The Two-Part Gender Revolution, Women's Second Shift and Changing Cohort Fertility
Autor/in:
Frejka, Tomas; Goldscheider, Frances; Lappegård, Trude
Quelle: Comparative Population Studies - Zeitschrift für Bevölkerungswissenschaft, 43 (2018) , S 99-130
Details
Inhalt: The two parts of the gender revolution have been evolving side by side at least since the 1960s. The first part, women's entry into the public sphere, proceeded faster than the second part, men’s entry into the private sphere. Consequently, many employed mothers have carried a greater burden of paid and unpaid family support than fathers throughout the second half of the 20th century. This constituted women's "second shift," depressing fertility. A central focus of this paper is to establish second shift trends during the second half of the 20th century and their effects on fertility. Our analyses are based on data on cohort fertility, male and female labor force participation, and male and female domestic hours worked from 11 countries in Northern Europe, Western/central Europe, Southern Europe, and North America between 1960/70 and 2000/2014. We find that the gender revolution had not generated a turnaround, i.e. an increase in cohort fertility, by the end of the 20th century. Nevertheless, wherever the gender revolution has made progress in reducing women’s second shift, cohort fertility declined the least; where the second shift is large and/or has not been reduced, cohort fertility has declined the most.
Schlagwörter:20. Jahrhundert; Italy; Netherlands; birth trend; fertility; Gleichstellung; Arbeitsteilung; Sweden; Familienpolitik; gender role; Familie-Beruf; Italien; Federal Republic of Germany; work-family balance; Kanada; Geschlechtsrolle; Norway; Geburtenentwicklung; labor force participation; Norwegen; Finnland; family policy; United States of America; Fruchtbarkeit; Erwerbsbeteiligung; Schweden; France; division of labor; Spanien; USA; Großbritannien; Finland; woman; Frankreich; Great Britain; Spain; affirmative action; gender-specific factors; Canada; twentieth century; Niederlande; two-part gender revolution; transformation of male breadwinner family model; women in public sphere; men in private sphere; women's second shift
SSOAR Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Bevölkerung
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Frauen in der Statistik: was sagen die Zahlen?
Autor/in:
Brenner, Carmina
Quelle: Statistisches Monatsheft Baden-Württemberg, (2014) 1, S 3-12
Details
Schlagwörter:woman; Lebenserwartung; life expectancy; Erwerbstätigkeit; gainful employment; Sterblichkeit; mortality; Mann; man; gender-specific factors; amtliche Statistik; official statistics; Geburtenhäufigkeit; fertility rate; Bevölkerung; population; Familie; family; berufstätige Frau; working woman; Wertorientierung; value-orientation; Ausbildung; training; Qualifikation; qualification; Teilzeitarbeit; part-time work; Beruf; occupation; Quote; quota; Kraftfahrzeug; motor vehicle; Krankenhaus; hospital; Pflege; caregiving; Federal Republic of Germany; Selbstmord; suicide; Alkoholismus; alcoholism
SSOAR Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Bevölkerung
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
The influence of popular beliefs about childbirth on fertility patterns in mid-twentieth-century Netherlands
Titelübersetzung:Der Volksglauben über Geburten als Einflussfaktor auf Fruchtbarkeitsmuster in den Niederlanden Mitte des 20. Jahrhunderts
Autor/in:
Bras, Hilde
Quelle: Historical Social Research, 39 (2014) 1, S 76-103
Details
Inhalt: "Ever since the Princeton European Fertility Project on the decline of fertility, the question of how (changes in) cultural beliefs have influenced the historical fertility transition has been in the forefront of historical demographic research. Previous research has however mostly assessed the influence of religious denomination and has not examined the impact of wider beliefs or 'cultural life scripts'. On the basis of a folklore questionnaire, this article examines the occurrence, content, and geographical patterning of popular beliefs about childbearing in relation to fertility patterns in 1.022 rural Dutch communities during the nineteen forties. Beliefs in isolation and churching of women existed in almost half of all communities, particularly among Catholic populations, while fear of enchantment of infants was still alive in about a fifth of all municipalities. To be sure, such popular beliefs were rapidly vanishing and remnants were still found in isolated and strongly religious areas. A multivariate analysis shows that in communities where beliefs in churching and witchcraft still existed, birth rates were significantly higher. The study shows the salience of including popular beliefs in studies of fertility behavior and fertility decline. Moreover, it extends the concept of cultural life scripts beyond that of age norms to include prescriptions on social contexts, conducts, and practices surrounding important life passages." (author's abstract)
Schlagwörter:20. Jahrhundert; Netherlands; Geburtenrückgang; fertility; Katholik; birth; reproductive behavior; determinants; kulturelle Faktoren; declining birth rate; faith; Fruchtbarkeit; Glaube; cultural factors; Roman Catholic; generatives Verhalten; Ritual; Aberglaube; ritual; woman; Geburt; superstition; Religion; religion; gender-specific factors; Determinanten; twentieth century; Niederlande; cultural life script; popular beliefs
SSOAR Kategorie:Religionssoziologie, Sozialgeschichte, historische Sozialforschung, Bevölkerung
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Die Lebenserwartung der baden-württembergischen Bevölkerung: aktuelle Trends und Perspektiven
Autor/in:
Brachat-Schwarz, Werner
Quelle: Statistisches Monatsheft Baden-Württemberg, (2010) 7, S 10-14
Details
Schlagwörter:Lebenserwartung; life expectancy; Bevölkerung; population; Baden-Württemberg; Baden-Württemberg; Sterblichkeit; mortality; Altersgruppe; age group; Hochbetagter; aged; Stadt; town; ländlicher Raum; rural area; gender-specific factors; Federal Republic of Germany; woman; Mann; man
SSOAR Kategorie:Bevölkerung
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Pflegebedürftige in Baden-Württemberg
Autor/in:
Pristl, Karl; Weber, Matthias
Quelle: Statistisches Monatsheft Baden-Württemberg, (2004) 1, S 7-12
Details
Schlagwörter:Pflegebedürftigkeit; need for care; Baden-Württemberg; Baden-Württemberg; Federal Republic of Germany; Risiko; risk; Pflege; caregiving; gender-specific factors; Mann; man; woman; stationäre Versorgung; hospital care (inpatient); ambulante Versorgung; outpatient care; Familienangehöriger; family member; Familie; family; Professionalisierung; professionalization
SSOAR Kategorie:soziale Sicherung, Bevölkerung, Gesundheitspolitik
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Servants in preindustrial Europe: gender differences
Titelübersetzung:Diener im vorindustriellen Europa: Geschlechterdifferenzen
Autor/in:
Fauve-Chamoux, Antoinette
Quelle: Historical Social Research, 23 (1998) 1/2, S 112-129
Details
Inhalt: Die spezifische Arbeit und die Mobilität männlicher wie weiblicher Dienerschaft hängen eng mit dem sozioökonomischen Übergang und der Urbanisierung der vorindustriellen europäischen Gesellschaften zusammen. Hausdienst wird als Parameter des europäischen Familienmodells eingeführt. Der Arbeitsmarkt für Diener und Lehrlinge, die fern ihrer Heimat arbeiteten, wird bis 1597 zurückverfolgt. Anhand von Tabellen werden die Anzahl und das Lebensalter ländlicher und städtischer Hausdienerschaft in verschiedenen französischen Gemeinden miteinander verglichen. Auch das Aufkommen einer Dienerschaft im fortgeschrittenen Lebensalter wird erwähnt. Anhand von Tabellen verschiedener europäischer Staaten im 18. und beginnenden 19. Jahrhundert und besonders am Fallbeispiel der französischen Stadt Rheims werden u.a. die ländlichen Ursprünge der städtischen Dienerschaft und die Mobilität von weiblichen Hausangestellten nachgewiesen. Der Arbeitsmarkt für männliche und weibliche Dienerschaft entwickelte sich stetig vom 18. bis ins 19. Jahrhundert hinein, wenn auch für Frauen mehr als für Männer. (prf)
Inhalt: 'The specific mobility and type of work of servants of both sexes were indeed a major feature in the delineation of building up European societies. Domestic service was the main way to elect for young rurals wanting to migrate towards small and big towns, since they could consider service as a transitory phase, giving them an opportunity to adapt themselves to a new way of life before marriage. From that point of view, domestic service contributed greatly to social change: a great number of young males and females turned their backs to traditional family and village life to the prospect of better ways of life in urban surroundings for a change, but were only able to find immediate employment as servants in these preindustrial eras. The prevalence of domestic service for young people is put in evidence, studying gender differences according to age groups. We might say that large towns counted more than 10 women out of 100 in a position of servants at a master's home at the end of the 17th century, and usually less than 10% of men in the same position. This rate increased steadily for all European towns as a consequence of massive rural exodus and of the opportunities offered on the overall female job markets, particularly on the domestic service market.' (author's abstract)
Schlagwörter:pre-industrial society; rural population; historische Entwicklung; Hausangestellte; eighteenth century; Europa; historical development; socioeconomic development; man; Lebensalter; labor market; Arbeitsmarkt; 19. Jahrhundert; sozioökonomische Entwicklung; urbanization; Europe; France; Familie; woman; Frankreich; Landbevölkerung; Mann; vorindustrielle Gesellschaft; 18. Jahrhundert; domestic; family; gender-specific factors; age; nineteenth century; Urbanisierung
SSOAR Kategorie:Soziologie von Gesamtgesellschaften, Sozialgeschichte, historische Sozialforschung, Bevölkerung
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz