fertility intentions in Germany
Autor/in:
Baron, Daniel; Schulze-Oeing, Caroline
Quelle: Zeitschrift für Familienforschung, 27 (2015) 2, S 228-250
Inhalt: "Während die Einflüsse der Partnerschaftsqualität von sozioökonomischen Faktoren auf die Elternschaftsabsichten junger Erwachsener in Deutschland inzwischen empirisch gut erforscht sind, ist vergleichsweise wenig bekannt über die konkurrierenden Auswirkungen subjektiv verarbeiteter Modernisierungs- und Prekarisierungsfolgen. Basierend auf austauschtheoretischen Ansätzen, führen egalitäre Geschlechterrollenbilder zu einer signifikanten Abschwächung von Elternschaftsabsichten. Dieser Effekt verschwindet sobald nach Geschlechtergruppen getrennte Modelle berechnet werden. Für Männer zeigt sich zudem, dass schwächere subjektive Prekaritätswahrnehmungen mit erhöhten Elternschaftsabsichten einhergehen, während ein hoher Anteil befristeter Beschäftigung im Lebenslauf ebenfalls zur Verstärkung von Elternschaftsintentionen führt. Bei Frauen spielen hingegen weder Prekarisierungs noch Modernisierungseffekte eine Rolle - hier zeitigt lediglich die Partnerschaftszufriedenheit einen signifikant positiven Effekt auf Elternschaftsabsichten." (Autorenreferat)
Inhalt: "Although pluralization of life forms and effects of precarious work have recently been matters of debate among scholars in the social sciences, only little is known about the impact of both processes on fertility intentions. Focusing individual attitudes of young German adults towards these issues, this paper investigates whether pluralization of life forms or effects of precarious work lead to lower rates of fertility intentions. Based on social exchange theory, empirical results show a significantly negative impact of modern gender role attitudes on fertility intentions. When conducting separate analyses for each gender group, this effect vanishes. Controlling for males, subjective precariousness exerts a negative effect, whereas a high amount of fixed-term contracts during professional career exerts a positive effect on fertility intentions. However, females' fertility intentions are positively affected in a significant manner by a high degree of satisfaction with partnership." (author's abstract)
Schlagwörter:junger Erwachsener; young adult; Partnerschaft; partnership; Familiengründung; family formation; Kinderwunsch; desire for children; Modernisierung; modernization; Prekarisierung; precariousness; Geschlechtsrolle; gender role; Beschäftigungsform; type of employment; Flexibilität; flexibility; gender-specific factors; Federal Republic of Germany; Austauschtheorie; exchange theory